Strep throat causes: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
m Bot: Removing from Primary care |
|||
| (21 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
==Serovars== | ==Serovars== | ||
*More than 80 serotypes identified based on M protien | *More than 80 [[serotype|serotypes]] identified based on M protien | ||
*GAS strep throat may be associated with serotypes such as M types 1, 3, 5, 6, 14, 18, 19, and 24.<ref name="pmid2670192">{{cite journal| author=Fischetti VA| title=Streptococcal M protein: molecular design and biological behavior. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 1989 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= 285-314 | pmid=2670192 | doi= | pmc=358122 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2670192 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10885988">{{cite journal| author=Cunningham MW| title=Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2000 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 470-511 | pmid=10885988 | doi= | pmc=88944 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10885988 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8769606">{{cite journal| author=Stanley J, Desai M, Xerry J, Tanna A, Efstratiou A, George R| title=High-resolution genotyping elucidates the epidemiology of group A streptococcus outbreaks. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1996 | volume= 174 | issue= 3 | pages= 500-6 | pmid=8769606 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8769606 }} </ref> | *GAS strep throat may be associated with [[serotype|serotypes]] such as M types 1, 3, 5, 6, 14, 18, 19, and 24.<ref name="pmid2670192">{{cite journal| author=Fischetti VA| title=Streptococcal M protein: molecular design and biological behavior. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 1989 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= 285-314 | pmid=2670192 | doi= | pmc=358122 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2670192 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10885988">{{cite journal| author=Cunningham MW| title=Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2000 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 470-511 | pmid=10885988 | doi= | pmc=88944 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10885988 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8769606">{{cite journal| author=Stanley J, Desai M, Xerry J, Tanna A, Efstratiou A, George R| title=High-resolution genotyping elucidates the epidemiology of group A streptococcus outbreaks. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1996 | volume= 174 | issue= 3 | pages= 500-6 | pmid=8769606 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8769606 }} </ref> | ||
==Features of group A streptococcal infection== | ==Features of group A streptococcal infection== | ||
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
*0.5-1.2µm in size | *0.5-1.2µm in size | ||
*[[Catalase]]-negative | *[[Catalase]]-negative | ||
*[[ | *Facultative [[anaerobes]] or obligate (strict) [[anaerobes]] | ||
*Requires enriched media (blood agar)to grow | *Requires enriched media ([[blood agar]]) to grow | ||
*Capsulated ([[hyaluronic acid | *Capsulated ([[hyaluronic acid]] capsule) | ||
==Classification of GAS== | ==Classification of GAS== | ||
*According to the | *According to the Lancefield classification, based on the group A [[antigen]] in the [[cell wall]], it is named group A streptococcus | ||
*Based on the [[hemolysis]] on blood agar, the GAS is | *Based on the [[hemolysis]] on [[blood agar]], the GAS is β-hemolytic (clear, complete [[lysis]] of [[red cells]]) | ||
==Virulence factors== | ==Virulence factors== | ||
Virulence factors of group A streptococci include:<ref name="pmid20347595">{{cite journal| author=Smeesters PR, McMillan DJ, Sriprakash KS| title=The streptococcal M protein: a highly versatile molecule. | journal=Trends Microbiol | year= 2010 | volume= 18 | issue= 6 | pages= 275-82 | pmid=20347595 | doi=10.1016/j.tim.2010.02.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20347595 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16223875">{{cite journal| author=Mora M, Bensi G, Capo S, Falugi F, Zingaretti C, Manetti AG et al.| title=Group A Streptococcus produce pilus-like structures containing protective antigens and Lancefield T antigens. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2005 | volume= 102 | issue= 43 | pages= 15641-6 | pmid=16223875 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0507808102 | pmc=1253647 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16223875 }} </ref> | Virulence factors of group A streptococci include:<ref name="pmid20347595">{{cite journal| author=Smeesters PR, McMillan DJ, Sriprakash KS| title=The streptococcal M protein: a highly versatile molecule. | journal=Trends Microbiol | year= 2010 | volume= 18 | issue= 6 | pages= 275-82 | pmid=20347595 | doi=10.1016/j.tim.2010.02.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20347595 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16223875">{{cite journal| author=Mora M, Bensi G, Capo S, Falugi F, Zingaretti C, Manetti AG et al.| title=Group A Streptococcus produce pilus-like structures containing protective antigens and Lancefield T antigens. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2005 | volume= 102 | issue= 43 | pages= 15641-6 | pmid=16223875 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0507808102 | pmc=1253647 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16223875 }} </ref> | ||
*A hyaluronic acid capsule ( | *A [[hyaluronic acid]] capsule (outermost covering inhibits [[phagocytosis]]) | ||
*Peptidoglycan cell wall | *[[Peptidoglycan]] [[cell wall]] | ||
*Cell membrane | *[[Cell membrane]] | ||
*Adhesion molecules | *Adhesion molecules | ||
:*M protein PMC358122 | :*M protein PMC358122 | ||
:*Lipoteichoic acid (located in cell membrane) | :*[[Lipoteichoic acid]] (located in [[cell membrane]]) | ||
*[[Toxins]] | *[[Toxins]] | ||
:* | :*Pyrogenic (erythrogenic) [[toxin]] (rash of [[scarlet fever]]) | ||
*[[Cytolysins]] | *[[Cytolysin|Cytolysins]] | ||
:*[[Streptokinase]] | :*[[Streptokinase]] | ||
:*Streptodornase(DNase B) | :*Streptodornase (DNase B) | ||
:*Streptolysins | :*Streptolysins | ||
:* | :*[[Hyaluronidase]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 50: | Line 50: | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]] | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | |||
[[Category:Pediatrics]] | |||
[[Category:Otolaryngology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 00:18, 30 July 2020
|
Strep throat Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Strep throat causes On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Strep throat causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Strep throat is caused by B hemolytic Group A streptococcal infection. More than 80 serotypes are identified based on M protien. GAS strep throat may be associated with serotypes such as M types 1, 3, 5, 6, 14, 18, 19, and 24.[1]
Causes
Strep throat is caused by B hemolytic Group A streptococcal infection.
Reservoir
- Members of the normal flora
- Human skin and mucous membrane are the only known reservoirs
Serovars
- More than 80 serotypes identified based on M protien
- GAS strep throat may be associated with serotypes such as M types 1, 3, 5, 6, 14, 18, 19, and 24.[1][2][3]
Features of group A streptococcal infection
- Gram-positive coccus (grows in chains)
- Non-motile
- Non-spore forming
- 0.5-1.2µm in size
- Catalase-negative
- Facultative anaerobes or obligate (strict) anaerobes
- Requires enriched media (blood agar) to grow
- Capsulated (hyaluronic acid capsule)
Classification of GAS
- According to the Lancefield classification, based on the group A antigen in the cell wall, it is named group A streptococcus
- Based on the hemolysis on blood agar, the GAS is β-hemolytic (clear, complete lysis of red cells)
Virulence factors
Virulence factors of group A streptococci include:[4][5]
- A hyaluronic acid capsule (outermost covering inhibits phagocytosis)
- Peptidoglycan cell wall
- Cell membrane
- Adhesion molecules
- M protein PMC358122
- Lipoteichoic acid (located in cell membrane)
- Pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin (rash of scarlet fever)
- Streptokinase
- Streptodornase (DNase B)
- Streptolysins
- Hyaluronidase
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Fischetti VA (1989). "Streptococcal M protein: molecular design and biological behavior". Clin Microbiol Rev. 2 (3): 285–314. PMC 358122. PMID 2670192.
- ↑ Cunningham MW (2000). "Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections". Clin Microbiol Rev. 13 (3): 470–511. PMC 88944. PMID 10885988.
- ↑ Stanley J, Desai M, Xerry J, Tanna A, Efstratiou A, George R (1996). "High-resolution genotyping elucidates the epidemiology of group A streptococcus outbreaks". J Infect Dis. 174 (3): 500–6. PMID 8769606.
- ↑ Smeesters PR, McMillan DJ, Sriprakash KS (2010). "The streptococcal M protein: a highly versatile molecule". Trends Microbiol. 18 (6): 275–82. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2010.02.007. PMID 20347595.
- ↑ Mora M, Bensi G, Capo S, Falugi F, Zingaretti C, Manetti AG; et al. (2005). "Group A Streptococcus produce pilus-like structures containing protective antigens and Lancefield T antigens". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102 (43): 15641–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507808102. PMC 1253647. PMID 16223875.