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| ==Causes of Suicide== | | ==Causes of Suicide== |
| There are a variety of reasons posited or given for suicide:
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| * [[Mental disorder]]s
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| * [[Suffering]]
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| * Unrequited love
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| * [[Stress (medicine)|Stress]]
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| * [[Grief]]
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| * [[Withdrawal]] or discontinuation of psychoactive substances.
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| * As [[Philosophy|philosophically]] or ideologically motivated move
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| * To escape [[punishment]] or an [[Abuse|abusive]] environment
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| * [[Guilt]] or [[shame]]
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| * Catastrophic injury
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| * Financial loss
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| * Self sacrifice
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| * As part of a military or social strategy (e.g. suicide attacks)
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| * Belief that life has no inherent value (e.g. absurdism, pessimism, [[nihilism]])
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| * As part of a religious [[cult]]
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| * [[Loneliness]]
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| * To restore honor (e.g. seppuku)
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| * [[Curiosity]] for post-life occurrences.
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| ===Drugs===
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| * [[Eslicarbazepine acetate]]
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| * [[interferon alfacon-1]]
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| ===Other Causes===
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| ====Suicide as a form of defiance and protest====
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| Heroic suicide, for the greater good of others, is often celebrated. For instance, Mahatma Gandhi went on a hunger strike to prevent fighting between Hindus and Muslims, and, although he was stopped before dying, it appeared he would have willingly succumbed to starvation. This attracted attention to Gandhi's cause, and generated a great deal of respect for him as a spiritual leader. In the 1960s, Buddhist monks, most notably Thích Quảng Đức, in South Vietnam drew Western attention to their protests against President Ngô Đình Diệm by burning themselves to death. Also in the 1960s, Quaker Norman Morrison committed suicide by self-immolation to protest the United States involvement in the Vietnam War.
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| Similar events were reported during the Cold War in eastern Europe, such as the deaths of Ryszard Siwiec and later of Jan Palach and Jan Zajíc following the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, or Romas Kalanta's self-immolation in the main street of Kaunas, Lithuania in 1972. More recently, in 2006, an American anti-war activist, Malachi Ritscher, died by suicide by self-immolation as a protest against the 2003 Iraq war. In Ireland there exists a long tradition of hunger strike to the death against British rule, predominantly in Northern Ireland during the infamous 1981 hunger strikes, led by Bobby Sands, which resulted in 10 deaths. The period caused international outrage as shown, for example, by the Indian parliament standing for two minutes of silence or, more bemusingly, the Iranian government renaming the street in Tehran on which the British Embassy stands to "Bobby Sands Street", named after the first hunger-striker to die in 1981.
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| Before the Republic of Ireland got its independence there were also examples of hunger striking, such as Terence McSwiney in Cork. Critics may see such suicides as counter-productive, arguing that these people would probably achieve a comparable or greater result by spending the rest of their lives in active struggle. This is a contentious issue, especially when one considers that the Northern Ireland hunger strikers who died trying to obtain certain prisoners rights (e.g. POW status, right to wear own clothes, right not to have to work, etc.) actually had nearly all their requests eventually granted in the years after the spate of 1981 hunger strikes happened.
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| People who commit suicide may not always be suffering from depression or despair. Some people may kill themselves for the purpose of experiencing life after death, or have a different existential, religious or philosophical motive. This points out that views of suicide are individually and culturally subjective.
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| ====Judicial Suicide====
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| A person who has committed a crime will often commit suicide to avoid prosecution and disgrace:
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| * Colonel Alfred Redl was presented with the evidence of his espionage and shot himself to avoid a trial.
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| * In ''The Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club'', Lord Peter Wimsey presents Dr. Penberthy with evidence proving that he is a murderer, then leaves him in a room with a loaded gun. A shot rings out, and the club members rush in to find the dead doctor, along with a signed confession.
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| * Budd Dwyer, a Pennsylvanian politician, killed himself on live television after being convicted (wrongly, he claimed) of financial crimes, in order to draw attention to his case, and to enable his widow to draw survivor benefits (since he died before being removed from office).
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| * More recently, Deborah Jeane Palfrey, dubbed the DC Madam by the media, was convicted on April 15, 2008 of racketeering, using the mail for illegal purposes, and money laundering. On May 1, 2008 she was found dead by hanging and apparent suicide.
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| ====Military suicide====
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| [[Image:USS White Plains attack by Tokkotai unit 25.10.1945 kk1a.jpg|thumb|left|A kamikaze attack on the escort carrier [[USS White Plains (CVE-66)|USS White Plains]]]]
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| In the desperate final days of World War II, many Japanese pilots volunteered for kamikaze missions in an attempt to forestall defeat for the Empire. Near the end of WW2 the Japanese attempted to design a small bomb laden aircraft whose only purpose was kamikaze missions. However, the craft was a failure, partly because its range was insubstantual to that of other more conventional planes but also because it was produced at a far greater cost than even the Japanese felt necessary to spend on their kamikaze pilots. In Nazi Germany, many soldiers and government officials (including Adolf Hitler and many in his inner circle) killed themselves rather than surrender to Allied forces; Luftwaffe squadrons were formed to smash into American B-17 Flying Fortress|B-17s during daylight bombing missions, in order to delay the highly-probable Allied victory, although in this case, inspiration was primarily the Soviet and Polish ''taran'' ramming attacks, and death of the pilot was not a desired outcome. Whether such pilots were engaging in heroic, selfless actions or if immense social pressure motivated them is a matter of historical debate. The Japanese also built one-man "human torpedo" suicide submarines.
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| However, suicide has been fairly common in warfare throughout history. Soldiers and civilians committed suicide to avoid capture and slavery (including the wave of German and Japanese suicides in the last days of World War II). Commanders committed suicide rather than accept defeat. Spies and officers have often committed suicide to avoid revealing secrets under interrogation and/or [[torture]]. Behaviour that could be seen as suicidal occurred often in battle, for instance a soldier [[falling on a grenade]] to save his comrades. Other examples include soldiers under cannon fire at the Battle of Waterloo who took fatal hits rather than duck and place their comrades in harm's way.{{Verify source|date=April 2007}} The Charge of the Light Brigade in the Crimean War, Pickett's Charge at Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg in the American Civil War, and the charge of the French cavalry at the Battle of Sedan in the Franco-Prussian War were assaults that continued even after it was obvious to participants that the attacks were unlikely to succeed, and would probably be fatal to most of the attackers. Japanese infantry men usually fought to the last man, launched Banzai charge|"banzai" suicide charges, and committed suicide during the Pacific island battles in World War II. At Saipan and Okinawa, civilians joined in the suicides. Suicidal attacks by pilots were common in the 20th century: the attack by U.S. torpedo planes at the Battle of Midway was very similar to kamikaze.
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| ====Ritual suicide====
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| Ritual suicide is the act of suicide motivated by a religious, spiritual, or traditional ritual.
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| An extreme interpretation of Hindu custom historically practiced, mostly in the 2nd millennium, was self-immolation by a widow as an assurance that she will be with her husband for the next life. This, however, is extreme, and is looked down upon by other Hindus in most cases. Other rituals of self-immolation or self-starvation were used by Hinduism|Hindu, Jainism|Jain and Buddhist monks for religious or philosophical purposes, or as a form of extreme non-violent protest. In China, some groups would practice suicide for similar reasons. In Japan, rituals of suicide like seppuku by men and jigai by women were practiced.
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| ====Dutiful suicide====
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| Dutiful suicide is an act, or attempted act, of fatal self-violence at one's own hands done in the belief that it will secure a greater good, rather than to escape harsh or impossible conditions. It can be voluntary, to relieve some dishonor or punishment, or imposed by threats of death or reprisals on one's family or reputation (a kind of murder by remote control). It can be culturally traditional or generally abhorred; it can be heavily ritualized as in seppuku or purely functional. Dutiful suicide can be distinguished from a kamikaze or suicide bomb attack, in which a fighter consumes his own life in delivering a weapon to the enemy. Perhaps the most famous example of dutiful suicide is a soldier in a foxhole throwing his body on a live grenade to save the lives of his comrades.
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| =====Examples=====
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| * Disgraced Roman patricians were sometimes allowed to commit suicide to spare themselves a trial and penalties against their families. {{Fact|date=February 2008}}
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| * [[Erwin Rommel]], found to have foreknowledge of the German attempt on Hitler's life, was threatened with public trial, execution and reprisals on his family unless he killed himself, which he did.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{Reflist|2}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |
| | {{WH}} |
| | {{WS}} |
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| [[Category:Primary care]]
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| [[Category:Psychiatry]] | | [[Category:Psychiatry]] |
| [[Category:Needs overview]] | | [[Category:Needs overview]] |
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| {{WH}}
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| {{WS}}
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