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'''For patient information click [[Upper respiratory tract infection (patient information)|here]]'''
{{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
{{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
   Name        = Upper respiratory tract infection |
   Name        = Upper respiratory tract infection |
  ICD10      = {{ICD10|J|00-06||j|00}}, {{ICD10|J|30-39||j|30}} |
  ICD9        = {{ICD9|465.9}}|
   Image        = Illu_conducting_passages.jpg |
   Image        = Illu_conducting_passages.jpg |
   Caption      = Conducting passages. |
   Caption      = Conducting passages. |
}}
}}
{{SI}}
{{Upper respiratory tract infection}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}
__NOTOC__
{{Editor Help}}


==Overview==
{{SK}} URI; URTI
==[[Upper respiratory tract infection overview|Overview]]==
==[[Upper respiratory tract infection historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
==[[Upper respiratory tract infection pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
==[[Upper respiratory tract infection causes|Causes]]==
==[[Upper respiratory tract infection differential diagnosis|Differentiating Upper Respiratory Tract Infection from other Diseases]]==
==[[Upper respiratory tract infection epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
==[[Upper respiratory tract infection risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
==[[Upper respiratory tract infection natural history, complications, and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==


'''Upper respiratory infections''', commonly referred to the acronym '''URI''' or '''URTI''', is the illness caused by an acute [[infection]] which involves the upper [[respiratory tract]]: [[nose]], [[Paranasal sinus|sinuses]], [[pharynx]] or [[larynx]]. In the United States, this represents approximately one billion acute upper respiratory illnesses annually.
==Diagnosis==


==Signs and symptoms==
[[Upper respiratory tract infection history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Upper respiratory tract infection physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Upper respiratory tract infection laboratory findings| Laboratory Findings]] | [[Upper respiratory tract infection other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
Acute upper respiratory tract infections includes rhinosinusitis ([[Common_Cold|common cold]]), [[sinusitis]], [[pharyngitis]]/[[tonsillitis]], [[laryngitis]] and sometimes [[bronchitis]]. Symptoms of URI's commonly include congestion, [[cough]], running nose, [[sore throat]], [[fever]], facial pressure and [[sneezing]]. Onset of the symptoms usually begins after 1-3 days after exposure to a microbial pathogen, most commonly a virus. The duration of the symptoms is typically 7 to 10 days but may persist longer.


It is important to mention that up to 15% of acute pharyngitis cases may be caused by bacteria, commonly Group A Strep ("[[Strep Throat]]"). Generally, patients with "Strep Throat" start with a sore throat as their first symptom and usually do not have runny nose or cough or sneezing.
==Treatment==
 
Pain and pressure of the ear caused by a middle ear infection ([[Otitis media]]) and the reddening of they eye caused by Viral [[Conjunctivitis]] are often associated with upper respiratory infections.


[[Influenza]] (the flu) is a more systemic illness, which can also involve the upper respiratory tract, should be recognized as distinct from other causes of URI.
[[Upper respiratory tract infection medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Upper respiratory tract infection primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Upper respiratory tract infection secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Upper respiratory tract infection cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Upper respiratory tract infection future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
 
==Treatment==
Judicious use of antibiotics can decrease unnecessary adverse effects of antibiotics as well as out-of-pocket costs to the patient. But more important, decreased antibiotic usage will prevent development of [[drug resistance|drug resistant bacteria]], which is now a growing problem in the world. International, as well as local US health agencies, have been strongly encouraging physicians to decrease the prescribing of antibiotics to treat common upper respiratory tract infections because antibiotic usage does not significantly reduce recovery time for these viral illnesses
[http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab004783.html]


Some have advocated a delayed antibiotic approach to treating URIs which seeks to reduce the consumption of antibiotics while attempting to maintain patient satisfaction.  Most studies show no difference in improvement of symptoms between those treated with antibiotics right away and those with delayed prescriptions.<ref>http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab004417.html Delayed antibiotics for symptoms and complications of respiratory infections</ref>  Most studies also show no difference in patient satisfaction, patient complications, symptoms between delayed and no antibiotics. It should be noted that a strategy of "no antibiotics" results in even less antibiotic use than a strategy of "delayed antibiotics". Until more effective treatments are available to treat the common respiratory viruses responsible for the majority of cases, treatment of URIs with rest, increased fluids, and symptomatic care with over-the-counter medications will remain the treatment of choice.  However, in certain higher risk patients with underlying lung disease, such as [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (COPD), evidence does exist to support the treatment of URIs with antibiotics to shorten the course of illness and decrease treatment failure.<ref>http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab004403.html Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</ref>
==Case Studies==


The use of [[Vitamin C]] in the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory infections has been suggested since the initial isolation of vitamin C in the 1930s.  Several studies have failed to demonstrate that vitamin C supplementation reduces the incidence of colds in the normal healthy population, indicating that routine large dose prophylaxis with Vitamin C is not beneficial in widespread community usage. Some evidence exists to indicate that it could be justified in persons exposed to brief periods of severe physical exercise and/or cold environments. The evidence does not support the use of Vitamin C at the onset of colds as effective therapy.<ref>http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000980.html Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold</ref>
[[Upper respiratory tract infection case study one|Case #1]]


==See also==
==Related Chapters==
* [[Lower respiratory tract infection]]
* [[Lower respiratory tract infection]]
* [[Common Cold]]
* [[Common Cold]]
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==References==
{{reflist}}
==Additional Resource==
* Park, David J. "Evidence Based Approach to Upper Respiratory Infections." December 10, 2006. Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine
== External links ==
* [http://familydoctor.org/x4957.xml The Flu and Cold: Tips on Prevention and Feeling Better]
* [http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/infectious-disease/upper-respiratory-tract-infection/ Upper Respiratory Tract Infection] Cleveland Clinic
{{Respiratory pathology}}
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[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[id:Infeksi saluran nafas atas]]
[[ru:ОРВИ]]
[[zh:上呼吸道感染]]
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Latest revision as of 00:34, 30 July 2020

For patient information click here Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox

Upper respiratory tract infection Microchapters

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Overview

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History and Symptoms

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords: URI; URTI

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Upper Respiratory Tract Infection from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Related Chapters

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