Whipworm infection epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Whipworm infection}} | {{Whipworm infection}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AKI}}, {{HK}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Trichuris trichiura is the third most common nematode worldwide following Ascaris and Enterobius, | ''[[Trichuris trichiura]]'' is the third most common [[nematode]] worldwide following ''[[Ascariasis|Ascaris]]'' and ''[[Pinworm|Enterobius]]''; in total, the three infections affect approximately 1 billion people. [[Whipworm infection|Whip worm]] infection is [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] in [[Tropical disease|tropical]] and subtropical countries. The prevalence of ''[[Trichuris trichiura]]'' is high, affecting 95% of children in countries where protein energy [[malnutrition]] and [[anaemias|anemia]] are [[Prevalence|prevalent]]. | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
=== Prevalence === | |||
* Worldwide, the total number of people infected with ''[[Trichuris trichiura]]'' in the year 2002 was 1 billion.<ref name="urlCDC - Trichuriasis - Epidemiology & Risk Factors">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/whipworm/epi.html |title=CDC - Trichuriasis - Epidemiology & Risk Factors |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
* In the USA, the prevalence of ''[[Trichuris trichiura]]'' is 100 per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid21976572">{{cite journal |vauthors=Starr MC, Montgomery SP |title=Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis in the United States: a systematic review--1940-2010 |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=680–4 |year=2011 |pmid=21976572 |pmc=3183777 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0214 |url=}}</ref> | |||
*Worldwide, the prevalence of ''[[Trichuris trichiura]]'' is high, affecting 95% of children in countries where protein energy [[malnutrition]] and [[Anaemias|anemia]] are [[Prevalence|prevalent]].<ref name="StephensonHolland2001">{{cite journal|last1=Stephenson|first1=L.S.|last2=Holland|first2=C.V.|last3=Cooper|first3=E.S.|title=The public health significance of Trichuris trichiura|journal=Parasitology|volume=121|issue=S1|year=2001|pages=S73|issn=0031-1820|doi=10.1017/S0031182000006867}}</ref> | |||
===Incidence=== | ===Incidence=== | ||
*Trichuris trichiura is the third most common nematode worldwide following Ascaris and Enterobius, | *''[[Trichuris trichiura]]'' is the third most common [[nematode]] worldwide following ''[[Ascariasis|Ascaris]]'' and ''[[Pinworm|Enterobius]]''; in total, the three infections affect approximately 1 billion people. | ||
=== | |||
=== Age === | |||
=== | * [[Trichuris trichiura|''Trichuris trichiura'']] is more common among school-aged children compared to adults.<ref name="pmid166479722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brooker S, Clements AC, Bundy DA |title=Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections |journal=Adv. Parasitol. |volume=62 |issue= |pages=221–61 |year=2006 |pmid=16647972 |pmc=1976253 |doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62007-6 |url=}}</ref> | ||
=== Gender === | |||
* There is no gender predilection for infection with [[Trichuris trichiura|''Trichuris trichiura'']]. | |||
=== Race === | |||
* There is no racial predilection for infection with [[Trichuris trichiura|''Trichuris trichiura'']]. | |||
===Geographic distribution=== | |||
*[[Trichuriasis]] occurs in the southern United States. | *[[Trichuriasis]] occurs in the southern United States. | ||
*Whip worm infection is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries. | *[[Whipworm infection|Whip worm]] infection is [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] in [[Tropical disease|tropical]] and subtropical countries.<ref name="pmid28384306">{{cite journal| author=Manz KM, Clowes P, Kroidl I, Kowuor DO, Geldmacher C, Ntinginya NE et al.| title=Trichuris trichiura infection and its relation to environmental factors in Mbeya region, Tanzania: A cross-sectional, population-based study. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2017 | volume= 12 | issue= 4 | pages= e0175137 | pmid=28384306 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0175137 | pmc=5383155 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28384306 }} </ref> | ||
*Worldwide, infections are more frequent in areas with tropical weather and poor [[sanitation]] practices, and among children. | *Incidence and prevalence rates are highest in children living in sub-Saharan Africa, followed by Asia, then Latin America and the Caribbean.<ref name="pmid14642761">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Silva NR, Brooker S, Hotez PJ, Montresor A, Engels D, Savioli L |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections: updating the global picture |journal=Trends Parasitol. |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=547–51 |year=2003 |pmid=14642761 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16647972">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brooker S, Clements AC, Bundy DA |title=Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections |journal=Adv. Parasitol. |volume=62 |issue= |pages=221–61 |year=2006 |pmid=16647972 |pmc=1976253 |doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62007-6 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Worldwide, infections are more frequent in areas with [[Tropical disease|tropical weather]] and poor [[sanitation]] practices.<ref name="pmid166479723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brooker S, Clements AC, Bundy DA |title=Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections |journal=Adv. Parasitol. |volume=62 |issue= |pages=221–61 |year=2006 |pmid=16647972 |pmc=1976253 |doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62007-6 |url=}}</ref> | |||
[[Image:Prevalence_whipworm_in_children_in_ssa.jpg|center|Prevalence of ''Trichuris trichiura'' among school-aged children in Sub-Saharan Africa, courtesy of the Global Land Information System (GLIS) of the United States Geological Survey (http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/gtopo30/)|frame]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
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{{WS}} | |||
[[Category:Needs content]] | [[Category:Needs content]] | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | ||
[[Category:Conditions diagnosed by stool test]] | [[Category:Conditions diagnosed by stool test]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Emergency mdicine]] | ||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | |||
[[Category:Pediatrics]] | |||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2], Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [3]
Overview
Trichuris trichiura is the third most common nematode worldwide following Ascaris and Enterobius; in total, the three infections affect approximately 1 billion people. Whip worm infection is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries. The prevalence of Trichuris trichiura is high, affecting 95% of children in countries where protein energy malnutrition and anemia are prevalent.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
- Worldwide, the total number of people infected with Trichuris trichiura in the year 2002 was 1 billion.[1]
- In the USA, the prevalence of Trichuris trichiura is 100 per 100,000 individuals.[2]
- Worldwide, the prevalence of Trichuris trichiura is high, affecting 95% of children in countries where protein energy malnutrition and anemia are prevalent.[3]
Incidence
- Trichuris trichiura is the third most common nematode worldwide following Ascaris and Enterobius; in total, the three infections affect approximately 1 billion people.
Age
- Trichuris trichiura is more common among school-aged children compared to adults.[4]
Gender
- There is no gender predilection for infection with Trichuris trichiura.
Race
- There is no racial predilection for infection with Trichuris trichiura.
Geographic distribution
- Trichuriasis occurs in the southern United States.
- Whip worm infection is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries.[5]
- Incidence and prevalence rates are highest in children living in sub-Saharan Africa, followed by Asia, then Latin America and the Caribbean.[6][7]
- Worldwide, infections are more frequent in areas with tropical weather and poor sanitation practices.[8]
References
- ↑ "CDC - Trichuriasis - Epidemiology & Risk Factors".
- ↑ Starr MC, Montgomery SP (2011). "Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis in the United States: a systematic review--1940-2010". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 85 (4): 680–4. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0214. PMC 3183777. PMID 21976572.
- ↑ Stephenson, L.S.; Holland, C.V.; Cooper, E.S. (2001). "The public health significance of Trichuris trichiura". Parasitology. 121 (S1): S73. doi:10.1017/S0031182000006867. ISSN 0031-1820.
- ↑ Brooker S, Clements AC, Bundy DA (2006). "Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections". Adv. Parasitol. 62: 221–61. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62007-6. PMC 1976253. PMID 16647972.
- ↑ Manz KM, Clowes P, Kroidl I, Kowuor DO, Geldmacher C, Ntinginya NE; et al. (2017). "Trichuris trichiura infection and its relation to environmental factors in Mbeya region, Tanzania: A cross-sectional, population-based study". PLoS One. 12 (4): e0175137. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175137. PMC 5383155. PMID 28384306.
- ↑ de Silva NR, Brooker S, Hotez PJ, Montresor A, Engels D, Savioli L (2003). "Soil-transmitted helminth infections: updating the global picture". Trends Parasitol. 19 (12): 547–51. PMID 14642761.
- ↑ Brooker S, Clements AC, Bundy DA (2006). "Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections". Adv. Parasitol. 62: 221–61. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62007-6. PMC 1976253. PMID 16647972.
- ↑ Brooker S, Clements AC, Bundy DA (2006). "Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections". Adv. Parasitol. 62: 221–61. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62007-6. PMC 1976253. PMID 16647972.