Anemia of prematurity natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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{{Anemia of prematurity}} | {{Anemia of prematurity}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Asra}} | |||
==Overview== | |||
[[Anemia of prematurity]] can be [[asymptomatic]] or produce abnormal clinical [[sign|signs]] and [[symptom|symptoms]] depending on the [[hemoglobin]] levels. Mild [[symptom|symptoms]] usually resolve spontaneously without [[treatments|treatment]]. Severe [[symptom|symptoms]] require [[treatments|treatment]] with [[blood transfusion]] and [[erythropoietin]]. Untreated [[anemia of prematurity]] can lead to [[poor growth]], [[apnea]], and [[cardiovascular]] instability. The [[prognosis]] of [[anemia of prematurity]] is good with prompt [[diagnosis]] and early [[treatments|treatment]]. | |||
==Natural History== | |||
*In [[preterm infants]], [[anemia]] gets worsened due to other [[illness]] related to [[prematurity]] and [[blood loss]] during [[phlebotomy]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Strauss RG |title=Anaemia of prematurity: pathophysiology and treatment |journal=Blood Rev. |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=221–5 |date=November 2010 |pmid=20817366 |doi=10.1016/j.blre.2010.08.001 |url=}}</ref> | |||
*[[Premature]] [[infants]] develop abnormal clinical [[sign|signs]] and [[symptom|symptoms]] depending on the [[hemoglobin]] levels<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/pediatrics/anemia-of-prematurity/ |title=www.cancertherapyadvisor.com |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
*Some [[infants]] can be [[asymptomatic]] or develop mild [[symptom|symptoms]] that require little or no therapy | |||
*Others develop severe [[sign|signs]] and [[symptom|symptoms]] that require [[treatment]] with [[blood transfusion]] and [[erythropoietin]] | |||
*If left untreated, [[anemia of prematurity]] leads to [[cardiovascular instability]] | |||
{{ | ==Complications== | ||
[[Anemia of prematurity]] can develop following [[complication|complications]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/pediatrics/anemia-of-prematurity/ |title=www.cancertherapyadvisor.com |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>: | |||
*[[Poor growth]] | |||
*[[Apnea]] | |||
*[[Cardiovascular]] instability | |||
[[Complication|Complications]] that can develop as a result of the [[treatment]] of [[anemia of prematurity]] are<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/pediatrics/anemia-of-prematurity/ |title=www.cancertherapyadvisor.com |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
*[[Infections]] | |||
*[[Allergic reactions]] | |||
*[[Iron overload]] | |||
*[[Fluid overload]] | |||
*[[Electrolyte imbalance]] | |||
*[[Calcium]] disturbance | |||
*[[Immune mediated adverse reactions]] | |||
**[[Acute hemolytic reaction]] | |||
**[[Febrile non-hemolytic reaction]] | |||
**[[Immunosuppression]] | |||
**[[Graft versus host disease]] | |||
**[[Transfusion related acute lung injury]] | |||
*[[Transfusion]] of [[toxic substances]] present in the [[blood]] | |||
**[[Lead]] | |||
**[[Mercury]] | |||
**[[Plasticizers]] | |||
*[[Necrotizing enterocolitis]] | |||
*[[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]] | |||
==Prognosis== | |||
*The [[prognosis]] of [[anemia of prematurity]] is good with prompt [[diagnosis]] and early [[treatment]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/pediatrics/anemia-of-prematurity/ |title=www.cancertherapyadvisor.com |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
*Milder cases usually resolve spontaneously with age | |||
*Without adequate [[treatment]], [[anemia of prematurity]] will result in serious complications | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
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[[Category:Hematology]] | [[Category:Hematology]] | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
Latest revision as of 08:14, 8 August 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Asra Firdous, M.B.B.S.[2]
Overview
Anemia of prematurity can be asymptomatic or produce abnormal clinical signs and symptoms depending on the hemoglobin levels. Mild symptoms usually resolve spontaneously without treatment. Severe symptoms require treatment with blood transfusion and erythropoietin. Untreated anemia of prematurity can lead to poor growth, apnea, and cardiovascular instability. The prognosis of anemia of prematurity is good with prompt diagnosis and early treatment.
Natural History
- In preterm infants, anemia gets worsened due to other illness related to prematurity and blood loss during phlebotomy[1]
- Premature infants develop abnormal clinical signs and symptoms depending on the hemoglobin levels[2]
- Some infants can be asymptomatic or develop mild symptoms that require little or no therapy
- Others develop severe signs and symptoms that require treatment with blood transfusion and erythropoietin
- If left untreated, anemia of prematurity leads to cardiovascular instability
Complications
Anemia of prematurity can develop following complications[3]:
- Poor growth
- Apnea
- Cardiovascular instability
Complications that can develop as a result of the treatment of anemia of prematurity are[4]
- Infections
- Allergic reactions
- Iron overload
- Fluid overload
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Calcium disturbance
- Immune mediated adverse reactions
- Transfusion of toxic substances present in the blood
- Necrotizing enterocolitis
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Prognosis
- The prognosis of anemia of prematurity is good with prompt diagnosis and early treatment[5]
- Milder cases usually resolve spontaneously with age
- Without adequate treatment, anemia of prematurity will result in serious complications
References
- ↑ Strauss RG (November 2010). "Anaemia of prematurity: pathophysiology and treatment". Blood Rev. 24 (6): 221–5. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2010.08.001. PMID 20817366.
- ↑ "www.cancertherapyadvisor.com".
- ↑ "www.cancertherapyadvisor.com".
- ↑ "www.cancertherapyadvisor.com".
- ↑ "www.cancertherapyadvisor.com".