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{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Akash}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Akash}}


{{SK}}  
{{SK}} [[idiopathic paroxysmal AV block]], [[extrinsic vagal paroxysmal AV block]], [[extrinsic idiopathic paroxysmal AV block]], [[Paroxysmal Atrio-Ventricular block]], [[Paroxysmal Atrioventricular block]], [[intrinsic paroxysmal AV block]], [[idiopathic paroxysmal Atrioventricular block]], [[idiopathic paroxysmal Atrio-Ventricular block]], [[extrinsic vagal paroxysmal Atrioventricular block]], [[extrinsic vagal paroxysmal Atrio-Ventricular block]], [[extrinsic idiopathic paroxysmal Atrio-Ventricular block]], [[extrinsic idiopathic paroxysmal Atrioventricular block]], [[Paroxysmal av block]], [[extrinsic vagal paroxysmal av block]], [[extrinsic idiopathic paroxysmal av block]], [[Paroxysmal atrio-ventricular block]], [[Paroxysmal atrioventricular block]], [[intrinsic paroxysmal av block]], [[idiopathic paroxysmal atrioventricular block]], [[idiopathic paroxysmal atrio-ventricular block]], [[extrinsic vagal paroxysmal etrioventricular block]], [[extrinsic vagal paroxysmal atrio-ventricular block]], [[extrinsic idiopathic paroxysmal atrio-ventricular block]], [[extrinsic idiopathic paroxysmal atrioventricular block]]


==[[Paroxysmal AV block overview|Overview]]==
==[[Paroxysmal AV block overview|Overview]]==


==[[Paroxysmal AV Block Historical Perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
==[[Paroxysmal AV Block Historical Perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
[[Paroxysmal AV block Historical perspective|Historical Perspective]] | [[Paroxysmal AV Block Famous cases|Famous cases]]


==[[Paroxysmal AV block classification|Classification]]==
==[[Paroxysmal AV block classification|Classification]]==
*Paroxysmal AV Block may be classified according to the cause into three types :
#Intrinsic AV Block (I-AVB)
#Extrinsic Vagal AV Block (EV- AVB)
#Extrinsic Idiopathic AV Block (EI- AVB) {{cite web |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/j.joa.2017.03.008 |title=Syncope and paroxysmal atrioventricular block - Aste - 2017 - Journal of Arrhythmia - Wiley Online Library |format= |work= |accessdate=}}
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |A01| | |A01='''Paroxysmal AV Block classification based on cause'''}}
{{familytree | | | |,|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|.|}}
{{familytree | | | |B10| | |B11| | | |B12|B10='''Intrinsic AV Block (I-AVB):'''
Due to innate structural/ conduction defect| B11='''Extrinsic Vagal AV Block (EV- AVB):'''
Due to vagal surge/reflex |B12='''Extrinsic Idiopathic AV Block (EI- AVB) :''' Due to innately low adenosine plasma levels |}}
{{familytree |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | | |}}
{{familytree |C10| | | C11| | | | | | |C10= '''Tachycardia Dependent AV Block (TD- AVB)'''|C11= '''Bradcardia/Pause Dependent AV Block (BD- AVB/PD-AVB)}}
{{familytree/end}} <ref name="pmid29255501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aste M, Brignole M |title=Syncope and paroxysmal atrioventricular block |journal=J Arrhythm |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=562–567 |date=December 2017 |pmid=29255501 |doi=10.1016/j.joa.2017.03.008 |url=}}</ref>


==[[Paroxysmal AV block pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
==[[Paroxysmal AV block pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


[[Paroxysmal AV Block Intrinsic AV Block|Intrinsic AV Block]] | [[Paroxysmal AV Block Extrinsic Vagal AV Block|Extrinsic Vagal AV Block]] | [[Paroxysmal AV Block Extrinsic Idiopathic AV Block|Extrinsic Idiopathic AV Block]]
==[[Paroxysmal AV block Causes|Causes]]==
 
==Extrinsic Vagal AV Block==
*An extrinsic vagally mediated AV block (EV-AVB) may occur due to a '''vagal surge or a condition causing an increase in vagal tone''' such as during tilt table tesing, carotid sinus massage, coughing, micturition, defecation, swallowing, myocardial infarction, injection of dypramidole and cardiac transplant rejection.
*It causes SA and AV node slowing and is therefore reflected on the ECG as '''sinus rate slowing, increasing/irregular PP and PR intervals''' prior to a period of compete AV block. A heterogenous presentation in terms of Mobitz type I or II and complete heart block may also be noted. This is followed by a period of sinus acceleration. 
*Electrophysiological studies indicate a '''normal H-H interval''' and therefore it can be assumed that it does not have any effect on conduction in the bundle of His and is not associated with any anatomic involvement, as seen in intrinsic AV Block. <ref name="pmid23286970">{{cite journal| author=Alboni P, Holz A, Brignole M| title=Vagally mediated atrioventricular block: pathophysiology and diagnosis. | journal=Heart | year= 2013 | volume= 99 | issue= 13 | pages= 904-8 | pmid=23286970 | doi=10.1136/heartjnl-2012-303220 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23286970  }} </ref>
*The pathophysiology of EV-AVB may even be related to the autonomic control of the sinus and AV nodes. A parasympathetic predominance over the SA node and sympathetic predominance over the AV node is exerted in a normal autonomic nervous system.
**A disruption in this regulation may cause '''parasympathetic bursts''' and therefore, an AV block. <ref name="pmid10758936">{{cite journal| author=Mendoza IJ, Castellanos A, Lopera G, Moleiro F, Mitrani RD, Myerburg RJ| title=Spontaneous paroxysmal atrioventricular block in patients with positive tilt tests and negative electrophysiologic studies. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2000 | volume= 85 | issue= 7 | pages= 893-6, A9 | pmid=10758936 | doi=10.1016/s0002-9149(99)00890-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10758936  }} </ref>
*The effect of vagal stimulation depends on the method and intensity of stimulation and the resting sympathetic activity.
*Vasalva maneuver, carotid sinus massage,  water face immersion, tilt table testing may or may not induce an EV- AVB and in some cases a '''reversal may be seen on atropine administration'''. {{cite web |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/clc.4960080606 |title=Paroxysmal vagally mediated av block with recurrent syncope - Talwar - 1985 - Clinical Cardiology - Wiley Online Library |format= |work= |accessdate=}}
 
==Extrinsic Idiopathic AV Block==
*The pathogenesis of extrinsic idiopathic paroxysmal AV block (EI-AVB) can be correlated to ''' adenosine plasma levels (APL) and increased affinity of adenosine A1 receptors'''.
*There is a recurrent history of unexplained syncope, absence of ECG and cardiac abnormalities and a good prognosis.
*Due to innately low APL values seen in these patients, there is '''an upregulation of A1 receptors''', such that even during a mild transient surge in endogenous adenosine levels, AV block occurs.
*A1 receptors, which are present more in the AV node than the SA node, impose an '''antiadrenergic action''' by antagonizing β1 receptors, the sympathetic nervous system, hyperpolarizing the SA and AV nodes through potassium channels and lowering intracellular cAMP levels. <ref name="pmid26115830">{{cite journal| author=Brignole M, Deharo JC, Guieu R| title=Syncope and Idiopathic (Paroxysmal) AV Block. | journal=Cardiol Clin | year= 2015 | volume= 33 | issue= 3 | pages= 441-7 | pmid=26115830 | doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2015.04.012 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26115830  }} </ref>
*Therefore, in such patients an injection of adenosine or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) may reproduce the attack and adenosine antagonists such as theophylline may be an efficacious treatment option.
*On an ECG, there is an absence of signs of vagal stimulation, atrial/ventricular premature beats and there may be a presence of narrow QRS complexes prior to the period of complete AV Block/ asystole
*Certain studies have also noticed '''genetic polymorphisms in A2A receptors''' in a population of people experiencing recurrent unexplained syncope.<ref name="pmid19386617">{{cite journal| author=Saadjian AY, Gerolami V, Giorgi R, Mercier L, Berge-Lefranc JL, Paganelli F | display-authors=etal| title=Head-up tilt induced syncope and adenosine A2A receptor gene polymorphism. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2009 | volume= 30 | issue= 12 | pages= 1510-5 | pmid=19386617 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehp126 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19386617  }} </ref>
 
==[[Paroxysmal AV block causes|Causes]]==


==[[Paroxysmal AV block differential diagnosis|Differentiating Paroxysmal AV block from other Diseases]]==
==[[Paroxysmal AV block Differentiating Paroxysmal AV Block from other Diseases |Differentiating Paroxysmal AV Block from other Diseases]]==


==[[Paroxysmal AV block epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
==[[Paroxysmal AV block epidemiology and Demographics |Epidemiology and Demographics]]==


==[[Paroxysmal AV block risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
==[[Paroxysmal AV block Risk Factors|Risk Factors]]==


==[[Paroxysmal AV block screening|Screening]]==
==[[Paroxysmal AV block Screening|Screening]]==


===Diagnosis===
==[[Paroxysmal AV Block Natural History, Complications and Prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
[[Paroxysmal AV block Initial Approach|Initial Approach]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block Electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram, Holter Monitoring, External Loop Recorder]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block Implantable Loop Recorder|Implantable Loop Recorder]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block Electrophysiologic studies|Electrophysiologic studies]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block Vagal Maneuvers :Carotid Sinus Massage and Tilt Table testing|Vagal Maneuvers,Carotid Sinus Massage and Tilt Table testing]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block Laboratory Findings and Stimulation tests|Laboratory Findings and Stimulation tests]] |  [[Paroxysmal AV block Diagnostic Summary table | Diagnostic Summary Table]] |


==Diagnosis==
[[Paroxysmal AV block diagnostic study of choice|Diagnostic study of choice]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block x ray|X-Ray Findings]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block echocardiography and ultrasound|Echocardiography and Ultrasound]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block CT scan|CT-Scan Findings]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block MRI|MRI Findings]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
[[Paroxysmal AV block Cardiac Pacing| Cardiac Pacing]] |[[Paroxysmal AV block Treatment for Reflex Syncope|Treatment for Reflex Syncope]]|[[Paroxysmal AV block Theophylline |Theopylline]] |
[[Paroxysmal AV block medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block interventions|Interventions]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block surgery|Surgery]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Paroxysmal AV block future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


==Case Studies==
==Case Studies==
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[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]]
[[Category:Arrythmia]]
[[Category:Arrhythmia]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]

Latest revision as of 19:51, 3 September 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Akash Daswaney, M.B.B.S[2]

Synonyms and keywords: idiopathic paroxysmal AV block, extrinsic vagal paroxysmal AV block, extrinsic idiopathic paroxysmal AV block, Paroxysmal Atrio-Ventricular block, Paroxysmal Atrioventricular block, intrinsic paroxysmal AV block, idiopathic paroxysmal Atrioventricular block, idiopathic paroxysmal Atrio-Ventricular block, extrinsic vagal paroxysmal Atrioventricular block, extrinsic vagal paroxysmal Atrio-Ventricular block, extrinsic idiopathic paroxysmal Atrio-Ventricular block, extrinsic idiopathic paroxysmal Atrioventricular block, Paroxysmal av block, extrinsic vagal paroxysmal av block, extrinsic idiopathic paroxysmal av block, Paroxysmal atrio-ventricular block, Paroxysmal atrioventricular block, intrinsic paroxysmal av block, idiopathic paroxysmal atrioventricular block, idiopathic paroxysmal atrio-ventricular block, extrinsic vagal paroxysmal etrioventricular block, extrinsic vagal paroxysmal atrio-ventricular block, extrinsic idiopathic paroxysmal atrio-ventricular block, extrinsic idiopathic paroxysmal atrioventricular block

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Paroxysmal AV Block from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic study of choice | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | X-Ray Findings | Echocardiography and Ultrasound | CT-Scan Findings | MRI Findings | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Interventions | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

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