Hypokalemia secondary prevention: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | |||
Administration of [[potassium]] supplements and treating the underlying disease is the primary measure in [[secondary prevention]] of [[hypokalemia]]. | |||
==Secondary prevention== | |||
There are appropriate measures as [[secondary prevention]] of [[hypokalemia]] in patients, who are susceptible more or have ongoing [[potassium]] losses, including:<ref> {{cite book | last = Mandal | first = Anil | title = Textbook of nephrology | publisher = Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd | location = New Delhi | year = 2014 | isbn = 9789350905326 }}</ref> | |||
:*Prescription of [[potassium chloride]] 20 mg BID: Patients with [[congestive heart failure]] and edematous conditions such as [[cirrhosis]] have to take it regularly | |||
:*Administration of [[Proton Pomp Inhibitor]]s and [[H2 blocker drug]]s: It can inhibit [[bicarbonate]] formation in the [[stomach]] and its absorption, as well as limiting [[potassium]] loss. | |||
:*Prescription of [[potassium-sparing]] medications, such as [[Amiloride]] 1.25-2.5 mg BID | |||
===Prevention of [[hypokalemia]] in patients using [[diuretic]]s=== | |||
Administering K-sparing [[diuretic]]s is the most suitable preventive option. However, [[hyperkalemia]] should be considered in patients with [[diabetes]] and older cases.<ref name="pmid11539714">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hollenberg NK |title=Preventing hypokalemia |journal=Complicat Card Patient |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=2, 32 |date=1987 |pmid=11539714 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
===Prevention of [[hypokalemia]] in critically-ill cases=== | |||
Prescribing [[potassium]] preventively (72-144 mmol/L daily) as a maintenance [[therapy]] for ill patients with normal K+ and [[Cr]] on admission would decrease harmful [[hypokalemia]] episodes, and severe nursing cares.<ref name="KlionsMenhart2014">{{cite journal|last1=Klions|first1=Howard A.|last2=Menhart|first2=Cinderella J.|last3=Fridline|first3=Mark|last4=Scotto|first4=Carrie J.|title=Preventing Hypokalemia in Critically Ill Patients|journal=American Journal of Critical Care|volume=23|issue=2|year=2014|pages=145–149|issn=1062-3264|doi=10.4037/ajcc2014946}}</ref> | |||
===Prevention of hypokalemia in patients undergoing abdominal surgery=== | |||
One of the most frequent drawbacks of extreme [[abdominal]] operations is [[hypokalemia]]. For inhibiting drug-induced [[hypokalemia]], medications' complications must be considered. Moreover, [[blood]] sampling for screening the [[potassium]] (once on admission and four times after that) and administrating potassium supplements would result in better detection, [[treatment]], and fast track recovery of cases who are undergoing [[abdominal]] operations. <ref name="pmid24384576">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lu G, Yan Q, Huang Y, Zhong Y, Shi P |title=Prevention and control system of hypokalemia in fast recovery after abdominal surgery |journal=Curr Ther Res Clin Exp |volume=74 |issue= |pages=68–73 |date=June 2013 |pmid=24384576 |pmc=3862196 |doi=10.1016/j.curtheres.2013.02.004 |url=}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: : Alieh Behjat, M.D.[2]
Overview
Administration of potassium supplements and treating the underlying disease is the primary measure in secondary prevention of hypokalemia.
Secondary prevention
There are appropriate measures as secondary prevention of hypokalemia in patients, who are susceptible more or have ongoing potassium losses, including:[1]
- Prescription of potassium chloride 20 mg BID: Patients with congestive heart failure and edematous conditions such as cirrhosis have to take it regularly
- Administration of Proton Pomp Inhibitors and H2 blocker drugs: It can inhibit bicarbonate formation in the stomach and its absorption, as well as limiting potassium loss.
- Prescription of potassium-sparing medications, such as Amiloride 1.25-2.5 mg BID
Prevention of hypokalemia in patients using diuretics
Administering K-sparing diuretics is the most suitable preventive option. However, hyperkalemia should be considered in patients with diabetes and older cases.[2]
Prevention of hypokalemia in critically-ill cases
Prescribing potassium preventively (72-144 mmol/L daily) as a maintenance therapy for ill patients with normal K+ and Cr on admission would decrease harmful hypokalemia episodes, and severe nursing cares.[3]
Prevention of hypokalemia in patients undergoing abdominal surgery
One of the most frequent drawbacks of extreme abdominal operations is hypokalemia. For inhibiting drug-induced hypokalemia, medications' complications must be considered. Moreover, blood sampling for screening the potassium (once on admission and four times after that) and administrating potassium supplements would result in better detection, treatment, and fast track recovery of cases who are undergoing abdominal operations. [4]
References
- ↑ Mandal, Anil (2014). Textbook of nephrology. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. ISBN 9789350905326.
- ↑ Hollenberg NK (1987). "Preventing hypokalemia". Complicat Card Patient. 1 (2): 2, 32. PMID 11539714.
- ↑ Klions, Howard A.; Menhart, Cinderella J.; Fridline, Mark; Scotto, Carrie J. (2014). "Preventing Hypokalemia in Critically Ill Patients". American Journal of Critical Care. 23 (2): 145–149. doi:10.4037/ajcc2014946. ISSN 1062-3264.
- ↑ Lu G, Yan Q, Huang Y, Zhong Y, Shi P (June 2013). "Prevention and control system of hypokalemia in fast recovery after abdominal surgery". Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 74: 68–73. doi:10.1016/j.curtheres.2013.02.004. PMC 3862196. PMID 24384576.