WBR1133

Author	[[PageAuthor::Pratik Bahekar, MBBS [1]]]
Exam Type	ExamType::USMLE Step 2 CK
Main Category	MainCategory::Psychiatry
Sub Category	SubCategory::Psychiatry
Prompt	[[Prompt::The parents of a 7-year-old boy divorce. The boy lives with the mother and sees his father every-other weekend. During these visits, the boy is sullen and angry with the father, but when it is time to return home, he clings to the father and cries in a desperate manner while saying "I'm sorry! I want you and mom to live together forever." This is an example of,]]
Answer A	AnswerA::Concrete thinking
Answer A Explanation	[[AnswerAExp::Jean Piaget uses the terms concrete and formal to describe the different types of learning. Concrete thinking involves facts and descriptions about everyday, tangible objects, while abstract (formal operational) thinking involves a mental process.]]
Answer B	AnswerB::Egocentric thinking
Answer B Explanation	[[AnswerBExp::Egocentrism is characterized by preoccupation with one's own internal world. Egocentrics regard themselves and their own opinions or interests as being the most important or valid. To them, self-relevant information is seen to be more important in shaping one’s judgments than are thoughts about others and other-relevant information. Egocentric people are unable to fully understand or to cope with other people's opinions and the fact that reality can be different from what they are ready to accept. Jean Piaget claimed that young children are egocentric. Piaget was concerned with two aspects of egocentricity in children; language and morality. He believed that egocentric children use language primarily for communication with oneself. Piaget observed that children would talk to themselves during play, and that this egocentric speech was merely the child’s thoughts. He believed that this speech had no special function; it was used as a way of accompanying and reinforcing the child’s current activity. He theorised that as the child matures cognitively and socially the amount of egocentric speech used would be reduced. He believed that when communicating with others, the child believes that others know everything about the topic of discussion and become frustrated when asked to give further detail. Piaget also believed that egocentrism affects the child’s sense of morality. Due to egocentrism, the child is only concerned with the final outcome of an event rather than another’s intentions. For example, if someone breaks the child’s toy, the child would not forgive the other due to the child not being able to understand that the person who broke the toy did not intend to break it.]]
Answer C	AnswerC::Autism
Answer C Explanation	[[AnswerCExp::Autism is a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and verbal and non-verbal communication, and by restricted, repetitive or stereotyped behavior. The diagnostic criteria require that symptoms become apparent before a child is three years old.]]
Answer D	AnswerD::Separation anxiety disorder
Answer D Explanation	[[AnswerDExp::According to the American Psychology Association, separation anxiety disorder is the inappropriate and excessive display of fear and distress when faced with situations of separation from the home or from a specific attachment figure. The anxiety that is expressed is categorized as being atypical of the expected developmental level and age. The severity of the symptoms ranges from anticipatory uneasiness to full-blown anxiety about separation.]]
Answer E	AnswerE::Low IQ
Answer E Explanation	[[AnswerEExp::Intellectual disability or general learning disability is a generalized disorder appearing before adulthood, characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors. Intellectual disability is also known as mental retardation, although this older term is being used less frequently. Children with intellectual disability may learn to sit up, to crawl, or to walk later than other children, or they may learn to talk later. Both adults and children with intellectual disability may also exhibit some or all of the following characteristics: Delays in oral language development Deficits in memory skills Difficulty learning social rules Difficulty with problem solving skills Delays in the development of adaptive behaviors such as self-help or self-care skills Lack of social inhibitors.]]
Right Answer	RightAnswer::B
Explanation	[[Explanation::Egocentrism is characterized by preoccupation with one's own internal world. Egocentrics regard themselves and their own opinions or interests as being the most important or valid. To them, self-relevant information is seen to be more important in shaping one’s judgments than are thoughts about others and other-relevant information. Egocentrism is thus the child's inability to see other people's viewpoints. The child at this stage of cognitive development assumes that their view of the world is the same as other peoples', e.g. a little girl does not see that taking another child's ball is wrong because she does not understand that taking the ball would hurt the other child’s feelings. Educational Objective: Egocentrism is characterized by preoccupation with one's own internal world. Egocentrics regard themselves and their own opinions or interests as being the most important or valid. To them, self-relevant information is seen to be more important in shaping one’s judgments than are thoughts about others and other-relevant information. Egocentrism is thus the child's inability to see other people's viewpoints. The child at this stage of cognitive development assumes that their view of the world is the same as other peoples', e.g. a little girl does not see that taking another child's ball is wrong because she does not understand that taking the ball would hurt the other child’s feelings. References: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OinqFgsIbh0 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01538718]]
Approved	Approved::No
Keyword	WBRKeyword::Egocentric thinking, WBRKeyword::Milestones, WBRKeyword::Piagets Stages
Linked Question	Linked::
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