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{{WBRQuestion | {{WBRQuestion | ||
|QuestionAuthor=Gerald Chi (Reviewed by {{YD}}) | |QuestionAuthor=Gerald Chi (Reviewed by {{YD}}) | ||
|ExamType=USMLE Step 1 | |ExamType=USMLE Step 1 | ||
|MainCategory=Pathophysiology | |MainCategory=Pathophysiology | ||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
|SubCategory=Oncology | |SubCategory=Oncology | ||
|Prompt=A 48-year-old woman with no past medical history presents to her physician's office with complaints of chronic watery diarrhea and occasional shortness of breath. She also complains of frequent abdominal pains that occasionally wake her up at night and intermittent facial flushing episodes which fail to respond to aspirin. Upon further questioning, she reports a 5 kg weight loss over the past 3 months and chronic fatigue. In the clinic, her blood pressure is 142/88 mmHg, heart rate is 90/min, and respiratory rate is 22/min. Cardiothoracic examination is remarkable for wheezing and a holosystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border that is intensified by applying pressure on her liver. Abdominal exam is remarkable for abdominal tenderness in the right lower quadrant, hyperactive bowel sounds, and mild hepatomegaly. Which of the following urinary findings are diagnostic of this patient's condition? | |Prompt=A 48-year-old woman with no past medical history presents to her physician's office with complaints of chronic watery diarrhea and occasional shortness of breath. She also complains of frequent abdominal pains that occasionally wake her up at night and intermittent facial flushing episodes which fail to respond to aspirin. Upon further questioning, she reports a 5 kg weight loss over the past 3 months and chronic fatigue. In the clinic, her blood pressure is 142/88 mmHg, heart rate is 90/min, and respiratory rate is 22/min. Cardiothoracic examination is remarkable for wheezing and a holosystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border that is intensified by applying pressure on her liver. Abdominal exam is remarkable for abdominal tenderness in the right lower quadrant, hyperactive bowel sounds, and mild hepatomegaly. Which of the following urinary findings are diagnostic of this patient's condition? | ||
|Explanation=Carcinoid syndrome is caused by a carcinoid tumor, which is a neuroendocrine tumor that is characterized by excessive production of serotonin and histamine. Carcinoid tumors are rare tumors that typically develop in the gastrointestinal tract. Carcinoid tumors are typically silent until hepatic metastasis occurs. Prior to metastasis, serotonin produced by the tumor undergoes first pass metabolism and is eliminated by the liver. Once hepatic metastasis occurs, the first pass metabolism is bypassed, the clinical manifestations develop. Clinical manifestations of carcinoid syndrome are multisystemic and include cardiac, pulmonary, GI, and cutaneous manifestations. Valvular involvement usually includes either tricuspid insufficiency or pulmonic stenosis (right-sided). Facial flushing observed in carcinoid syndrome is mediated primarily by vasodilatory actions of histamine, which is not affected by prostaglandin inhibition by aspirin. Pellagra (vitamin B3 deficiency) may occur when tryptophan is depleted by accelerated synthesis of serotonin, which is converted to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and is excreted in the urine. Management of carcinoid syndrome is surgical resection, but pharmacologic therapy, such as octreotide, are usually administered to provide symptomatic relief. | |Explanation=Carcinoid syndrome is caused by a carcinoid tumor, which is a neuroendocrine tumor that is characterized by excessive production of serotonin and histamine. Carcinoid tumors are rare tumors that typically develop in the gastrointestinal tract. Carcinoid tumors are typically silent until hepatic metastasis occurs. Prior to metastasis, serotonin produced by the tumor undergoes first pass metabolism and is eliminated by the liver. Once hepatic metastasis occurs, the first pass metabolism is bypassed, the clinical manifestations develop. Clinical manifestations of carcinoid syndrome are multisystemic and include cardiac, pulmonary, GI, and cutaneous manifestations. Valvular involvement usually includes either tricuspid insufficiency or pulmonic stenosis (right-sided). Facial flushing observed in carcinoid syndrome is mediated primarily by vasodilatory actions of histamine, which is not affected by prostaglandin inhibition by aspirin. Pellagra (vitamin B3 deficiency) may occur when tryptophan is depleted by accelerated synthesis of serotonin, which is converted to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and is excreted in the urine. Management of carcinoid syndrome is surgical resection, but pharmacologic therapy, such as octreotide, are usually administered to provide symptomatic relief. | ||
|AnswerA=Vanillyl mandelic acid | |AnswerA=Vanillyl mandelic acid | ||
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|AnswerCExp=N-terminal telopeptides are biomarkers that reflect increased bone remodeling, which is commonly associated with [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[Paget disease of the bone]], and [[hypercalcemia]] of malignancy. | |AnswerCExp=N-terminal telopeptides are biomarkers that reflect increased bone remodeling, which is commonly associated with [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[Paget disease of the bone]], and [[hypercalcemia]] of malignancy. | ||
|AnswerD=Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) | |AnswerD=Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) | ||
|AnswerDExp=Urinary cAMP concentration are typically elevated [[hyperparathyroidism]] and | |AnswerDExp=Urinary cAMP concentration are typically elevated [[hyperparathyroidism]] and PTHrP-secreting tumors. | ||
|AnswerE=Porphobilinogen (PBG) | |AnswerE=Porphobilinogen (PBG) | ||
|AnswerEExp=Increased urinary porphobilinogen is associated with [[acute intermittent porphyria]]. | |AnswerEExp=Increased urinary porphobilinogen is associated with [[acute intermittent porphyria]]. | ||
Latest revision as of 02:52, 28 October 2020
| Author | [[PageAuthor::Gerald Chi (Reviewed by Yazan Daaboul, M.D.)]] |
|---|---|
| Exam Type | ExamType::USMLE Step 1 |
| Main Category | MainCategory::Pathophysiology |
| Sub Category | SubCategory::Oncology |
| Prompt | [[Prompt::A 48-year-old woman with no past medical history presents to her physician's office with complaints of chronic watery diarrhea and occasional shortness of breath. She also complains of frequent abdominal pains that occasionally wake her up at night and intermittent facial flushing episodes which fail to respond to aspirin. Upon further questioning, she reports a 5 kg weight loss over the past 3 months and chronic fatigue. In the clinic, her blood pressure is 142/88 mmHg, heart rate is 90/min, and respiratory rate is 22/min. Cardiothoracic examination is remarkable for wheezing and a holosystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border that is intensified by applying pressure on her liver. Abdominal exam is remarkable for abdominal tenderness in the right lower quadrant, hyperactive bowel sounds, and mild hepatomegaly. Which of the following urinary findings are diagnostic of this patient's condition?]] |
| Answer A | AnswerA::Vanillyl mandelic acid |
| Answer A Explanation | [[AnswerAExp::Increased urinary concentration of vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA) is diagnostic of pheochromocytoma, which is a neuroendocrine tumor of the adrenal medulla. Typical symptoms of pheochromocytoma include increased sympathetic tone include paroxysmal palpitations, diaphoresis, anxiety, headache, and refractory hypertension.]] |
| Answer B | AnswerB::5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) |
| Answer B Explanation | [[AnswerBExp::5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is a serotonin metabolite that is diagnostic of carcinoid syndrome.]] |
| Answer C | AnswerC::Cross-linked N-terminal telopeptides (NTX) |
| Answer C Explanation | [[AnswerCExp::N-terminal telopeptides are biomarkers that reflect increased bone remodeling, which is commonly associated with hyperparathyroidism, Paget disease of the bone, and hypercalcemia of malignancy.]] |
| Answer D | AnswerD::Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) |
| Answer D Explanation | [[AnswerDExp::Urinary cAMP concentration are typically elevated hyperparathyroidism and PTHrP-secreting tumors.]] |
| Answer E | AnswerE::Porphobilinogen (PBG) |
| Answer E Explanation | [[AnswerEExp::Increased urinary porphobilinogen is associated with acute intermittent porphyria.]] |
| Right Answer | RightAnswer::B |
| Explanation | [[Explanation::Carcinoid syndrome is caused by a carcinoid tumor, which is a neuroendocrine tumor that is characterized by excessive production of serotonin and histamine. Carcinoid tumors are rare tumors that typically develop in the gastrointestinal tract. Carcinoid tumors are typically silent until hepatic metastasis occurs. Prior to metastasis, serotonin produced by the tumor undergoes first pass metabolism and is eliminated by the liver. Once hepatic metastasis occurs, the first pass metabolism is bypassed, the clinical manifestations develop. Clinical manifestations of carcinoid syndrome are multisystemic and include cardiac, pulmonary, GI, and cutaneous manifestations. Valvular involvement usually includes either tricuspid insufficiency or pulmonic stenosis (right-sided). Facial flushing observed in carcinoid syndrome is mediated primarily by vasodilatory actions of histamine, which is not affected by prostaglandin inhibition by aspirin. Pellagra (vitamin B3 deficiency) may occur when tryptophan is depleted by accelerated synthesis of serotonin, which is converted to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and is excreted in the urine. Management of carcinoid syndrome is surgical resection, but pharmacologic therapy, such as octreotide, are usually administered to provide symptomatic relief. Educational Objective: Carcinoid syndrome is a neuroendocrine tumor that is characterized by excessive production of serotonin and histamine. Accelerated synthesis of serotonin by the carcinoid tumor is converted to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and is excreted in the urine. |
| Approved | Approved::Yes |
| Keyword | WBRKeyword::5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, WBRKeyword::HIAA, WBRKeyword::Carcinoid syndrome, WBRKeyword::Neuroendocrine tumor, WBRKeyword::GI tumor |
| Linked Question | Linked:: |
| Order in Linked Questions | LinkedOrder:: |