Prostate cancer epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Rates of prostate cancer vary widely across the world. Although the rates vary widely between countries, it is least common in South and East Asia, more common in Europe, and most common in the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://web.archive.org/web/20060205235509/http://www.jncicancerspectrum.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/statContent/cspectfstat;99 | title = IARC Worldwide Cancer Incidence Statistics—Prostate | publisher = Oxford University Press | work = JNCI Cancer Spectrum | date = December 19, 2001}} Retrieved on 2007-04-05 through the Internet Archive</ref>  In the United States, the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of prostate cancer is 1.48% in 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>  Prostate cancer rates are higher in developed countries than the rest of the world, possibly duw to lower rate of screening for prostate cancer in these areas.
The number of new cases of [[prostate cancer]] was 109.8 per 100,000 men per year. In 2020, there are expected to be approximately 191,930 new [[prostate cancer]] diagnoses and approximately 33,330 [[prostate cancer]] [[deaths]]. The number of [[deaths]] was 19.0 per 100,000 men per year. These rates are [[age-adjusted]] and based on 2013-2018 cases and deaths. Approximately 12.1 percent of men will be diagnosed with [[prostate cancer]] at some point during their lifetime, based on 2013-2017 [[data]]. In 2017, an estimated 3,170,339 men were living with [[prostate cancer]] in the United States.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Prevalence===
===Prevalence===
* Rates of prostate cancer vary widely across the world. Although the rates vary widely between countries, it is least common in South and East Asia, more common in Europe, and most common in the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://web.archive.org/web/20060205235509/http://www.jncicancerspectrum.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/statContent/cspectfstat;99 | title = IARC Worldwide Cancer Incidence Statistics—Prostate | publisher = Oxford University Press | work = JNCI Cancer Spectrum | date = December 19, 2001}} Retrieved on 2007-04-05 through the Internet Archive</ref>
*In 2017, there were an estimated 3,170,339 men living with [[prostate cancer]] in the United States.<ref name="urlProstate Cancer - Cancer Stat Facts">{{cite web |url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html |title=Prostate Cancer - Cancer Stat Facts |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* In the United Kingdom it is also the second most common cause of cancer death after [[lung cancer]], where around 35,000 cases are diagnosed every year and of which around 10,000 die of it. However, many men who develop prostate cancer never have symptoms, undergo no therapy, and eventually die of other causes. That is because malignant [[neoplasm]]s of the prostate are, in most cases, slow-growing, and because most of those affected are over 60. Hence they often die of causes unrelated to the prostate cancer, such as heart/circulatory disease, [[pneumonia]], other unconnected cancers or old age.
* Rates of [[prostate cancer]] vary widely across the world. Although the rates vary widely between countries, it is least common in South and East Asia, more common in Europe, and most common in the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://web.archive.org/web/20060205235509/http://www.jncicancerspectrum.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/statContent/cspectfstat;99 | title = IARC Worldwide Cancer Incidence Statistics—Prostate | publisher = Oxford University Press | work = JNCI Cancer Spectrum | date = December 19, 2001}} Retrieved on 2007-04-05 through the Internet Archive</ref>
* In the United States, the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of prostate cancer is 1.48% in 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>


===Incidence===
===Incidence===
 
* In 2020, there are expected to be approximately 191,930 new prostate cancer diagnoses and approximately 33,330 [[prostate cancer]] deaths<ref name="pmid29313949">{{cite journal |vauthors=Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A |title=Cancer statistics, 2018 |journal=CA Cancer J Clin |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=7–30 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29313949 |doi=10.3322/caac.21442 |url=}}</ref>.
* The delay-adjusted [[incidence]] of prostate cancer in 2011 was estimated to be 145.2 per 100,000 persons in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
* [[Prostate cancer]] is second only to non-[[melanoma]] [[skin cancer]] and [[lung cancer]] as the leading cause of [[cancer]] and cancer death, respectively, in United States men.
 
* Worldwide, there are an estimated 1,600,000 new cases of [[prostate cancer]] and 366,000 prostate cancer deaths annually, making it the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and the seventh leading cause of male cancer death<ref name="pmid27918777">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fitzmaurice C, Allen C, Barber RM, Barregard L, Bhutta ZA, Brenner H, Dicker DJ, Chimed-Orchir O, Dandona R, Dandona L, Fleming T, Forouzanfar MH, Hancock J, Hay RJ, Hunter-Merrill R, Huynh C, Hosgood HD, Johnson CO, Jonas JB, Khubchandani J, Kumar GA, Kutz M, Lan Q, Larson HJ, Liang X, Lim SS, Lopez AD, MacIntyre MF, Marczak L, Marquez N, Mokdad AH, Pinho C, Pourmalek F, Salomon JA, Sanabria JR, Sandar L, Sartorius B, Schwartz SM, Shackelford KA, Shibuya K, Stanaway J, Steiner C, Sun J, Takahashi K, Vollset SE, Vos T, Wagner JA, Wang H, Westerman R, Zeeb H, Zoeckler L, Abd-Allah F, Ahmed MB, Alabed S, Alam NK, Aldhahri SF, Alem G, Alemayohu MA, Ali R, Al-Raddadi R, Amare A, Amoako Y, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Atnafu N, Awasthi A, Saleem HB, Barac A, Bedi N, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Bernabé E, Betsu B, Binagwaho A, Boneya D, Campos-Nonato I, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Catalá-López F, Chiang P, Chibueze C, Chitheer A, Choi JY, Cowie B, Damtew S, das Neves J, Dey S, Dharmaratne S, Dhillon P, Ding E, Driscoll T, Ekwueme D, Endries AY, Farvid M, Farzadfar F, Fernandes J, Fischer F, G/Hiwot TT, Gebru A, Gopalani S, Hailu A, Horino M, Horita N, Husseini A, Huybrechts I, Inoue M, Islami F, Jakovljevic M, James S, Javanbakht M, Jee SH, Kasaeian A, Kedir MS, Khader YS, Khang YH, Kim D, Leigh J, Linn S, Lunevicius R, El Razek HMA, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Marcenes W, Markos D, Melaku YA, Meles KG, Mendoza W, Mengiste DT, Meretoja TJ, Miller TR, Mohammad KA, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Nagel G, Nand D, Le Nguyen Q, Nolte S, Ogbo FA, Oladimeji KE, Oren E, Pa M, Park EK, Pereira DM, Plass D, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rahman M, Rana SM, Søreide K, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Sepanlou SG, Shaikh MA, She J, Shiue I, Shore HR, Shrime MG, So S, Soneji S, Stathopoulou V, Stroumpoulis K, Sufiyan MB, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadese F, Tedla BA, Tessema GA, Thakur JS, Tran BX, Ukwaja KN, Uzochukwu BSC, Vlassov VV, Weiderpass E, Wubshet Terefe M, Yebyo HG, Yimam HH, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaki MES, Zenebe ZM, Murray CJL, Naghavi M |title=Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study |journal=JAMA Oncol |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=524–548 |date=April 2017 |pmid=27918777 |doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5688 |url=}}</ref>.
* In 2011, the age-adjusted [[incidence]] of prostate cancer was 139.89 per 100,000 persons in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>


===Age===
===Age===
* Prostate cancer develops most frequently in men over fifty.
* The [[incidence]] of [[prostate cancer]] increases with [[age]]; the median age at diagnosis is 66 years.
 
* While the overall age-adjusted [[incidence]] of prostate cancer in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 147.6 per 100,000, the age-adjusted [[incidence]] of prostate cancer by age category is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
** Under 65 years: 57.8 per 100,000
** 65 and over: 768.2 per 100,000


* Shown below is an image depicting the [[incidence]] of prostate cancer by age and race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
* Shown below is an image depicting the [[incidence]] of prostate cancer by age and race in the United States between 1975 and 2015.<ref name="urlBrowse the SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2015">{{cite web |url=https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2015/browse_csr.php?sectionSEL=23&pageSEL=sect_23_zfig.02 |title=Browse the SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2015 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
 
[[File:Incidence by age.jpg|center|thumb|764x764px]]
[[Image:Delay adjusted incidence and observed incidence in prostate cancer by age and race in USA.PNG|700px|Delay adjusted incidence and observed incidence in prostate cancer by age and race in USA]]


===Race===
===Race===
* According to the [[American Cancer Society]], prostate cancer is least common among Asian men and most common among black men, with figures for white men in-between.<ref> [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_2_2X_What_causes_prostate_cancer_36.asp?sitearea= Overview: Prostate Cancer&mdash;What Causes Prostate Cancer?] American Cancer Society (2006-05-02). Retrieved on 2007-04-05</ref><ref> [http://www.hsc.stonybrook.edu/som/urology/urology_cp_prostatecancer.cfm Prostate Cancer FAQs.] State University of New York School of Medicine Department of Urology (2006-08-31). Retrieved on 2007-04-05</ref> However, these high rates may be affected by increasing rates of detection.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Potosky A, Miller B, Albertsen P, Kramer B |title=The role of increasing detection in the rising incidence of prostate cancer |journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|JAMA]] |volume=273 |issue=7 |pages=548&ndash;52 |year=1995 |pmid=7530782 |doi=10.1001/jama.273.7.548}}</ref>  
* It usually affects individuals of the African American [[race]]. Asian, Hispanic and White individuals are less likely to develop [[prostate cancer]].
* Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted rate of prostate cancer by race in 2015 in the United States.<ref name="urlBrowse the SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2015">{{cite web |url=https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2015/browse_csr.php?sectionSEL=23&pageSEL=sect_23_table.11 |title=Browse the SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2015 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


* Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of prostate cancer by race in 2011 in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
 
{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
|-
|-
|style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center | || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''All Races''' ||style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''White''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Black''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Asian/Pacific Islander'''  || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Hispanic'''  
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" | || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''All Races''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''White''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Black''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Asian/Pacific Islander'''  || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Hispanic'''  
|-
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Age-adjusted [[prevalence]]'''|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 1.48% ||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |1.56% ||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 1.64% ||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |0.7% ||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |0.53%
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Age-adjusted prevalence'''|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" | 19.5 per 100,000 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |18.2 per 100,000 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" | 39.9 per 100,000 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |8.8 per 100,000 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |16.2 per 100,000
|}
|}


* Shown below is an image depicting the [[incidence]] of prostate cancer by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
* Shown below is an image depicting the [[incidence]] of prostate cancer by race in the United States between 1975 and 2015.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
 
[[File:Incidence of prostate cancer.jpg|center|thumb|792x792px]]
[[Image:Incidence of prostae cancer per race in USA.PNG|Incidence of prostate cancer per race in USA]]
 
<small> API: Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN: American Indian/ Alaska Native</small>


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 17:27, 15 December 2020


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby, M.D. [2] Syed Musadiq Ali M.B.B.S.[3] Kavya Keerthi Vadlamudi, M.B.B.S.[4]

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Overview

The number of new cases of prostate cancer was 109.8 per 100,000 men per year. In 2020, there are expected to be approximately 191,930 new prostate cancer diagnoses and approximately 33,330 prostate cancer deaths. The number of deaths was 19.0 per 100,000 men per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2013-2018 cases and deaths. Approximately 12.1 percent of men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 2013-2017 data. In 2017, an estimated 3,170,339 men were living with prostate cancer in the United States.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

  • In 2017, there were an estimated 3,170,339 men living with prostate cancer in the United States.[1]
  • Rates of prostate cancer vary widely across the world. Although the rates vary widely between countries, it is least common in South and East Asia, more common in Europe, and most common in the United States.[2]

Incidence

  • In 2020, there are expected to be approximately 191,930 new prostate cancer diagnoses and approximately 33,330 prostate cancer deaths[3].
  • Prostate cancer is second only to non-melanoma skin cancer and lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer and cancer death, respectively, in United States men.
  • Worldwide, there are an estimated 1,600,000 new cases of prostate cancer and 366,000 prostate cancer deaths annually, making it the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and the seventh leading cause of male cancer death[4].

Age

  • Shown below is an image depicting the incidence of prostate cancer by age and race in the United States between 1975 and 2015.[5]

Race

  • It usually affects individuals of the African American race. Asian, Hispanic and White individuals are less likely to develop prostate cancer.
  • Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted rate of prostate cancer by race in 2015 in the United States.[5]
All Races White Black Asian/Pacific Islander Hispanic
Age-adjusted prevalence 19.5 per 100,000 18.2 per 100,000 39.9 per 100,000 8.8 per 100,000 16.2 per 100,000
  • Shown below is an image depicting the incidence of prostate cancer by race in the United States between 1975 and 2015.[6]

References

  1. ↑ "Prostate Cancer - Cancer Stat Facts".
  2. ↑ "IARC Worldwide Cancer Incidence Statistics—Prostate". JNCI Cancer Spectrum. Oxford University Press. December 19, 2001. Retrieved on 2007-04-05 through the Internet Archive
  3. ↑ Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (January 2018). "Cancer statistics, 2018". CA Cancer J Clin. 68 (1): 7–30. doi:10.3322/caac.21442. PMID 29313949.
  4. ↑ Fitzmaurice C, Allen C, Barber RM, Barregard L, Bhutta ZA, Brenner H, Dicker DJ, Chimed-Orchir O, Dandona R, Dandona L, Fleming T, Forouzanfar MH, Hancock J, Hay RJ, Hunter-Merrill R, Huynh C, Hosgood HD, Johnson CO, Jonas JB, Khubchandani J, Kumar GA, Kutz M, Lan Q, Larson HJ, Liang X, Lim SS, Lopez AD, MacIntyre MF, Marczak L, Marquez N, Mokdad AH, Pinho C, Pourmalek F, Salomon JA, Sanabria JR, Sandar L, Sartorius B, Schwartz SM, Shackelford KA, Shibuya K, Stanaway J, Steiner C, Sun J, Takahashi K, Vollset SE, Vos T, Wagner JA, Wang H, Westerman R, Zeeb H, Zoeckler L, Abd-Allah F, Ahmed MB, Alabed S, Alam NK, Aldhahri SF, Alem G, Alemayohu MA, Ali R, Al-Raddadi R, Amare A, Amoako Y, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Atnafu N, Awasthi A, Saleem HB, Barac A, Bedi N, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Bernabé E, Betsu B, Binagwaho A, Boneya D, Campos-Nonato I, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Catalá-López F, Chiang P, Chibueze C, Chitheer A, Choi JY, Cowie B, Damtew S, das Neves J, Dey S, Dharmaratne S, Dhillon P, Ding E, Driscoll T, Ekwueme D, Endries AY, Farvid M, Farzadfar F, Fernandes J, Fischer F, G/Hiwot TT, Gebru A, Gopalani S, Hailu A, Horino M, Horita N, Husseini A, Huybrechts I, Inoue M, Islami F, Jakovljevic M, James S, Javanbakht M, Jee SH, Kasaeian A, Kedir MS, Khader YS, Khang YH, Kim D, Leigh J, Linn S, Lunevicius R, El Razek H, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Marcenes W, Markos D, Melaku YA, Meles KG, Mendoza W, Mengiste DT, Meretoja TJ, Miller TR, Mohammad KA, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Nagel G, Nand D, Le Nguyen Q, Nolte S, Ogbo FA, Oladimeji KE, Oren E, Pa M, Park EK, Pereira DM, Plass D, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rahman M, Rana SM, Søreide K, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Sepanlou SG, Shaikh MA, She J, Shiue I, Shore HR, Shrime MG, So S, Soneji S, Stathopoulou V, Stroumpoulis K, Sufiyan MB, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadese F, Tedla BA, Tessema GA, Thakur JS, Tran BX, Ukwaja KN, Uzochukwu B, Vlassov VV, Weiderpass E, Wubshet Terefe M, Yebyo HG, Yimam HH, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaki M, Zenebe ZM, Murray C, Naghavi M (April 2017). "Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study". JAMA Oncol. 3 (4): 524–548. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5688. PMID 27918777. Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Browse the SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2015".
  6. ↑ Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.

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