Pharyngitis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

Pharyngitis can be caused by infectious microorganisms or non-infectious agents. It is usually caused by viruses but may be caused by bacterial or fungal etiology. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or particularly extraesophageal reflux (EER) can also cause acid pharyngitis in adults and children. 

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

• Anthrax
• Ebola

Common Causes

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) is the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis.

• Adenovirus
• Coxsackie A virus
• Influenza
• Group A streptococcus

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Kawasaki disease
Chemical / poisoning	Acetic acid, chemical exposure, hydrogen sulfide, platinosis
Dermatologic	Behcets syndrome, lepidopterism, scarlet fever, scrumpox, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Drug Side Effect	Abacavir, abatacept, acetazolamide oral, acetohexamide , acyclovir, adalimumab, adefovir, alefacept, alfuzosin, allopurinol, altretamine, Amlodipine and Benazepril, amikacin sulfate, Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide, amobarbital, amphotericin B, ampicillin sodium, anagrelide, anakinra, anastrozole, anisindione, anticholinergic, antihemophilic factor (human), antihemophilic factor (recombinant), asparaginase, atorvastatin, auranofin, azelastine ophthalmic, aztreonam, benazepril, bevacizumab, bortezomib, bosentan, brinzolamide ophthalmic, budesonide inhalation powder, bumetanide, buspirone, busulfan, butabarbital, butorphanol, candesartan, capecitabine, captopril, carteolol, cefadroxil, cefamandole nafate, cefazolin sodium, cefepime, cefoperazone sodium, cefotaxime sodium, cefotetan disodium, cefoxitin sodium, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime sodium, ceftriaxone sodium, cefuroxime sodium, cephalexin, cephradine, cetuximab, chlorambucil, chlorothiazide, chlorpropamide, chlorthalidone, cilostazol, cladribine, clofarabine, clofibrate, co-trimoxazole, cromolyn sodium oral inhalation, cyanocobalamin nasal, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin , dapsone, danazol, darbepoetin alfa, daunorubicin, desloratadine, desmopressin, dexmethylphenidate, diclofenac and misoprostol, diethylpropion, diphtheria, disopyramide, docetaxel, dornase alfa, doxorubicin, efalizumab, efavirenz, emtricitabine, enalapril, epinastine ophthalmic, epirubicin, epoetin alfa, eprosartan, erlotinib, erythromycin and sulfisoxazole, etanercept, ethacrynic acid, ethosuximide oral, etodolac, etoposide, ezetimibe, fentanyl skin patches, flavoxate, floxuridine, flunisolide nasal inhalation, fluorouracil, fluphenazine, fluticasone and salmeterol oral inhalation, formoterol, fosamprenavir, foscarnet sodium, fosinopril, fulvestrant, furosemide, gabapentin, ganciclovir, gatifloxacin, gemcitabine hydrochloride, glatiramer , glipizide, glyburide, grifulvin V, griseofulvin, hydrochlorothiazide, ibandronate, ifosfamide, imatinib, imipenem and cilastatin sodium, infliximab, insulin human (rDNA origin) inhalation, interferon beta-1a intramuscular, ipratropium and albuterol inhalation, irbesartan, ketotifen ophthalmic, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, levocetirizine, lisinopril, lomustine, loratadine, losartan, mechlorethamine, mefenamic acid, megestrol, melphalan, meprobamate, meropenem, mercaptopurine, mesalamine, methimazole, methotrexate, methsuximide oral, methyclothiazide, metolazone, metoprolol, minocycline, mitomycin, modafinil, moexipril, moxifloxacin ophthalmic, nafcillin sodium, natalizumab, nedocromil oral inhalation, nisoldipine, olopatadine ophthalmic, omeprazole, oxacillin sodium, oxaliplatin, oxcarbazepine, paclitaxel, palivizumab, pamidronate, peginterferon alfa-2a, penicillin G potassium or sodium, Penicillamine pentamidine isethionate, pentostatin, perindopril, phenobarbital, phenytoin oral, pindolol, pioglitazone, piperacillin sodium, plicamycin, pramlintide, prazosin and polythiazide, primaquine, primidone, procarbazine, promethazine, propafenone, propranolol oral, propylthiouracil, quetiapine, quinapril, rabeprazole, ramipril, ranitidine bismuth citrate, rifabutin, rimexolone, risedronate, risperidone, rifaximin, rituximab, ropinirole, rosiglitazone, rosuvastatin, salmeterol oral inhalation, sargramostim, scopolamine, secobarbital, sibutramine, silver sulfadiazine, sitagliptin, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, sodium oxybate, spironolactone, streptozocin, sulfadiazine, sulfasalazine, sulfinpyrazone, sulfisoxazole, tamsulosin, telmisartan, teniposide, terbinafine, teriparatide (rDNA origin), thioguanine, thiotepa, ticarcillin disodium, ticlopidine, tiotropium oral inhalation, tizanidine, tocainide, tolazamide, tolbutamide, topotecan hydrochloride, trandolapril, trastuzumab, trazodone, triamcinolone nasal inhalation, trimethadione, trimipramine, valproic acid, verapamil and trandolapril, vinblastine, vinorelbine tartrate, Von Willebrand factor, zalcitabine, zolmitriptan nasal, zonisamide
Ear Nose Throat	Angina tonsillaris, Bezold's abscess, dysphagia, ear pain, empty nose syndrome, epiglottitis, herpangina, laryngitis, Ludwig's angina, oropharyngeal lesion, otalgia, post-nasal drip, retropharyngeal abscess, sinusitis, tonsillitis, tonsillolith, uvulitis, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Endocrine	Thyroiditis
Environmental	Environmental pollutants, lepidopterism
Gastroenterologic	Dysphagia, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, GERD
Genetic	Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis
Hematologic	Leukemia, Von Willebrand factor
Iatrogenic	Endoscopy, invisalign, nasogastric intubation, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Infectious Disease	Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), adenovirus, allergic pharyngitis, angina tonsillaris, anthrax, arcanobacterium haemolyticum, arcanobacterium, Bezold's abscess, blastomyces, candida albicans, cervical phlegmon, chickenpox, chlamydia pneumonia, chlamydophila pneumoniae, CMV pneumonitis, coccidioidomycosis, collinsonia canadensis, coronavirus, corynebacterium diphtheriae, coxsackie A virus, coxsackie B virus, cryptococcus, cytomegalovirus, deep neck infection, diphtheria, Duke's disease, ebola, echovirus, encephalitis lethargica, epiglottitis, Epstein-Barr virus, francisella tularensis, fungal pharyngitis, fusobacterium necrophorum, fusobacterium, gonococcal pharyngitis, gonorrhea, Group A streptococcal infection, Group C streptococci, Group G streptococci, haemophilus influenzae, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, herpangina, herpes simplex virus, herpesviridae, histoplasma, HIV, human parainfluenza viruses, influenza, Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, klebsiella, laryngitis, lassa fever, Lemierre's syndrome, lymphadenitis, metapneumovirus, moraxella catarrhalis, mumps, mycobacterium, mycoplasma pneumoniae, neisseria gonorrheae, non-specific urethritis, oral candidiasis, PANDAS, paracoccidioides, parainfluenza, pasteurella, pemphigus, periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis, peritonsillar abscess, pharyngoconjunctival fever, pneumococcus, poliovirus, Q fever, rabies, rat bite fever, respiratory syncitial virus, retropharyngeal abscess, rhinosporidium, rhinovirus, scarlet fever, scrumpox, severe acute respiratory syndrome, sinusitis, staphylococcus aureus, strep throat, streptococcal infections, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus suis, syphillis, the clap, tonsillitis, toxemia, tracheitis, tracheobronchitis, treponema pallidum, tularemia, upper respiratory tract infection
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	Chronic fatigue syndrome, encephalitis lethargica
Nutritional / Metabolic	Ariboflavinosis
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Cervical phlegmon
Oncologic	Laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, lymphoproliferative disorders, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Cocaine, toxins
Psychiatric	Chronic fatigue syndrome, PANDAS
Pulmonary	Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), CMV pneumonitis, epiglottitis, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, hay fever, laryngitis, severe acute respiratory syndrome, tracheitis, tracheobronchitis, upper respiratory tract infection
Renal / Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Allergic pharyngitis, ankylosing spondylitis, arthralgia, Behcets syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, hay fever, immunocompromised host, lymphadenitis, lymphoproliferative disorders, periodic fever syndrome, platinosis, Still's disease, TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Foreign body

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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