Pharyngitis causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 17:19, 24 December 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

Pharyngitis can be caused by infectious microorganisms or non-infectious agents. It is usually caused by viruses but may be caused by bacterial or fungal etiology. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or particularly extraesophageal reflux (EER) can also cause acid pharyngitis in adults and children.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) is the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis.^[1]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Kawasaki disease
Chemical / poisoning	Acetic acid, chemical exposure, hydrogen sulfide, platinosis
Dermatologic	Behcets syndrome, lepidopterism, scarlet fever, scrumpox, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Drug Side Effect	Abacavir, abatacept, acetazolamide oral, acetohexamide , acyclovir, adalimumab, adefovir, alefacept, alfuzosin, allopurinol, altretamine, Amlodipine and Benazepril, amikacin sulfate, Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide, amobarbital, amphotericin B, ampicillin sodium, anagrelide, anakinra, anastrozole, anisindione, anticholinergic, antihemophilic factor (human), antihemophilic factor (recombinant), asparaginase, atorvastatin, auranofin, azelastine ophthalmic, aztreonam, benazepril, bevacizumab, bortezomib, bosentan, brinzolamide ophthalmic, budesonide inhalation powder, bumetanide, buspirone, busulfan, butabarbital, butorphanol, candesartan, capecitabine, captopril, carteolol, cefadroxil, cefamandole nafate, cefazolin sodium, cefepime, cefoperazone sodium, cefotaxime sodium, cefotetan disodium, cefoxitin sodium, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime sodium, ceftriaxone sodium, cefuroxime sodium, cephalexin, cephradine, cetuximab, chlorambucil, chlorothiazide, chlorpropamide, chlorthalidone, cilostazol, cladribine, clofarabine, clofibrate, co-trimoxazole, cromolyn sodium oral inhalation, cyanocobalamin nasal, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin , dapsone, danazol, darbepoetin alfa, daunorubicin, desloratadine, desmopressin, dexmethylphenidate, diclofenac and misoprostol, diethylpropion, diphtheria, disopyramide, docetaxel, dornase alfa, doxorubicin, efalizumab, efavirenz, emtricitabine, enalapril, epinastine ophthalmic, epirubicin, epoetin alfa, eprosartan, erlotinib, erythromycin and sulfisoxazole, etanercept, ethacrynic acid, ethosuximide oral, etodolac, etoposide, ezetimibe, fentanyl skin patches, flavoxate, floxuridine, flunisolide nasal inhalation, fluorouracil, fluphenazine, fluticasone and salmeterol oral inhalation, formoterol, fosamprenavir, foscarnet sodium, fosinopril, fulvestrant, furosemide, gabapentin, ganciclovir, gatifloxacin, gemcitabine hydrochloride, glatiramer , glipizide, glyburide, grifulvin V, griseofulvin, hydrochlorothiazide, ibandronate, ifosfamide, imatinib, imipenem and cilastatin sodium, infliximab, insulin human (rDNA origin) inhalation, interferon beta-1a intramuscular, ipratropium and albuterol inhalation, irbesartan, ketotifen ophthalmic, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, levocetirizine, lisinopril, lomustine, loratadine, losartan, mechlorethamine, mefenamic acid, megestrol, melphalan, meprobamate, meropenem, mercaptopurine, mesalamine, methimazole, methotrexate, methsuximide oral, methyclothiazide, metolazone, metoprolol, minocycline, mitomycin, modafinil, moexipril, moxifloxacin ophthalmic, nafcillin sodium, natalizumab, nedocromil oral inhalation, nisoldipine, olopatadine ophthalmic, omeprazole, oxacillin sodium, oxaliplatin, oxcarbazepine, paclitaxel, palivizumab, pamidronate, peginterferon alfa-2a, penicillin G potassium or sodium, Penicillamine pentamidine isethionate, pentostatin, perindopril, phenobarbital, phenytoin oral, pindolol, pioglitazone, piperacillin sodium, plicamycin, pramlintide, prazosin and polythiazide, primaquine, primidone, procarbazine, promethazine, propafenone, propranolol oral, propylthiouracil, quetiapine, quinapril, rabeprazole, ramipril, ranitidine bismuth citrate, rifabutin, rimexolone, risedronate, risperidone, rifaximin, rituximab, ropinirole, rosiglitazone, rosuvastatin, salmeterol oral inhalation, sargramostim, scopolamine, secobarbital, sibutramine, silver sulfadiazine, sitagliptin, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, sodium oxybate, spironolactone, streptozocin, sulfadiazine, sulfasalazine, sulfinpyrazone, sulfisoxazole, tamsulosin, telmisartan, teniposide, terbinafine, teriparatide (rDNA origin), thioguanine, thiotepa, ticarcillin disodium, ticlopidine, tiotropium oral inhalation, tizanidine, tocainide, tolazamide, tolbutamide, topotecan hydrochloride, trandolapril, trastuzumab, trazodone, triamcinolone nasal inhalation, trimethadione, trimipramine, valproic acid, verapamil and trandolapril, vinblastine, vinorelbine tartrate, Von Willebrand factor, zalcitabine, zolmitriptan nasal, zonisamide
Ear Nose Throat	Angina tonsillaris, Bezold's abscess, dysphagia, ear pain, empty nose syndrome, epiglottitis, herpangina, laryngitis, Ludwig's angina, oropharyngeal lesion, otalgia, post-nasal drip, retropharyngeal abscess, sinusitis, tonsillitis, tonsillolith, uvulitis, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Endocrine	Thyroiditis
Environmental	Environmental pollutants, lepidopterism
Gastroenterologic	Dysphagia, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, GERD
Genetic	Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis
Hematologic	Leukemia, Von Willebrand factor
Iatrogenic	Endoscopy, invisalign, nasogastric intubation, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Infectious Disease	Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), adenovirus, allergic pharyngitis, angina tonsillaris, anthrax, arcanobacterium haemolyticum, arcanobacterium, Bezold's abscess, blastomyces, candida albicans, cervical phlegmon, chickenpox, chlamydia pneumonia, chlamydophila pneumoniae, CMV pneumonitis, coccidioidomycosis, collinsonia canadensis, coronavirus, corynebacterium diphtheriae, coxsackie A virus, coxsackie B virus, cryptococcus, cytomegalovirus, deep neck infection, diphtheria, Duke's disease, ebola, echovirus, encephalitis lethargica, epiglottitis, Epstein-Barr virus, francisella tularensis, fungal pharyngitis, fusobacterium necrophorum, fusobacterium, gonococcal pharyngitis, gonorrhea, Group A streptococcal infection, Group C streptococci, Group G streptococci, haemophilus influenzae, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, herpangina, herpes simplex virus, herpesviridae, histoplasma, HIV, human parainfluenza viruses, influenza, Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, klebsiella, laryngitis, lassa fever, Lemierre's syndrome, lymphadenitis, metapneumovirus, moraxella catarrhalis, mumps, mycobacterium, mycoplasma pneumoniae, neisseria gonorrheae, non-specific urethritis, oral candidiasis, PANDAS, paracoccidioides, parainfluenza, pasteurella, pemphigus, periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis, peritonsillar abscess, pharyngoconjunctival fever, pneumococcus, poliovirus, Q fever, rabies, rat bite fever, respiratory syncitial virus, retropharyngeal abscess, rhinosporidium, rhinovirus, scarlet fever, scrumpox, severe acute respiratory syndrome, sinusitis, staphylococcus aureus, strep throat, streptococcal infections, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus suis, syphillis, the clap, tonsillitis, toxemia, tracheitis, tracheobronchitis, treponema pallidum, tularemia, upper respiratory tract infection
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	Chronic fatigue syndrome, encephalitis lethargica
Nutritional / Metabolic	Ariboflavinosis
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Cervical phlegmon
Oncologic	Laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, lymphoproliferative disorders, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Cocaine, toxins
Psychiatric	Chronic fatigue syndrome, PANDAS
Pulmonary	Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), CMV pneumonitis, epiglottitis, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, hay fever, laryngitis, severe acute respiratory syndrome, tracheitis, tracheobronchitis, upper respiratory tract infection
Renal / Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Allergic pharyngitis, ankylosing spondylitis, arthralgia, Behcets syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, hay fever, immunocompromised host, lymphadenitis, lymphoproliferative disorders, periodic fever syndrome, platinosis, Still's disease, TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Foreign body

^[2]^[3]

Causes in Alphabetical Order

4

References

↑ Pichichero ME (September 1998). "Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections". Pediatr Rev. 19 (9): 291–302. doi:10.1542/pir.19-9-291. PMID 9745311.
↑ Murray RC, Chennupati SK (2012) Chronic streptococcal and non-streptococcal pharyngitis. Infect Disord Drug Targets 12 (4):281-5. PMID: 22338589
↑ Kline JA, Runge JW (1994) Streptococcal pharyngitis: a review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. J Emerg Med 12 (5):665-80. PMID: 7989695

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid9745311-1] Pichichero ME (September 1998). "Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections". Pediatr Rev. 19 (9): 291–302. doi:10.1542/pir.19-9-291. PMID 9745311.

[pmid22338589-2] Murray RC, Chennupati SK (2012) Chronic streptococcal and non-streptococcal pharyngitis. Infect Disord Drug Targets 12 (4):281-5. PMID: 22338589

[pmid7989695-3] Kline JA, Runge JW (1994) Streptococcal pharyngitis: a review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. J Emerg Med 12 (5):665-80. PMID: 7989695

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+__NOTOC__
 {{Pharyngitis}}
-{{CMG}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}}
+==Overview==
+[[Pharyngitis]] can be caused by infectious [[microorganisms]] or non-infectious agents. It is usually caused by [[viruses]] but may be caused by [[bacterial]] or [[fungal]] etiology. [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]] (GERD) or particularly [[extraesophageal]] reflux (EER) can also cause acid [[pharyngitis]] in adults and children.
 ==Causes==
-The pharynx is often the first site of infection for many contagious diseases such as the common cold.  This is because viruses and bacteria often settle in this part of the body after a person inhales dust or water vapor containing the microorganism.  Infection can also arise when a person touches their nose or mouth after having touched an object shared with another person with the disease.  The foreign invader reproduces rapidly after settling on the body tissue.
+===Life Threatening Causes===
+[[Life-threatening]] causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent [[disability]] within 24 hours if left [[untreated]].
-===Viral sore throats===
+*[[Anthrax]]
-These comprise about 90% of all infectious cases and can be a feature of many different types of viral infections.
+*[[Ebola]]
-*[[Adenovirus]] - the most common of the viral causes.  Typically the degree of neck [[lymph node]] enlargement is modest and the throat often does not appear red, although is very painful.
-*[[Orthomyxoviridae]] which cause [[influenza]] - present with rapid onset high temperature, headache and generalised ache. A sore throat may be associated.
-*[[Infectious mononucleosis]] ("glandular fever") caused by the [[Epstein-Barr virus]].  This may cause significant lymph gland swelling and an[[exudative]] tonsillitis with marked redness and swelling of the throat. The [[heterophile test]] can be used if this is suspected.
-*[[Herpes simplex virus]] can cause multiple [[mouth ulcers]].
-*[[Measles]]
-*[[Common cold]]
-===Bacterial sore throats===
+===Common Causes===
-====Group A streptococcal====
+[[Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci|Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus]] (GABHS) is the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis.<ref name="pmid9745311">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pichichero ME |title=Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections |journal=Pediatr Rev |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=291–302 |date=September 1998 |pmid=9745311 |doi=10.1542/pir.19-9-291 |url=}}</ref>
-:''See also [[Strep throat]]''
+*[[Adenovirus]]
-The most common bacterial agent is  [[streptococcus]]. Unlike adenovirus, there tends to be greater generalized symptoms and more signs to find. Typically enlarged and tender lymph glands, with bright red inflamed and swollen throat, the patient may have a high temperature, headache, and aching muscles ([[myalgia]]) and joints ([[arthralgia]]).
+*[[Coxsackie A virus]]
-It may be impossible to distinguish between viral and bacterial causes of sore throat.<ref name="pmid1565052">{{cite journal |author=Del Mar C|title=Managing sore throat: a literature review. I. Making the diagnosis |journal=Med. J. Aust. |volume=156 |issue=8 |pages=572-5 |year=1992 |pmid=1565052|doi=}}</ref>
+*[[Influenza]]
+*[[Group A streptococcus]]
-Some immune-system meditated complications may occur:
+===Causes by Organ System===
-* [[Scarlet fever]] with its vivid [[rash]], although the milder disease seen after the 1950's suggests that the bacteria may have  mutated to less virulent illness and some doctors now call this ''[[scarlatina]]'' (literally a 'little scarlet fever')
-* Historically the most important complication was of the generalised inflammatory disorder of [[rheumatic fever]] which could later result in ''[[Rheumatic fever#Complications|Rheumatic heart disease]]'' affecting the valves of the heart. Antibiotics may reduce the incidence of this complication to under one-third.<!--
-  --><ref name="pharyngitis-cochrane">{{cite journal | author=Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB. | title=Antibiotics for sore throat | journal=The[[Cochrane Library|Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] | year=2004 | issue=Issue 2 | pages=Art. No.: CD000023.pub2 |id={{doi|10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub2}} | url=http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD000023/frame.html}} - Meta-analysis of published research</ref><!--
--->However the incidence of rheumatic fever in developed-regions of the world remains low even though the use of antibiotics has been declining.<!--
-  --><ref>{{cite journal | title=Antibiotics for sore throat to prevent rheumatic fever: Yes or No? How the Cochrane Library can help | journal=CMAJ |month=September 28 | year=2004 | volume=171 | issue=7 | id={{doi|10.1503/cmaj.1041275}} | url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/171/7/721}} - Canadian Medical Association Journal  commentary on Cochrane analysis</ref><!--
-  --><ref>{{cite journal | title=Treatment of sore throat in light of the Cochrane verdict: is the jury still out? | journal=MJA | year=2002 | volume=177 |issue=9 | pages=512-515| url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/177_09_041102/dan10028_fm.html}} - Medical Journal of Australia commentary on Cochrane analysis</ref><!--
--->This may be a result of a change in the prevalence of various strains of bacteria.  In underdeveloped regions, untreated streptococcal infection can still give rise to rheumatic heart disease and may be due to environmental factors, or reflect a genetic predisposition of the patient to the disease.
-* [[Glomerulonephritis|Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]] is an inflammation of the kidney.  It is disputed whether antibiotics might reduce<!--
-  --><ref>{{cite journal | author = Zoch-Zwierz W, Wasilewska A, Biernacka A, Tomaszewska B, Winiecka W, Wierciński R, Porowski T | title = [The course of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis depending on methods of treatment for the preceding respiratory tract infection] | journal = Wiad Lek | volume = 54 |issue = 1-2 | pages = 56-63 | year = 2001 | id = PMID 11344703}}</ref><!--
---> the small risk of this or not.<!--
-  --><ref name="pharyngitis-cochrane" />
-* Very rarely there may occur a secondary infection behind the tonsils which may cause a life-threatening [[septicaemia]] ([[Lemierre's syndrome]])
-====Diphtheria====
+{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
-[[Diphtheria]] is a potentially life threatening upper respiratory infection caused by ''[[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]'' which has been largely eradicated in developed nations since the introduction of childhood [[vaccination]] programs, but is still reported in the Third World and increasingly in some areas in Eastern Europe. Antibiotics are effective in the early stages, but recovery is generally slow.
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Kawasaki disease]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetic acid]], [[chemical burn|chemical exposure]], [[Hydrogen Sulfide|hydrogen sulfide]], [[platinosis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Dermatologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcets syndrome]], [[lepidopterism]], [[scarlet fever]], [[scrumpox]], [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Drug Side Effect'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abacavir]], [[abatacept]], [[Acetazolamide Oral|acetazolamide oral]], [[acetohexamide ]], [[acyclovir]], [[adalimumab]], [[adefovir]], [[alefacept]], [[alfuzosin]], [[allopurinol]], [[altretamine]], [[Amlodipine and Benazepril]], [[Amikacin Sulfate|amikacin sulfate]], [[Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide]], [[amobarbital]], [[amphotericin B]], [[Ampicillin Sodium|ampicillin sodium]], [[anagrelide]], [[anakinra]], [[anastrozole]], [[anisindione]], [[anticholinergic]], [[Antihemophilic Factor (Human)|antihemophilic factor (human)]], [[Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant)|antihemophilic factor (recombinant)]], [[asparaginase]], [[atorvastatin]], [[auranofin]], [[Azelastine Ophthalmic|azelastine ophthalmic]], [[aztreonam]], [[benazepril]], [[bevacizumab]], [[bortezomib]], [[bosentan]], [[Brinzolamide Ophthalmic|brinzolamide ophthalmic]], [[Budesonide Inhalation Powder|budesonide inhalation powder]], [[bumetanide]], [[buspirone]], [[busulfan]], [[butabarbital]], [[butorphanol]], [[candesartan]], [[capecitabine]], [[captopril]], [[carteolol]], [[cefadroxil]], [[Cefamandole Nafate|cefamandole nafate]], [[Cefazolin Sodium|cefazolin sodium]], [[cefepime]], [[Cefoperazone Sodium|cefoperazone sodium]], [[Cefotaxime Sodium|cefotaxime sodium]], [[Cefotetan Disodium|cefotetan disodium]], [[cefoxitin sodium]], [[cefpodoxime]], [[ceftazidime]], [[ceftizoxime sodium]], [[ceftriaxone sodium]], [[cefuroxime sodium]], [[cephalexin]], [[cephradine]], [[cetuximab]], [[chlorambucil]], [[chlorothiazide]], [[chlorpropamide]], [[chlorthalidone]], [[cilostazol]], [[cladribine]], [[clofarabine]], [[clofibrate]], [[co-trimoxazole]], [[Cromolyn Sodium Oral Inhalation|cromolyn sodium oral inhalation]], [[Cyanocobalamin Nasal|cyanocobalamin nasal]], [[cytarabine]], [[dacarbazine]], [[dactinomycin ]], [[dapsone]], [[danazol]], [[darbepoetin alfa]], [[daunorubicin]], [[desloratadine]], [[desmopressin]], [[dexmethylphenidate]], [[Diclofenac and Misoprostol|diclofenac and misoprostol]], [[diethylpropion]], [[diphtheria]], [[disopyramide]], [[docetaxel]], [[dornase alfa]], [[doxorubicin]], [[efalizumab]], [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]], [[enalapril]], [[Epinastine Ophthalmic|epinastine ophthalmic]], [[epirubicin]], [[epoetin alfa]], [[eprosartan]], [[erlotinib]], [[Erythromycin and Sulfisoxazole|erythromycin and sulfisoxazole]], [[etanercept]], [[ethacrynic acid]], [[Ethosuximide Oral|ethosuximide oral]], [[etodolac]], [[etoposide]], [[ezetimibe]], [[fentanyl (transdermal)|fentanyl skin patches]], [[flavoxate]], [[floxuridine]], [[Flunisolide Nasal Inhalation|flunisolide nasal inhalation]], [[fluorouracil]], [[fluphenazine]], [[Fluticasone and Salmeterol Oral Inhalation|fluticasone and salmeterol oral inhalation]], [[formoterol]], [[fosamprenavir]], [[foscarnet sodium]], [[fosinopril]], [[fulvestrant]], [[furosemide]], [[gabapentin]], [[ganciclovir]], [[gatifloxacin]], [[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride|gemcitabine hydrochloride]], [[glatiramer ]], [[glipizide]], [[glyburide]], [[grifulvin V]], [[griseofulvin]], [[hydrochlorothiazide]], [[ibandronate]], [[ifosfamide]], [[imatinib]], [[Imipenem and Cilastatin Sodium|imipenem and cilastatin sodium]], [[infliximab]], [[Insulin Human (rDNA Origin) Inhalation|insulin human (rDNA origin) inhalation]], [[Interferon beta-1a Intramuscular|interferon beta-1a intramuscular]], [[Ipratropium and Albuterol Inhalation|ipratropium and albuterol inhalation]], [[irbesartan]], [[Ketotifen Ophthalmic|ketotifen ophthalmic]], [[lamotrigine]], [[levetiracetam]], [[levocetirizine]], [[lisinopril]], [[lomustine]], [[loratadine]], [[losartan]], [[mechlorethamine]], [[mefenamic acid]], [[megestrol]], [[melphalan]], [[meprobamate]],  [[meropenem]], [[mercaptopurine]], [[mesalamine]], [[methimazole]], [[methotrexate]], [[Methsuximide Oral|methsuximide oral]], [[methyclothiazide]], [[metolazone]], [[metoprolol]], [[minocycline]], [[mitomycin]], [[modafinil]], [[moexipril]], [[Moxifloxacin ophthalmic|moxifloxacin ophthalmic]], [[Nafcillin Sodium|nafcillin sodium]], [[natalizumab]], [[Nedocromil oral inhalation|nedocromil oral inhalation]], [[nisoldipine]], [[Olopatadine ophthalmic|olopatadine ophthalmic]], [[omeprazole]], [[Oxacillin Sodium|oxacillin sodium]], [[oxaliplatin]], [[oxcarbazepine]], [[paclitaxel]], [[palivizumab]], [[pamidronate]], [[peginterferon alfa-2a]], [[Penicillin G Potassium or Sodium|penicillin G potassium or sodium]], [[Penicillamine]] [[Pentamidine Isethionate|pentamidine isethionate]], [[pentostatin]], [[perindopril]], [[phenobarbital]], [[Phenytoin oral|phenytoin oral]], [[pindolol]], [[pioglitazone]], [[Piperacillin sodium|piperacillin sodium]], [[plicamycin]], [[pramlintide]], [[Prazosin and polythiazide|prazosin and polythiazide]], [[primaquine]], [[primidone]], [[procarbazine]], [[promethazine]], [[propafenone]], [[Propranolol Oral|propranolol oral]], [[propylthiouracil]], [[quetiapine]], [[quinapril]], [[rabeprazole]], [[ramipril]], [[Ranitidine bismuth citrate|ranitidine bismuth citrate]], [[rifabutin]], [[rimexolone]], [[risedronate]], [[risperidone]], [[rifaximin]], [[rituximab]], [[ropinirole]], [[rosiglitazone]], [[rosuvastatin]], [[Salmeterol oral inhalation|salmeterol oral inhalation]], [[sargramostim]], [[scopolamine]], [[secobarbital]], [[sibutramine]], [[silver sulfadiazine]], [[sitagliptin]], [[sodium dichloroisocyanurate]], [[sodium oxybate]], [[spironolactone]], [[streptozocin]], [[sulfadiazine]], [[sulfasalazine]], [[sulfinpyrazone]], [[sulfisoxazole]], [[tamsulosin]], [[telmisartan]], [[teniposide]], [[terbinafine]], [[Teriparatide (rDNA origin)|teriparatide (rDNA origin)]], [[thioguanine]], [[thiotepa]], [[Ticarcillin Disodium|ticarcillin disodium]], [[ticlopidine]], [[Tiotropium Oral Inhalation|tiotropium oral inhalation]], [[tizanidine]], [[tocainide]], [[tolazamide]], [[tolbutamide]], [[Topotecan Hydrochloride|topotecan hydrochloride]], [[trandolapril]], [[trastuzumab]], [[trazodone]], [[Triamcinolone Nasal Inhalation|triamcinolone nasal inhalation]], [[trimethadione]], [[trimipramine]], [[Valproic Acid|valproic acid]], [[Verapamil and Trandolapril|verapamil and trandolapril]], [[vinblastine]], [[Vinorelbine Tartrate|vinorelbine tartrate]], [[Von Willebrand factor]], [[zalcitabine]], [[Zolmitriptan Nasal|zolmitriptan nasal]], [[zonisamide]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angina tonsillaris]], [[Bezold's abscess]], [[dysphagia]], [[ear pain]], [[empty nose syndrome]], [[epiglottitis]], [[herpangina]], [[laryngitis]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[oropharyngeal lesion]], [[otalgia]], [[post-nasal drip]], [[retropharyngeal abscess]], [[sinusitis]], [[tonsillitis]], [[tonsillolith]], [[palatine uvula|uvulitis]], [[uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Endocrine'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Thyroiditis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Environmental'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[pollution|Environmental pollutants]], [[lepidopterism]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Gastroenterologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dysphagia]], [[esophagogastroduodenoscopy]],  [[GERD]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Genetic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Hematologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Leukemia]], [[Von Willebrand factor]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Iatrogenic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Endoscopy]], [[invisalign]], [[nasogastric intubation]], [[uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Infectious Disease'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]], [[adenovirus]], [[pharyngitis|allergic pharyngitis]], [[angina tonsillaris]], [[anthrax]], [[arcanobacterium haemolyticum]], [[arcanobacterium]],  [[Bezold's abscess]], [[blastomyces]], [[candida albicans]], [[phlegmon|cervical phlegmon]], [[chickenpox]], [[chlamydia pneumonia]], [[chlamydophila pneumoniae]], [[CMV pneumonitis]], [[coccidioidomycosis]], [[collinsonia canadensis]], [[coronavirus]], [[corynebacterium diphtheriae]], [[coxsackie A virus]], [[coxsackie B virus]], [[cryptococcus]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[deep neck infection]], [[diphtheria]], [[Duke's disease]], [[ebola]], [[echovirus]], [[encephalitis lethargica]], [[epiglottitis]], [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[francisella tularensis]], [[pharyngitis|fungal pharyngitis]], [[fusobacterium necrophorum]], [[fusobacterium]], [[Gonococcal|gonococcal pharyngitis]], [[gonorrhea]], [[Group A streptococcal infection]], [[streptococcus|Group C streptococci]], [[streptococcus|Group G streptococci]], [[haemophilus influenzae]], [[hand-foot-and-mouth disease]], [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]], [[herpangina]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[herpesviridae]], [[Histoplasmosis|histoplasma]], [[HIV]], [[human parainfluenza viruses]], [[influenza]], [[Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease]], [[klebsiella]], [[laryngitis]], [[lassa fever]], [[Lemierre's syndrome]], [[lymphadenitis]], [[metapneumovirus]], [[moraxella catarrhalis]], [[mumps]], [[mycobacterium]], [[mycoplasma pneumoniae]], [[neisseria gonorrheae]], [[non-specific urethritis]], [[oral candidiasis]], [[PANDAS]], [[paracoccidioides brasiliensis|paracoccidioides]], [[parainfluenza]], [[pasteurella]], [[pemphigus]], [[periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]], [[peritonsillar abscess]], [[pharyngoconjunctival fever]], [[pneumococcus]], [[poliovirus]], [[Q fever]], [[rabies]], [[rat bite fever]], [[Respiratory Syncitial virus|respiratory syncitial virus]], [[retropharyngeal abscess]], [[rhinosporidiosis|rhinosporidium]], [[rhinovirus]], [[scarlet fever]], [[scrumpox]], [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]], [[sinusitis]], [[staphylococcus aureus]], [[strep throat]], [[streptococcal infections]], [[streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[streptococcus pyogenes]], [[streptococcus suis]], [[syphillis]], [[the clap]], [[tonsillitis]], [[toxemia]], [[tracheitis]], [[tracheobronchitis]], [[treponema pallidum]], [[tularemia]], [[upper respiratory tract infection]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Neurologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[encephalitis lethargica]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ariboflavinosis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[phlegmon|Cervical phlegmon]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Oncologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Laryngeal cancer]], [[leukemia]], [[lymphoma]], [[lymphoproliferative disorders]], [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Ophthalmologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cocaine]], [[toxins]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Psychiatric'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[PANDAS]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Pulmonary'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]], [[CMV pneumonitis]], [[epiglottitis]], [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]], [[hay fever]], [[laryngitis]], [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]], [[tracheitis]], [[tracheobronchitis]], [[upper respiratory tract infection]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[pharyngitis|Allergic pharyngitis]], [[ankylosing spondylitis]], [[arthralgia]], [[Behcets syndrome]], [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[hay fever]], [[immunocompromised host]], [[lymphadenitis]], [[lymphoproliferative disorders]], [[periodic fever syndrome]], [[platinosis]], [[Still's disease]], [[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Sexual'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Trauma'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Urologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Miscellaneous'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Foreign body]]
+|-
+|} <ref name="pmid22338589">Murray RC, Chennupati SK (2012) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22338589 Chronic streptococcal and non-streptococcal pharyngitis.] ''Infect Disord Drug Targets'' 12 (4):281-5. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/22338589 22338589]</ref><ref name="pmid7989695">Kline JA, Runge JW (1994) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7989695 Streptococcal pharyngitis: a review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.] ''J Emerg Med'' 12 (5):665-80. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/7989695 7989695]</ref>
+===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
+{{columns-list|4|
+*[[Abacavir]]
+*[[Abatacept]]
+*[[Acetazolamide Oral|Acetazolamide oral]]
+*[[Acetic acid]]
+*[[Acetohexamide]]
+*[[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]]
+*[[Acyclovir]]
+*[[Adalimumab]]
+*[[Adefovir]]
+*[[Adenovirus]]
+*[[Alefacept]]
+*[[Alfuzosin]]
+*[[pharyngitis|Allergic pharyngitis]]
+*[[Allopurinol]]
+*[[Altretamine]]
+*[[Amikacin sulfate]]
+*[[Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide|Amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide]]
+*[[Aminopterin]]
+*[[Amobarbital]]
+*[[Amphotericin B]]
+*[[Ampicillin Sodium|Ampicillin sodium]]
+*[[Anagrelide]]
+*[[Anakinra]]
+*[[Anastrozole]]
+*[[Angina tonsillaris]]
+*[[Angiotensin II receptor antagonist]]
+*[[Anisindione]]
+*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
+*[[Anthrax]]
+*[[Anticholinergic]]
+*[[Antihemophilic Factor (human)]]
+*[[Antihemophilic Factor (recombinant)]]
+*[[Arcanobacterium]]
+*[[Arcanobacterium haemolyticum]]
+*[[Ariboflavinosis]]
+*[[Arthralgia]]
+*[[Asparaginase]]
+*[[Atorvastatin]]
+*[[Atripala]]
+*[[Auranofin]]
+*[[Azelastine]]
+*[[Azelastine Ophthalmic|Azelastine ophthalmic]]
+*[[Aztreonam]]
+*[[Behcets syndrome]]
+*[[Benazepril]]
+*[[Benzydamine]]
+*[[Bevacizumab]]
+*[[Bezold's abscess]]
+*[[Blastomyces]]
+*[[Bortezomib]]
+*[[Bosentan]]
+*[[Brinzolamide Ophthalmic|Brinzolamide ophthalmic]]
+*[[Budesonide inhalation powder]]
+*[[Bumetanide]]
+*[[Buprenorphine]]
+*[[Buspirone]]
+*[[Busulfan]]
+*[[Butabarbital]]
+*[[Butorphanol]]
+*[[Candesartan]]
+*[[Candida albicans]]
+*[[Capecitabine]]
+*[[Captopril]]
+*[[Carbimazole]]
+*[[Carteolol]]
+*[[Cefadroxil]]
+*[[Cefalexin]]
+*[[Cefamandole nafate]]
+*[[Cefazolin sodium]]
+*[[Cefditoren]]
+*[[Cefepime]]
+*[[Cefixime]]
+*[[Cefoperazone Sodium|Cefoperazone sodium]]
+*[[Cefotaxime sodium]]
+*[[Cefotetan disodium]]
+*[[Cefoxitin sodium]]
+*[[Cefpodoxime]]
+*[[Ceftazidime]]
+*[[Ceftibuten]]
+*[[Ceftizoxime sodium]]
+*[[Ceftriaxone sodium]]
+*[[Cefuroxime sodium]]
+*[[Cephalexin]]
+*[[Cephradine]]
+*[[phlegmon|Cervical phlegmon]]
+*[[Cetuximab]]
+*[[chemical burn|Chemical exposure]]
+*[[Chemotherapy]]
+*[[Chickenpox]]
+*[[Chlamydia pneumonia]]
+*[[Chlamydophila pneumoniae]]
+*[[Chlorambucil]]
+*[[Chloroacetophenone]]
+*[[Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile|Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile]]
+*[[Chlorothiazide]]
+*[[chlorpheniramine|Chlorpheniramine maleate]]
+*[[Chlorpropamide]]
+*[[Chlorthalidone]]
+*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
+*[[Cilostazol]]
+*[[Cladribine]]
+*[[Clarithromycin]]
+*[[clemastine|Clemastine fumarate]]
+*[[Clofarabine]]
+*[[Clofibrate]]
+*[[CMV pneumonitis]]
+*[[Cocaine]]
+*[[Coccidioidomycosis]]
+*[[Collinsonia canadensis]]
+*[[Coronavirus]]
+*[[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]
+*[[Co-trimoxazole]]
+*[[Coxsackie A virus]]
+*[[Coxsackie B virus]]
+*[[Cromolyn Sodium Oral Inhalation|Cromolyn sodium oral inhalation]]
+*[[Cryptococcus]]
+*[[Cyanocobalamin Nasal|Cyanocobalamin nasal]]
+*[[Cytarabine]]
+*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
+*[[Dacarbazine]]
+*[[Dactinomycin]]
+*[[Danazol]]
+*[[Darbepoetin alfa]]
+*[[Daunorubicin]]
+*[[Deep neck infection]]
+*[[Desloratadine]]
+*[[Desmopressin]]
+*[[Dexmethylphenidate]]
+*[[Diclofenac and Misoprostol|Diclofenac and misoprostol]]
+*[[Diethylpropion]]
+*[[Diphtheria]]
+*[[Disopyramide]]
+*[[Docetaxel]]
+*[[Dornase alfa]]
+*[[Doxorubicin]]
+*[[Duke's disease]]
+*[[Dysphagia]]
+*[[Ear pain]]
+*[[Ebola]]
+*[[Echovirus]]
+*[[Efalizumab]]
+*[[Efavirenz]]
+*[[Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate]]
+*[[Empty nose syndrome]]
+*[[Emtricitabine]]
+*[[Enalapril]]
+*[[Encephalitis lethargica]]
+*[[Endoscopy]]
+*[[pollution|Environmental pollutants]]
+*[[Epiglottitis]]
+*[[Epinastine Ophthalmic|Epinastine ophthalmic]]
+*[[Epirubicin]]
+*[[Epoetin alfa]]
+*[[Eprosartan]]
+*[[Epstein-Barr virus]]
+*[[Erlotinib]]
+*[[Erythromycin and Sulfisoxazole]]
+*[[Esophagogastroduodenoscopy]]
+*[[Etanercept]]
+*[[Ethacrynic acid]]
+*[[Ethosuximide Oral|Ethosuximide oral]]
+*[[Etodolac]]
+*[[Etoposide]]
+*[[Ezetimibe]]
+*[[Ezetimibe/simvastatin]]
+*[[fentanyl (transdermal)|Fentanyl skin patches]]
+*[[Flavoxate]]
+*[[Floxuridine]]
+*[[Flu vaccine]]
+*[[Flunisolide Nasal Inhalation|Flunisolide nasal inhalation]]
+*[[Fluorouracil]]
+*[[Fluphenazine]]
+*[[Fluticasone]]
+*[[Fluticasone and Salmeterol Oral Inhalation|Fluticasone and salmeterol oral inhalation]]
+*[[Foreign body]]
+*[[Formoterol]]
+*[[Fosamprenavir]]
+*[[Foscarnet sodium]]
+*[[Fosinopril]]
+*[[Francisella tularensis]]
+*[[Fulvestrant]]
+*[[pharyngitis|Fungal pharyngitis]]
+*[[Furosemide]]
+*[[Fusobacterium]]
+*[[Fusobacterium necrophorum]]
+*[[Gabapentin]]
+*[[Ganciclovir]]
+*[[Gatifloxacin]]
+*[[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride|Gemcitabine hydrochloride]]
+*[[GERD]]
+*[[Glatiramer]]
+*[[Glipizide]]
+*[[Glyburide]]
+*[[Gonococcal infection|Gonococcal pharyngitis]]
+*[[Gonorrhea]]
+*[[Grifulvin V]]
+*[[Griseofulvin]]
+*[[Group A streptococcal infection]]
+*[[streptococcus|Group C streptococci]]
+*[[streptococcus|Group G streptococci]]
+*[[Haemophilus influenzae]]
+*[[Hand-foot-and-mouth disease]]
+*[[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]]
+*[[Hay fever]]
+*[[Herpangina]]
+*[[Herpes simplex virus]]
+*[[Herpesviridae]]
+*[[Hexetidine]]
+*[[Histoplasmosis|Histoplasma]]
+*[[HIV]]
+*[[HPV Vaccine]]
+*[[Human parainfluenza viruses]]
+*[[Hydrochlorothiazide]]
+*[[Hydrogen sulfide]]
+*[[Ibandronate]]
+*[[Ifosfamide]]
+*[[Imatinib]]
+*[[Imipenem and Cilastatin Sodium]]
+*[[Immunocompromised host]]
+*[[Infliximab]]
+*[[Influenza]]
+*[[Insulin Human (rDNA Origin) Inhalation]]
+*[[Insulin lispro]]
+*[[Interferon beta-1a Intramuscular]]
+*[[Invisalign]]
+*[[Ipratropium and Albuterol Inhalation]]
+*[[Irbesartan]]
+*[[Kawasaki disease]]
+*[[Ketotifen Ophthalmic|Ketotifen ophthalmic]]
+*[[Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease]]
+*[[Klebsiella]]
+*[[Laryngeal cancer]]
+*[[Laryngitis]]
+*[[Lassa fever]]
+*[[Lemierre's syndrome]]
+*[[Lepidopterism]]
+*[[Leukemia]]
+*[[Levetiracetam]]
+*[[Lisinopril]]
+*[[Lomustine]]
+*[[Loratadine]]
+*[[Losartan]]
+*[[Ludwig's angina]]
+*[[Lymphadenitis]]
+*[[Lymphoma]]
+*[[Lymphoproliferative disorders]]
+*[[Mechlorethamine]]
+*[[Mefenamic acid]]
+*[[Melphalan]]
+*[[Meprobamate]]
+*[[Mercaptopurine]]
+*[[Mesalamine]]
+*[[Metapneumovirus]]
+*[[Methimazole]]
+*[[Methotrexate]]
+*[[Methsuximide Oral|Methsuximide oral]]
+*[[Methyclothiazide]]
+*[[Metolazone]]
+*[[Metoprolol]]
+*[[Minocycline]]
+*[[Mitomycin]]
+*[[Modafinil]]
+*[[Moexipril]]
+*[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]
+*[[Morpholine]]
+*[[Moxifloxacin ophthalmic]]
+*[[Mumps]]
+*[[Mycobacterium]]
+*[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
+*[[Nafcillin sodium]]
+*[[Nasogastric intubation]]
+*[[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]]
+*[[Natalizumab]]
+*[[Nedocromil oral inhalation]]
+*[[Neisseria gonorrheae]]
+*[[Nisoldipine]]
+*[[Non-specific urethritis]]
+*[[Olopatadine]]
+*[[Olopatadine ophthalmic]]
+*[[Oral candidiasis]]
+*[[Oropharyngeal lesion]]
+*[[Otalgia]]
+*[[Oxacillin Sodium|Oxacillin sodium]]
+*[[Oxaliplatin]]
+*[[Oxcarbazepine]]
+*[[Paclitaxel]]
+*[[Palivizumab]]
+*[[Pamidronate]]
+*[[PANDAS]]
+*[[paracoccidioides brasiliensis|Paracoccidioides]]
+*[[Parainfluenza]]
+*[[Pasteurella]]
+*[[Peginterferon alfa-2a]]
+*[[Pemetrexed]]
+*[[Pemphigus]]
+*[[Penicillin]]
+*[[Penicillin G Potassium or Sodium ]]
+*[[Pentamidine isethionate]]
+*[[Pentostatin]]
+*[[Perindopril]]
+*[[Periodic fever syndrome]]
+*[[Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]]
+*[[Peritonsillar abscess]]
+*[[Pharyngoconjunctival fever]]
+*[[Phenobarbital]]
+*[[Phenytoin oral]]
+*[[Pindolol]]
+*[[Pioglitazone]]
+*[[Piperacillin sodium]]
+*[[Platinosis]]
+*[[Plicamycin]]
+*[[Pneumococcal Vaccine 13-Valent]]
+*[[Pneumococcus]]
+*[[Poliovirus]]
+*[[Post-nasal drip]]
+*[[Pramlintide]]
+*[[Prazosin and polythiazide]]
+*[[Primaquine]]
+*[[Primidone]]
+*[[Procarbazine]]
+*[[Promethazine]]
+*[[Propafenone]]
+*[[Propranolol Oral|Propranolol oral]]
+*[[Propylthiouracil]]
+*[[Pulmozyme]]
+*[[Q fever]]
+*[[Quetiapine]]
+*[[Quinapril]]
+*[[Rabies]]
+*[[Ramipril]]
+*[[Ranitidine bismuth citrate]]
+*[[Rat bite fever]]
+*[[Respiratory Syncitial virus|Respiratory syncitial virus]]
+*[[Retropharyngeal abscess]]
+*[[rhinosporidiosis|Rhinosporidium]]
+*[[Rhinovirus]]
+*[[Rifabutin]]
+*[[Risedronate]]
+*[[Risperidone]]
+*[[Rituximab]]
+*[[Ropinirole]]
+*[[Rosiglitazone]]
+*[[Rosuvastatin]]
+*[[Salmeterol oral inhalation]]
+*[[Sargramostim]]
+*[[Scarlet fever]]
+*[[Scrumpox]]
+*[[Secobarbital]]
+*[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]]
+*[[Sibutramine]]
+*[[Silver sulfadiazine]]
+*[[Sinusitis]]
+*[[Sitagliptin]]
+*[[Sodium dichloroisocyanurate]]
+*[[Sodium oxybate]]
+*[[Spironolactone]]
+*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
+*[[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]
+*[[Still's disease]]
+*[[Strep throat]]
+*[[Streptococcal infections]]
+*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]
+*[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]
+*[[Streptococcus suis]]
+*[[Streptozocin]]
+*[[Sulfadiazine]]
+*[[Sulfasalazine]]
+*[[Sulfinpyrazone]]
+*[[Sulfisoxazole]]
+*[[Sulfuryl Fluoride|Sulfuryl fluoride]]
+*[[Syphillis]]
+*[[Tamsulosin]]
+*[[Tavist]]
+*[[Telmisartan]]
+*[[Teniposide]]
+*[[Terbinafine]]
+*[[Teriparatide (rDNA origin)]]
+*[[The clap]]
+*[[Thioguanine]]
+*[[Thiotepa]]
+*[[Thyroiditis]]
+*[[Ticarcillin disodium]]
+*[[Ticlopidine]]
+*[[Tiotropium Oral Inhalation|Tiotropium oral inhalation]]
+*[[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]
+*[[Tocainide]]
+*[[Tolazamide]]
+*[[Tolbutamide]]
+*[[Tonsillitis]]
+*[[Tonsillolith]]
+*[[Topiramate]]
+*[[Topotecan Hydrochloride|Topotecan hydrochloride]]
+*[[Toxemia]]
+*[[Toxins]]
+*[[Tracheitis]]
+*[[Tracheobronchitis]]
+*[[Trandolapril]]
+*[[Trastuzumab]]
+*[[Trazodone]]
+*[[Treponema pallidum]]
+*[[Triamcinolone Nasal Inhalation|Triamcinolone nasal inhalation]]
+*[[Trimethadione]]
+*[[Trimipramine]]
+*[[Tularemia]]
+*[[Upper respiratory tract infection]]
+*[[palatine uvula|Uvulitis]]
+*[[Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]]
+*[[Valproic acid]]
+*[[Verapamil and Trandolapril]]
+*[[Vinblastine]]
+*[[Vinorelbine Tartrate|Vinorelbine tartrate]]
+*[[Von Willebrand factor]]
+*[[Zalcitabine]]
+*[[Zolmitriptan Nasal|Zolmitriptan nasal]]
+*[[Zonisamide]]
+}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 42: / Line 556: @@
 {{WH}}
 {{WS}}
+[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
+[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
+[[Category:Disease]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
+[[Category:Infectious disease]]
+[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
+[[Category:Pediatrics]]
+[[Category:Immunology]]
+[[Category:Gastroenterology]]