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| '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' | | __NOTOC__ |
| | {| class="infobox" style="float:right;" |
| | |- |
| | | [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Sore throat resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br> |
| | | [[Sore throat resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']] |
| | |} |
| | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]].''' |
| {{Infobox_Disease | | | {{Infobox_Disease | |
| Name = Pharyngitis | | | Name = Pharyngitis | |
| Image = Pharyngitis.jpg | | | Image = Pharyngitis.jpg | |
| Caption = Viral pharyngitis.<br>The [[oropharynx]] is swollen and red. | | | Caption = Viral pharyngitis.<br>The [[oropharynx]] is swollen and red. | |
| DiseasesDB = 24580 |
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|J|02||j|00}}, {{ICD10|J|31|2|j|30}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|462}}, {{ICD9|472.1}} |
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| ICDO = |
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| OMIM = |
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| MedlinePlus = 000655 |
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| MeshID = D010612 |
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| }} | | }} |
| {{Pharyngitis}} | | {{Pharyngitis}} |
| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{VSKP}}{{DYM}} |
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| | {{SK}} Sore throat; Bacterial pharyngitis; Group A streptococcal pharyngitis; Streptococcal pharyngitis; Viral pharyngitis |
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| ==[[Pharyngitis overview|Overview]]== | | ==[[Pharyngitis overview|Overview]]== |
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| ==[[Pharyngitis historical perspective|Historical perspective]]== | | ==[[Pharyngitis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| | ==[[Pharyngitis classification|Classification]]== |
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| ==[[Pharyngitis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== | | ==[[Pharyngitis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| | ==[[Pharyngitis causes|Causes]]== |
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| | ==[[Pharyngitis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Pharyngitis from other Diseases]]== |
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| ==[[Pharyngitis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== | | ==[[Pharyngitis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| ==[[Pharyngitis risk factors|Risk factors]]== | | ==[[Pharyngitis risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| ==[[Pharyngitis screening|Screening]]== | | ==[[Pharyngitis screening|Screening]]== |
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| ==[[Pharyngitis causes|Causes]]==
| | ==[[Pharyngitis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications,and Prognosis]]== |
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| ==[[Pharyngitis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Pharyngitis from other Disorders]]==
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| ==[[Pharyngitis natural history|Natural History, Complications & Prognosis]]== | |
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| | | [[Pharyngitis diagnostic study of choice|Diagnostic Study of Choice]] | [[Pharyngitis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Pharyngitis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Pharyngitis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Pharyngitis electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Pharyngitis chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Pharyngitis CT findings|CT]] | [[Pharyngitis ultrasound findings|Ultrasound]] | [[Pharyngitis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| [[Pharyngitis history and symptoms|History & Symptoms]] | [[Pharyngitis physical examination|Physical examination]] | [[Pharyngitis chest x ray|Chest X ray]] |[[Pharyngitis laboratory tests|Laboratory Tests]] | [[Pertussis chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Pharyngitis MRI|MRI]] | [[Pharyngitis CT|CT]] | [[Pharyngitis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] |[[Pharyngitis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] | |
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| | [[Pharyngitis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Pharyngitis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Pharyngitis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Pharyngitis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Pharyngitis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Pharyngitis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| '''Medical:''' [[Pharyngitis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]]
| | ==Case Studies== |
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| '''Surgical:''' [[Pharyngitis surgery|Surgery]]
| | [[Pharyngitis case study one|Case #1]] |
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| [[Pharyngitis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Pharyngitis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Pharyngitis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Pharyngitis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | | ==Related Chapters== |
| | *[[Strep throat]] |
| | *[[Gonococcal pharyngitis]] |
| | *[[Infectious mononucleosis]] |
| | *[[Viral pharyngitis]] |
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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|
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| [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
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| [[Category:Primary care]]
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| [[Category:Infectious disease]]
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| [[Category:Inflammations]]
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| [[Category:Otolaryngology]]
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| [[Category:Pulmonology]]
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| [[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
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| {{WH}} | | {{WH}} |
| {{WS}} | | {{WS}} |
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| :''See also [[Strep throat]].''
| | [[Category:Otolaryngology]] |
| ==Overview==
| | [[Category:Emergency mdicine]] |
| '''Pharyngitis''' (''far-in-jī' tis'') is a [[pain and nociception|painful]] inflammation of the [[pharynx]], and is colloquially referred to as a '''sore throat'''. Infection of the tonsils, [[tonsillitis]] may occur simultaneously.
| | [[Category:Disease]] |
| | | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] |
| The major cause is [[infection]], of which about 90% are [[virus|viral]], the remainder caused by [[bacteria|bacterial]] infection and rarely ''[[Oral candidiasis|oral thrush]]'' ([[fungus|fungal]] [[candidiasis]] e.g. in babies). Some cases of pharyngitis are caused by irritation from elements such as pollutants or chemical substances.
| | [[Category:Infectious disease]] |
| | | [[Category:Pediatrics]] |
| ==Causes==
| | [[Category:Immunology]] |
| | | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] |
| The pharynx is often the first site of infection for many contagious diseases such as the common cold. This is because viruses and bacteria often settle in this part of the body after a person inhales dust or water vapor containing the microorganism. Infection can also arise when a person touches their nose or mouth after having touched an object shared with another person with the disease. The foreign invader reproduces rapidly after settling on the body tissue.
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| ===Viral sore throats===
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| These comprise about 90% of all infectious cases and can be a feature of many different types of viral infections.
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| *[[Adenovirus]] - the most common of the viral causes. Typically the degree of neck [[lymph node]] enlargement is modest and the throat often does not appear red, although is very painful.
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| *[[Orthomyxoviridae]] which cause [[influenza]] - present with rapid onset high temperature, headache and generalised ache. A sore throat may be associated.
| |
| *[[Infectious mononucleosis]] ("glandular fever") caused by the [[Epstein-Barr virus]]. This may cause significant lymph gland swelling and an [[exudative]] tonsillitis with marked redness and swelling of the throat. The [[heterophile test]] can be used if this is suspected.
| |
| *[[Herpes simplex virus]] can cause multiple [[mouth ulcers]].
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| *[[Measles]]
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| *[[Common cold]]
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| ===Bacterial sore throats===
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| ====Group A streptococcal====
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| :''See also [[Strep throat]]'' | |
| The most common bacterial agent is [[streptococcus]]. Unlike adenovirus, there tends to be greater generalized symptoms and more signs to find. Typically enlarged and tender lymph glands, with bright red inflamed and swollen throat, the patient may have a high temperature, headache, and aching muscles ([[myalgia]]) and joints ([[arthralgia]]).
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| It may be impossible to distinguish between viral and bacterial causes of sore throat.<ref name="pmid1565052">{{cite journal |author=Del Mar C |title=Managing sore throat: a literature review. I. Making the diagnosis |journal=Med. J. Aust. |volume=156 |issue=8 |pages=572-5 |year=1992 |pmid=1565052 |doi=}}</ref>
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| Some immune-system meditated complications may occur:
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| * [[Scarlet fever]] with its vivid [[rash]], although the milder disease seen after the 1950's suggests that the bacteria may have mutated to less virulent illness and some doctors now call this ''[[scarlatina]]'' (literally a 'little scarlet fever')
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| * Historically the most important complication was of the generalised inflammatory disorder of [[rheumatic fever]] which could later result in ''[[Rheumatic fever#Complications|Rheumatic heart disease]]'' affecting the valves of the heart. Antibiotics may reduce the incidence of this complication to under one-third.<!--
| |
| --><ref name="pharyngitis-cochrane">{{cite journal | author=Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB. | title=Antibiotics for sore throat | journal=The [[Cochrane Library|Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] | year=2004 | issue=Issue 2 | pages=Art. No.: CD000023.pub2 | id={{doi|10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub2}} | url=http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD000023/frame.html}} - Meta-analysis of published research</ref><!--
| |
| -->However the incidence of rheumatic fever in developed-regions of the world remains low even though the use of antibiotics has been declining.<!--
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| --><ref>{{cite journal | title=Antibiotics for sore throat to prevent rheumatic fever: Yes or No? How the Cochrane Library can help | journal=CMAJ | month=September 28 | year=2004 | volume=171 | issue=7 | id={{doi|10.1503/cmaj.1041275}} | url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/171/7/721}} - Canadian Medical Association Journal commentary on Cochrane analysis</ref><!--
| |
| --><ref>{{cite journal | title=Treatment of sore throat in light of the Cochrane verdict: is the jury still out? | journal=MJA | year=2002 | volume=177 | issue=9 | pages=512-515| url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/177_09_041102/dan10028_fm.html}} - Medical Journal of Australia commentary on Cochrane analysis</ref><!--
| |
| -->This may be a result of a change in the prevalence of various strains of bacteria. In underdeveloped regions, untreated streptococcal infection can still give rise to rheumatic heart disease and may be due to environmental factors, or reflect a genetic predisposition of the patient to the disease.
| |
| * [[Glomerulonephritis|Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]] is an inflammation of the kidney. It is disputed whether antibiotics might reduce<!--
| |
| --><ref>{{cite journal | author = Zoch-Zwierz W, Wasilewska A, Biernacka A, Tomaszewska B, Winiecka W, Wierciński R, Porowski T | title = [The course of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis depending on methods of treatment for the preceding respiratory tract infection] | journal = Wiad Lek | volume = 54 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 56-63 | year = 2001 | id = PMID 11344703}}</ref><!--
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| --> the small risk of this or not.<!--
| |
| --><ref name="pharyngitis-cochrane" />
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| * Very rarely there may occur a secondary infection behind the tonsils which may cause a life-threatening [[septicaemia]] ([[Lemierre's syndrome]])
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| ====Diphtheria====
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| [[Diphtheria]] is a potentially life threatening upper respiratory infection caused by ''[[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]'' which has been largely eradicated in developed nations since the introduction of childhood [[vaccination]] programs, but is still reported in the Third World and increasingly in some areas in Eastern Europe. Antibiotics are effective in the early stages, but recovery is generally slow.
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| | |
| == Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Sore throat ==
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| (In alphabetical order)
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| | |
| {{MultiCol}}
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| *[[Abacavir ]]
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| *[[Abatacept ]]
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| *[[Acetazolamide Oral ]]
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| *[[Acetic acid]]
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| *[[Acetohexamide ]]
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| *[[Aciclovir]]
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| *[[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]]
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| *[[Acyclovir ]]
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| *[[Adalimumab ]]
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| *[[Adefovir ]]
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| *[[Adenovirus]]
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| *[[Alefacept ]]
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| *[[Alfuzosin ]]
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| *Allergic Pharyngitis
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| *[[Allopurinol ]]
| |
| *[[Altretamine ]]
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| *[[Amikacin Sulfate ]]
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| *[[Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide ]]
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| *[[Amobarbital ]]
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| *[[Amphotericin B ]]
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| *[[Ampicillin Sodium ]]
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| *[[Anagrelide ]]
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| *[[Anakinra ]]
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| *[[Anastrozole ]]
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| *[[Angina tonsillaris]]
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| *[[Anisindione ]]
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| *[[Anthrax]]
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| *[[Anticholinergic]]
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| *[[Antihemophilic Factor (Human) ]]
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| *[[Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant) ]]
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| *[[Arcanobacterium]]
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| *[[Ariboflavinosis]]
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| *[[Asparaginase ]]
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| *[[Atorvastatin ]]
| |
| *[[Auranofin ]]
| |
| *[[Azelastine Ophthalmic ]]
| |
| *[[Aztreonam ]]
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| *[[Behcets Syndrome]]
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| *[[Benazepril ]]
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| *[[Bevacizumab ]]
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| *[[Bezold's abscess]]
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| *[[Blastomyces]]
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| *[[Bortezomib ]]
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| *[[Bosentan ]]
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| *[[Brinzolamide Ophthalmic ]]
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| *[[Budesonide Inhalation Powder ]]
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| *[[Bumetanide ]]
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| *[[Buspirone]]
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| *[[Busulfan ]]
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| *[[Butabarbital ]]
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| *[[Butorphanol Nasal Spray ]]
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| *[[Candesartan ]]
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| *[[Candida albicans]]
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| *[[Capecitabine ]]
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| *[[Captopril ]]
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| *[[Carteolol ]]
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| *[[Cefadroxil ]]
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| *[[Cefamandole Nafate ]]
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| *[[Cefazolin Sodium ]]
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| *[[Cefepime ]]
| |
| *[[Cefoperazone Sodium ]]
| |
| *[[Cefotaxime Sodium ]]
| |
| *[[Cefotetan Disodium ]]
| |
| *[[Cefoxitin Sodium ]]
| |
| *[[Cefpodoxime ]]
| |
| *[[Ceftazidime ]]
| |
| *[[Ceftizoxime Sodium ]]
| |
| *[[Ceftriaxone Sodium ]]
| |
| *[[Cefuroxime Sodium ]]
| |
| *[[Cephalexin ]]
| |
| *[[Cephradine ]]
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| *Cervical phlegmon
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| *[[Cetuximab ]]
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| *Chemical burns
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| *[[Chemotherapy]]
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| *[[Chlamydia pneumonia]]
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| *[[Chlorambucil ]]
| |
| *[[Chlorothiazide ]]
| |
| *[[Chlorpropamide ]]
| |
| *[[Chlorthalidone ]]
| |
| *[[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]]
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| *[[Cilostazol ]]
| |
| *[[Cladribine ]]
| |
| *[[Clofarabine ]]
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| *[[Clofibrate]]
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| *[[Cocaine]]
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| *[[Coronavirus]]
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| *[[Co-trimoxazole ]]
| |
| *[[Coxsackie A virus]]
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| *[[Coxsackie B]]
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| *[[Cromolyn Sodium Oral Inhalation ]]
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| *[[Cryptococcus]]
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| *[[Cyanocobalamin Nasal ]]
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| *[[Cytarabine ]]
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| *[[Cytomegalovirus]]
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| *[[Dacarbazine ]]
| |
| *[[Dactinomycin ]]
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| *[[Danazol ]]
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| *[[Darbepoetin Alfa ]]
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| *[[Daunorubicin ]]
| |
| *Deep neck space infections
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| *[[Desloratadine ]]
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| *[[Dexmethylphenidate]]
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| *[[Diclofenac and Misoprostol ]]
| |
| *[[Diethylpropion ]]
| |
| *[[Diphtheria]]
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| *[[Disopyramide ]]
| |
| *[[Docetaxel ]]
| |
| *[[Dornase Alfa ]]
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| {{ColBreak}}
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| *[[Doxorubicin ]]
| |
| *[[Duke's disease]]
| |
| *[[Ebola]]
| |
| *[[Efalizumab ]]
| |
| *[[Efavirenz ]]
| |
| *[[Emtricitabine ]]
| |
| *[[Enalapril ]]
| |
| *[[Encephalitis lethargica]]
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| *Environmental pollutants
| |
| *[[Epiglottitis]]
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| *[[Epinastine Ophthalmic ]]
| |
| *[[Epirubicin ]]
| |
| *[[Epoetin Alfa ]]
| |
| *[[Eprosartan ]]
| |
| *[[Epstein-Barr Virus]]
| |
| *[[Erlotinib ]]
| |
| *[[Erythromycin and Sulfisoxazole ]]
| |
| *[[Etanercept ]]
| |
| *[[Ethacrynic Acid ]]
| |
| *[[Ethosuximide Oral ]]
| |
| *[[Etodolac ]]
| |
| *[[Etoposide]]
| |
| *[[Ezetimibe ]]
| |
| *[[Fentanyl Skin Patches ]]
| |
| *[[Flavoxate ]]
| |
| *[[Floxuridine ]]
| |
| *[[Flunisolide Nasal Inhalation ]]
| |
| *[[Fluorouracil ]]
| |
| *[[Fluphenazine ]]
| |
| *[[Fluticasone and Salmeterol Oral Inhalation ]]
| |
| *[[Foreign body]]
| |
| *[[Formoterol ]]
| |
| *[[Fosamprenavir ]]
| |
| *[[Foscarnet Sodium ]]
| |
| *[[Fosinopril ]]
| |
| *[[Fulvestrant ]]
| |
| *[[Furosemide ]]
| |
| *[[Fusobacterium]]
| |
| *[[Gabapentin ]]
| |
| *[[Ganciclovir ]]
| |
| *[[Gatifloxacin ]]
| |
| *[[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride ]]
| |
| *[[GERD]]
| |
| *[[Glatiramer ]]
| |
| *[[Glipizide ]]
| |
| *[[Glyburide ]]
| |
| *[[Gonococcal Infections]]
| |
| *[[Grifulvin V]]
| |
| *[[Griseofulvin ]]
| |
| *[[Group A streptococcal infection]]
| |
| *[[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Hay fever]]
| |
| *[[Hemophilus Influenza]]
| |
| *[[Herpangina]]
| |
| *[[Herpesviridae]]
| |
| *[[Histoplasma]]
| |
| *[[Human parainfluenza viruses]]
| |
| *[[Hydrochlorothiazide ]]
| |
| *[[Hydrogen sulfide]]
| |
| *[[Ibandronate ]]
| |
| *[[Ifosfamide ]]
| |
| *[[Imatinib ]]
| |
| *[[Imipenem and Cilastatin Sodium ]]
| |
| *[[Infectious mononucleosis]]
| |
| *[[Infliximab ]]
| |
| *[[Influenza]]
| |
| *[[Insulin Human (rDNA Origin) Inhalation ]]
| |
| *[[Interferon beta-1a Intramuscular ]]
| |
| *[[Invisalign]]
| |
| *[[Ipratropium and Albuterol Inhalation ]]
| |
| *[[Irbesartan ]]
| |
| *[[Kawasaki disease]]
| |
| *Kelbsiella
| |
| *[[Ketotifen Ophthalmic ]]
| |
| *[[Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease]]
| |
| *[[Laryngeal cancer]]
| |
| *[[Laryngitis]]
| |
| *[[Lassa Fever]]
| |
| *[[Lemierre's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Leukemia]]
| |
| *[[Levetiracetam ]]
| |
| *[[Lisinopril ]]
| |
| *[[Lomustine ]]
| |
| *[[Loratadine ]]
| |
| *[[Losartan ]]
| |
| *[[Ludwig's angina]]
| |
| *[[Lymphadenitis]]
| |
| *[[Lymphoma]]
| |
| *[[Mechlorethamine ]]
| |
| *[[Mefenamic acid]]
| |
| *[[Melphalan ]]
| |
| *[[Meprobamate ]]
| |
| *[[Mercaptopurine]]
| |
| *[[Mesalamine ]]
| |
| *[[Methimazole ]]
| |
| *[[Methotrexate ]]
| |
| *[[Methsuximide Oral ]]
| |
| *[[Methyclothiazide ]]
| |
| *[[Metolazone ]]
| |
| *[[Metoprolol]]
| |
| *[[Minocycline]]
| |
| *[[Mitomycin ]]
| |
| *[[Modafinil ]]
| |
| *[[Moexipril ]]
| |
| *[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]
| |
| *[[Moxifloxacin ophthalmic ]]
| |
| *[[Mumps]]
| |
| *[[Mycobacterium]]
| |
| *[[Mycoplasma]]
| |
| *[[Nafcillin Sodium ]]
| |
| {{ColBreak}}
| |
| *[[Nasogastric intubation]]
| |
| *[[Natalizumab ]]
| |
| *[[Nedocromil oral inhalation ]]
| |
| *[[Neutropenia]]
| |
| *[[Nisoldipine ]]
| |
| *[[Olopatadine ophthalmic ]]
| |
| *[[Oropharyngeal lesion]]
| |
| *[[Oxacillin Sodium ]]
| |
| *[[Oxaliplatin ]]
| |
| *[[Oxcarbazepine ]]
| |
| *[[Paclitaxel]]
| |
| *[[Palivizumab ]]
| |
| *[[Pamidronate ]]
| |
| *Paracoccidiodes
| |
| *[[Peginterferon alfa-2a ]]
| |
| *[[Pemetrexed ]]
| |
| *[[Pemphigus]]
| |
| *[[Penicillin G Potassium or Sodium ]]
| |
| *[[Pentamidine Isethionate ]]
| |
| *[[Pentostatin ]]
| |
| *[[Perindopril ]]
| |
| *[[Peritonsillar abscess]]
| |
| *[[Phenobarbital ]]
| |
| *[[Phenytoin oral ]]
| |
| *[[Pindolol ]]
| |
| *[[Pioglitazone ]]
| |
| *[[Piperacillin sodium ]]
| |
| *[[Plicamycin ]]
| |
| *[[Pneumococcus]]
| |
| *[[Poliovirus]]
| |
| *[[Post-nasal drip]]
| |
| *[[Pramlintide ]]
| |
| *[[Prazosin and polythiazide ]]
| |
| *[[Primaquine ]]
| |
| *[[Primidone ]]
| |
| *[[Procarbazine ]]
| |
| *[[Promethazine ]]
| |
| *[[Propafenone ]]
| |
| *[[Propranolol Oral ]]
| |
| *[[Propylthiouracil ]]
| |
| *[[Q Fever]]
| |
| *[[Quetiapine ]]
| |
| *[[Quinapril ]]
| |
| *[[Rabies]]
| |
| *[[Ramipril ]]
| |
| *[[Ranitidine bismuth citrate ]]
| |
| *[[Respiratory Syncitial virus]]
| |
| *[[Retropharyngeal abscess]]
| |
| *Rhinosporodium
| |
| *[[Rhinovirus]]
| |
| *[[Rifabutin ]]
| |
| *[[Risedronate ]]
| |
| *[[Risperidone ]]
| |
| *[[Rituximab ]]
| |
| *[[Ropinirole ]]
| |
| *[[Rosiglitazone ]]
| |
| *[[Rosuvastatin ]]
| |
| *[[Salmeterol oral inhalation ]]
| |
| *[[Scarlet fever]]
| |
| *[[Scrumpox]]
| |
| *[[Secobarbital ]]
| |
| *[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Sibutramine ]]
| |
| *[[Silver sulfadiazine ]]
| |
| *[[Sinusitis]]
| |
| *[[Sitagliptin ]]
| |
| *[[Smoke]]
| |
| *[[Sodium dichloroisocyanurate]]
| |
| *[[Sodium oxybate ]]
| |
| *[[Spironolactone ]]
| |
| *[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
| |
| *[[Strep throat]]
| |
| *[[Streptozocin ]]
| |
| *[[Sulfadiazine ]]
| |
| *[[Sulfasalazine ]]
| |
| *[[Sulfinpyrazone ]]
| |
| *[[Sulfisoxazole ]]
| |
| *[[Syphillis]]
| |
| *[[Tamsulosin ]]
| |
| *[[Telmisartan ]]
| |
| *[[Teniposide ]]
| |
| *[[Terbinafine ]]
| |
| *[[Teriparatide (rDNA origin) ]]
| |
| *[[Thioguanine ]]
| |
| *[[Thiotepa ]]
| |
| *[[Thyroiditis]]
| |
| *[[Ticarcillin Disodium ]]
| |
| *[[Ticlopidine ]]
| |
| *[[Tiotropium Oral Inhalation ]]
| |
| *[[Tocainide ]]
| |
| *[[Tolazamide ]]
| |
| *[[Tolbutamide ]]
| |
| *[[Tonsillitis]]
| |
| *[[Tonsillolith]]
| |
| *[[Topotecan Hydrochloride ]]
| |
| *[[Toxins]]
| |
| *[[Tracheitis]]
| |
| *[[Tracheobronchitis]]
| |
| *[[Trandolapril ]]
| |
| *[[Trastuzumab ]]
| |
| *[[Trazodone]]
| |
| *[[Triamcinolone Nasal Inhalation ]]
| |
| *[[Trimethadione ]]
| |
| *[[Trimipramine ]]
| |
| *[[Tularemia]]
| |
| *[[Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]]
| |
| *[[Valproic Acid ]]
| |
| *[[Verapamil and Trandolapril ]]
| |
| *[[Vinblastine ]]
| |
| *[[Vinorelbine Tartrate ]]
| |
| *Vocal abuse
| |
| *[[Zalcitabine ]]
| |
| *[[Zolmitriptan Nasal ]]
| |
| *[[Zonisamide ]]
| |
| [[Category:Mature chapter]] | |
| {{EndMultiCol}}
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| ===Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Sore throat===
| |
| (By organ system)
| |
| {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| |
| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| |
| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Acetic acid]],
| |
| [[Grape seed extract]],
| |
| [[Sodium dichloroisocyanurate]],
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Dermatologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Abacavir]],
| |
| [[Abatacept Injection (patient information)]],
| |
| [[Acetazolamide Oral]],
| |
| [[Acetohexamide ]],
| |
| [[Aciclovir]],
| |
| [[Acyclovir ]],
| |
| [[Adalimumab ]],
| |
| [[Adefovir ]],
| |
| [[Alefacept ]],
| |
| [[Alfuzosin ]],
| |
| [[Allopurinol ]],
| |
| [[Altretamine ]],
| |
| [[Amikacin Sulfate ]],
| |
| [[Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide ]],
| |
| [[Amobarbital ]],
| |
| [[Amphotericin B ]],
| |
| [[Ampicillin Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Anagrelide ]],
| |
| [[Anakinra ]],
| |
| [[Anastrozole ]],
| |
| [[Anisindione ]],
| |
| [[Anticholinergic]],
| |
| [[Antihemophilic Factor (Human) ]],
| |
| [[Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant) ]],
| |
| [[Asparaginase ]],
| |
| [[Atorvastatin ]],
| |
| [[Auranofin ]],
| |
| [[Azelastine Ophthalmic ]],
| |
| [[Aztreonam ]],
| |
| [[Benazepril ]],
| |
| [[Bevacizumab ]],
| |
| [[Bortezomib ]],
| |
| [[Bosentan ]],
| |
| [[Brinzolamide Ophthalmic ]],
| |
| [[Budesonide Inhalation Powder ]],
| |
| [[Bumetanide ]],
| |
| [[Buspirone]],
| |
| [[Busulfan ]],
| |
| [[Butabarbital ]],
| |
| [[Butorphanol Nasal Spray ]],
| |
| [[Candesartan ]],
| |
| [[Capecitabine ]],
| |
| [[Captopril ]],
| |
| [[Carteolol ]],
| |
| [[Cefadroxil ]],
| |
| [[Cefamandole Nafate ]],
| |
| [[Cefazolin Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Cefepime ]],
| |
| [[Cefoperazone Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Cefotaxime Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Cefotetan Disodium ]],
| |
| [[Cefoxitin Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Cefpodoxime ]],
| |
| [[Ceftazidime ]],
| |
| [[Ceftizoxime Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Ceftriaxone Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Cefuroxime Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Cephalexin ]],
| |
| [[Cephradine ]],
| |
| [[Cetuximab ]],
| |
| [[Chlorambucil ]],
| |
| [[Chlorothiazide ]],
| |
| [[Chlorpropamide ]],
| |
| [[Chlorthalidone ]],
| |
| [[Cilostazol ]],
| |
| [[Cladribine ]],
| |
| [[Clofarabine ]],
| |
| [[Clofibrate]],
| |
| [[Co-trimoxazole ]],
| |
| [[Cromolyn Sodium Oral Inhalation ]],
| |
| [[Cyanocobalamin Nasal ]],
| |
| [[Cytarabine ]],
| |
| [[Dacarbazine ]],
| |
| [[Dactinomycin ]],
| |
| [[Danazol ]],
| |
| [[Darbepoetin Alfa ]],
| |
| [[Daunorubicin ]],
| |
| [[Desloratadine ]],
| |
| [[Dexmethylphenidate]],
| |
| [[Diclofenac and Misoprostol ]],
| |
| [[Diethylpropion ]],
| |
| [[Diphtheria]],
| |
| [[Disopyramide ]],
| |
| [[Docetaxel ]],
| |
| [[Dornase Alfa ]],
| |
| [[Doxorubicin ]],
| |
| [[Efalizumab ]],
| |
| [[Efavirenz ]],
| |
| [[Emtricitabine ]],
| |
| [[Enalapril ]],
| |
| [[Epinastine Ophthalmic ]],
| |
| [[Epirubicin ]],
| |
| [[Epoetin Alfa ]],
| |
| [[Eprosartan ]],
| |
| [[Erlotinib ]],
| |
| [[Erythromycin and Sulfisoxazole ]],
| |
| [[Etanercept ]],
| |
| [[Ethacrynic Acid ]],
| |
| [[Ethosuximide Oral ]],
| |
| [[Etodolac ]],
| |
| [[Etoposide Oral and ]],
| |
| [[Ezetimibe ]],
| |
| [[Fentanyl Skin Patches ]],
| |
| [[Flavoxate ]],
| |
| [[Floxuridine ]],
| |
| [[Flunisolide Nasal Inhalation ]],
| |
| [[Fluorouracil ]],
| |
| [[Fluphenazine ]],
| |
| [[Fluticasone and Salmeterol Oral Inhalation ]],
| |
| [[Formoterol ]],
| |
| [[Fosamprenavir ]],
| |
| [[Foscarnet Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Fosinopril ]],
| |
| [[Fulvestrant ]],
| |
| [[Furosemide ]],
| |
| [[Gabapentin ]],
| |
| [[Ganciclovir ]],
| |
| [[Gatifloxacin ]],
| |
| [[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride ]],
| |
| [[Glatiramer ]],
| |
| [[Glipizide ]],
| |
| [[Glyburide ]],
| |
| [[Grifulvin V]],
| |
| [[Griseofulvin ]],
| |
| [[Hydrochlorothiazide ]],
| |
| [[Ibandronate ]],
| |
| [[Ifosfamide ]],
| |
| [[Imatinib ]],
| |
| [[Imipenem and Cilastatin Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Infliximab ]],
| |
| [[Insulin Human (rDNA Origin) Inhalation ]],
| |
| [[Interferon beta-1a Intramuscular ]],
| |
| [[Ipratropium and Albuterol Inhalation ]],
| |
| [[Irbesartan ]],
| |
| [[Ketotifen Ophthalmic ]],
| |
| [[Levetiracetam ]],
| |
| [[Lisinopril ]],
| |
| [[Lomustine ]],
| |
| [[Loratadine ]],
| |
| [[Losartan ]],
| |
| [[Mechlorethamine ]],
| |
| [[Mefenamic acid]],
| |
| [[Melphalan ]],
| |
| [[Meprobamate ]],
| |
| [[Mercaptopurine]],
| |
| [[Mesalamine ]],
| |
| [[Methimazole ]],
| |
| [[Methotrexate ]],
| |
| [[Methsuximide Oral ]],
| |
| [[Methyclothiazide ]],
| |
| [[Metolazone ]],
| |
| [[Metoprolol]],
| |
| [[Minocycline]],
| |
| [[Mitomycin ]],
| |
| [[Modafinil ]],
| |
| [[Moexipril ]],
| |
| [[Moxifloxacin ophthalmic ]],
| |
| [[Nafcillin Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Natalizumab ]],
| |
| [[Nedocromil oral inhalation ]],
| |
| [[Nisoldipine ]],
| |
| [[Olopatadine ophthalmic ]],
| |
| [[Oxacillin Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Oxaliplatin ]],
| |
| [[Oxcarbazepine ]],
| |
| [[Paclitaxel]],
| |
| [[Palivizumab ]],
| |
| [[Pamidronate ]],
| |
| [[Peginterferon alfa-2a ]],
| |
| [[Penicillin G Potassium or Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Pentamidine Isethionate ]],
| |
| [[Pentostatin ]],
| |
| [[Perindopril ]],
| |
| [[Phenobarbital ]],
| |
| [[Phenytoin oral ]],
| |
| [[Pindolol ]],
| |
| [[Pioglitazone ]],
| |
| [[Piperacillin sodium ]],
| |
| [[Plicamycin ]],
| |
| [[Pramlintide ]],
| |
| [[Prazosin and polythiazide ]],
| |
| [[Primaquine ]],
| |
| [[Primidone ]],
| |
| [[Procarbazine ]],
| |
| [[Promethazine ]],
| |
| [[Propafenone ]],
| |
| [[Propranolol Oral ]],
| |
| [[Propylthiouracil ]],
| |
| [[Quetiapine ]],
| |
| [[Quinapril ]],
| |
| [[Ramipril ]],
| |
| [[Ranitidine bismuth citrate ]],
| |
| [[Rifabutin ]],
| |
| [[Risedronate ]],
| |
| [[Risperidone ]],
| |
| [[Rituximab ]],
| |
| [[Ropinirole ]],
| |
| [[Rosiglitazone ]],
| |
| [[Rosuvastatin ]],
| |
| [[Salmeterol oral inhalation ]],
| |
| [[Secobarbital ]],
| |
| [[Sibutramine ]],
| |
| [[Silver sulfadiazine ]],
| |
| [[Sitagliptin ]],
| |
| [[Sodium dichloroisocyanurate]],
| |
| [[Sodium oxybate ]],
| |
| [[Spironolactone ]],
| |
| [[Streptozocin ]],
| |
| [[Sulfadiazine ]],
| |
| [[Sulfasalazine ]],
| |
| [[Sulfinpyrazone ]],
| |
| [[Sulfisoxazole ]],
| |
| [[Tamsulosin ]],
| |
| [[Telmisartan ]],
| |
| [[Teniposide ]],
| |
| [[Terbinafine ]],
| |
| [[Teriparatide (rDNA origin) ]],
| |
| [[Thioguanine ]],
| |
| [[Thiotepa ]],
| |
| [[Ticarcillin Disodium ]],
| |
| [[Ticlopidine ]],
| |
| [[Tiotropium Oral Inhalation ]],
| |
| [[Tocainide ]],
| |
| [[Tolazamide ]],
| |
| [[Tolbutamide ]],
| |
| [[Topotecan Hydrochloride ]],
| |
| [[Trandolapril ]],
| |
| [[Trastuzumab ]],
| |
| [[Trazodone]],
| |
| [[Triamcinolone Nasal Inhalation ]],
| |
| [[Trimethadione ]],
| |
| [[Trimipramine ]],
| |
| [[Valproic Acid ]],
| |
| [[Verapamil and Trandolapril ]],
| |
| [[Vinblastine ]],
| |
| [[Vinorelbine Tartrate ]],
| |
| [[Zalcitabine ]],
| |
| [[Zolmitriptan Nasal ]],
| |
| [[Zonisamide ]],
| |
| | |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]],
| |
| Allergic pharynigits,
| |
| [[Angina tonsillaris]],
| |
| [[Epiglottitis]],
| |
| Fungal pharyngitis,
| |
| [[Laryngeal cancer]],
| |
| [[Laryngitis]],
| |
| [[Oropharyngeal lesion]],
| |
| [[Peritonsillar abscess]],
| |
| [[Post-nasal drip]],
| |
| [[Sinusitis]],
| |
| [[Thyroiditis]],
| |
| [[Tonsillitis]],
| |
| [[Tonsillolith]],
| |
| [[Tracheobronchitis]],
| |
| [[Retropharyngeal abscess]],
| |
| | |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Endocrine'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Environmental'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Smoke]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[GERD]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Genetic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Hematologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Neutropenia]],
| |
| [[Leukemia]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Iatrogenic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Endoscopy]],
| |
| [[Invisalign]],
| |
| [[Nasogastric intubation]],
| |
| [[Radiation]],
| |
| [[Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Infectious Disease'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Anthrax]],
| |
| [[Adenovirus]],
| |
| [[Arcanobacterium]],
| |
| [[Candida Albicans]],
| |
| [[Chlamydia pneumoniae]],
| |
| [[Coronavirus]],
| |
| [[Coxsackie A virus]],
| |
| [[Coxsackie B ]],
| |
| [[Cryptococcus]],
| |
| [[Cytomegalovirus]],
| |
| [[Diphtheria]],
| |
| [[Duke's disease]],
| |
| [[Ebola]], | |
| [[Enterovirus]],
| |
| [[Epstein-Barr Virus]],
| |
| [[Fusobacterium]],
| |
| [[Gonococcal Infections]],
| |
| [[Group A streptococcal infection]],
| |
| [[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]],
| |
| [[Herpangina]],
| |
| [[Herpesviridae]],
| |
| [[Histoplasma]],
| |
| [[Human parainfluenza viruses]],
| |
| [[Infectious mononucleosis]],
| |
| [[Influenza]],
| |
| [[Lassa Fever]],
| |
| [[Lemierre's syndrome]],
| |
| [[Moraxella catarrhalis]],
| |
| [[Mumps]],
| |
| [[Parainfluenza]],
| |
| [[Pneumococcus]],
| |
| [[Poliovirus]],
| |
| [[Q Fever]],
| |
| [[Rabies]],
| |
| [[Rhinovirus]],
| |
| [[Scarlet fever]],
| |
| [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]],
| |
| [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
| |
| [[Strep throat]],
| |
| [[Syphillis]],
| |
| [[Tularemia]],
| |
| [[Mycobacterium]],
| |
| [[Mycoplasma]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Neurologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Encephalitis lethargica]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ariboflavinosis]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Oncologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Laryngeal cancer]],
| |
| [[Lymphoma]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Opthalmologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Cocaine]],
| |
| [[Hydrogen sulfide]],
| |
| [[Methotrexate (patient information)]],
| |
| [[Peginterferon alfa-2a (patient information)]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Psychiatric'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Pulmonary'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hay fever]],
| |
| [[Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease]],
| |
| [[Kawasaki disease]],
| |
| [[Lymphadenitis]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Sexual'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Trauma'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| Trauma to the throat
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Urologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Miscellaneous'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]],
| |
| [[Foreign body]]
| |
| Chemical burns
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Treatment==
| |
| | |
| There are three types of treatment: '''symptomatic''', '''remedial''' and '''preventive'''. Symptomatic treatments are aimed at reducing pain and symptoms. Remedial treatments attempt to cure pharyngitis by reducing its spread and speeding up the healing process. Preventive treatments attempt to block the start of an infection.
| |
| | |
| Remedial treatments are mostly effective for bacterial infections such as streptococcal infections. For viral infections, even with treatment, most cases of pharyngitis will still settle spontaneously within a few days. Hence the most popular method of treatment is symptomatic. Many preventive treatments are also remedial, thus those two treatments will be listed in the same section.
| |
| | |
| Twenty-two non-antibiotic managements for sore throat have been studied in controlled trials.<!--
| |
| --><ref name="Thomas">{{cite journal | author= Thomas M, Del Mar CB, Glasziou P. | title=How effective are treatments other than antibiotics for acute sore throat? | journal=Br J GP| year=2000 | volume=50 | issue=459 | pages=817-820| id = PMID 11127175 | url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1313826&blobtype=pdf | format=PDF}}</ref><!-- -->Analgesics are among the most effective, but there are many simple measures that can also be used.
| |
| | |
| ===Symptomatic treatments===
| |
| | |
| * Analgesics such as [[NSAIDs]] can help reduce the pain associated with a sore throat.<ref name="Thomas"/>
| |
| * [[Throat lozenge]]s ([[cough medicine]]) are often used for short-term pain relief.
| |
| * Avoid foods and liquids highly acidic in nature, as they will provoke temporary periods of intense pain
| |
| * Warm tea ([[tea|true]] or Tisane) or soup can help temporarily alleviate the pain of a sore throat.
| |
| * Cold beverages, popsicles and ice cubes numb the nerves of the throat somewhat, alleviating the pain for a brief time.
| |
| * Mouthwash (when gargled) reduces the pain but only for a brief time.
| |
| * Drinking heavy amounts of liquid reduces the pain for a short time.
| |
| * Peppermint candy might help with some cases as well as other hard candies. It will reduce the pain for a short time.
| |
| * Yogurt has been shown to help alleviate the pain temporarily by coating the affected area. Milk also has the same effect.
| |
| * [[Gargling]] with warm saline solution may help reduce mucus. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sore-throat/DS00526/DSECTION=10 |title=Sore throat: Self-care - MayoClinic.com |accessdate=2007-09-17 |format= |work=}}</ref> While it is a popular household remedy, there is little evidence that it provides any long-term benefit.
| |
| | |
| ===Remedial and preventive treatments===
| |
| Performing remedial treatments early when your throat begins to feel scratchy may help the infection from spreading to the rest of the throat and back of the mouth, which can result in difficulty in swallowing. Treatment should begin the first or second day of your illness, however if you have a cold or the flu, the infection may still continue to spread to other areas such as the ears through the eustachian tube (causing an earache) and to the lungs through the trachea (causing a cough). Healthy people who will be in frequent contact with someone with Pharyngitis may also try the measures below, of which some can be also be preventive, to help inhibit the start of an infection.
| |
| * The use of [[antibiotic]]s is a helpful remedial treatment when a bacterial infection is the cause of the sore throat. For viral sore throats, antibiotics have no effect.<ref name="pharyngitis-cochrane" />
| |
| * Honey has long been used for treating sore throats due to its [[antiseptic]] properties.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ramoutsaki I, Papadakis C, Ramoutsakis I, Helidonis E |title=Therapeutic methods used for otolaryngological problems during the Byzantine period |journal=Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. |volume=111 |issue=6 |pages=553-7 |year=2002 |pmid=12090712}}</ref>
| |
| * Swallowing a couple teaspoons of raw lemon or lime juice several times a day may help destroy microorganisms in bacteria-related throat infections. <ref>[http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP1331947.html]</ref> Research also shows that lemon juice may destroy some viruses such as HIV. <ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2004/07/12/1152319.htm]</ref><ref>[http://www.aids.net.au/aids-lemons.pdf]</ref>. This remedy should be started during the first or second day of sickness as citric acid can irritate your throat tissues after the Pharyngitis becomes too widespread. If this is the case, you may try a diluted solution of lemon, honey and tea (or lemon with hot water). <ref>[http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/DS/00526.html]</ref>
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| ==References==
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