Sandbox:Ifeoma Anaya

Types of urinary incontinence	Details
Physiological	It is expected and seen as a norm in the early years. Requires a minimum age of 5 years, at least one event in a month, and a minimum period of 3 months. Persisting beyond the age of 5 years is termed pathological. However, there are the 'late developers' who continue to experience physiologic urinary incontinence beyond the age of 5 years. Clinical evaluation of these kids remains normal.
Pathological	Organic: usually uncommon. In-depth investigations needed to be identified more so in cases that have not responded to conventional treatment
	Functional or psychosomatic urinary incontinence: includes all forms of pathological urinary incontinence without anatomic or neurologic defects. Manifestations of which have been subdivided into:
	Monosymtomatic enuresis(MEN): These kids have never had a dry period of >6 months and in the absence of any bladder dysfunction or symptoms suggestive of lower urinary tract issues
	Non-monosymptomatic enuresis Nocturna(Non-MEN): diurnal presentation with an urge, frequency, and enuresis.

Non-Infectious	Disease
Immune-mediated/Autoimmune	Kawasaki Disease Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Drug-related eruptions	Erythema multiforme SJS TEN

Infectious	Disease	Causative Organism
Viral	Measles German Measles Erythema infectiosum Roseola infantum Herpangina Hand-foot-and-mouth disease Molluscum contagiosum Chickenpox	Rubeola Rubella Parvovirus B19 Human Herpes Virus 6 & 7 Coxsackie virus Coxsackie virus Poxvirus Varicella Zoster virus
Bacterial	Meningococcemia	Neisseria meningitidis Hemophilus influenzae Streptococcus pneumoniae
	RMSF	Rickettsia rickettsii
	HUS	Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC)
	Scarlet Fever	Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococci, GAS)
	Disseminated gonococcal disease in adolescents	Neiserria gonorrhoea
	SSSS TSS	Staphylococcus aureus
	Lyme disease	Borrelia burgdorferi
	Relapsing fever	Borrelia recurrentis
Protozoan	Babesiosis	Babesia microti
Fungal	Histoplasmosis Blastomycosis Coccidiodomycosis Paracoccidiodomycosis	Histoplasma capsulatum Blastomyces dermatitidis Coccidioides immitis Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Fever + Rash Morphology	Disease
Non-blanching lesions	a. Meningococcemia b. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) c. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) d. Henoch-Schőnlein Purpura (HSP)
Blanching rash	a. Kawasaki disease b. Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis c. Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Vesicular or bullous lesions	a. Erythema multiforme b. Steven-Johnson-Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epridermal Necrolysis (TEN) c. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) d. Disseminated gonococcal disease in adolescents e. HSV I & II
Umbilicated papules and pustules	a. Molluscum contagiosum b. Varicella/Chickenpox
Sandpaper rash	a. Scarlet fever
Viral syndromes	a. Measles (Rubeola) b. Rubella (German measles) c. Erythema infectiosum (Parvovirus B-19) d. Herpangina (Coxsackie) e. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (Coxsackie) f. Roseola infantum (Human Herpes Virus types 6 or 7)
Unclassified/Limited to certain geographical areas	a. Babesiosis b. Blastomycosis c. Coccidiodomycosis d. Histoplasmosis e. Colorado Tick Fever f. Lyme disease g. Relapsing fever h. Colorado Tick Fever

There are several types of skin rashes classified based on size, consistency, color, etc. Below are some of the common ones encountered in clinical practice.

Type of Rash/Lesion	Description
Macule	flat, circumscribed, usually <1cm in diameter
Papule	raised/elevated lesion <1cm in diameter
Maculopapular	combination of both macules and papulus
Nodule	papule in deeper dermis or subcutaneous tissue
Pustule	circumscribed raised lesion containing purulent material
Vesicle	circumscribed elevated skin lesion usually <1cm containing fluid
Bulla	Bigger vesicle (>1cm and containing fluid)
Purpura	non-blanching papules or macules due to extravasation of RBCs
Petechiae	non-blanching pinpoint unraised spots usually measuring <2mm in size

classification
SCC
BCC
Melanoma

Practice here

Mitosis in neuroendocrine tumor. Source: Wikimedia commons

Classification of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) and Related Disorders

Criteria	Symptomatic WM	Asymptomatic WM	IgM-Related Disorders	MGUS
IgM monoclonal protein	+	+	+	+
Bone marrow infiltration	+	+	-	-
Symptoms attributable to IgM	+	-	+	-
Symptoms attributable to tumor infiltration	+	-	-	-

Urinary incontinence in children Microchapters
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differential Diagnosis
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention