Sandbox:Ifeoma Anaya: Difference between revisions

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{{SK}} Exanthema subitum; sixth disease;  
{| class="wikitable"
==Roseola Infantum==
|+
==Overview==
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Types of urinary incontinence
==Historical Perspective==
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Details
==Pathophysiology==
|-
==Causes==
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Physiological
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
|It is expected and seen as a norm in the early years.
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
Requires a minimum age of 5 years, at least one event in a month, and a minimum period of 3 months.
==Diagnosis==
 
==Treatment==
Persisting beyond the age of 5 years is termed pathological.
==Prevention==
 
==Differentiating Roseola Infantum from other Diseases==
However, there are the 'late developers' who continue to experience physiologic urinary incontinence beyond the age of 5 years.
 
Clinical evaluation of these kids remains normal.
|-
| rowspan="4"style="background:#DCDCDC;" +|Pathological
|Organic: usually uncommon. In-depth investigations needed to be identified more so in cases that have not responded to conventional treatment
|-
|Functional or psychosomatic urinary incontinence: includes all forms of pathological urinary incontinence without anatomic or neurologic defects. Manifestations of which have been subdivided into:
|-
|Monosymtomatic enuresis(MEN): These kids have never had a dry period of >6 months and in the absence of any bladder dysfunction or symptoms suggestive of lower urinary tract issues
|-
|Non-monosymptomatic enuresis Nocturna(Non-MEN): diurnal presentation with an urge, frequency, and enuresis.
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Non-Infectious
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Disease
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Immune-mediated/Autoimmune
|Kawasaki Disease
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
 
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
 
Juvenile Dermatomyositis
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Drug-related eruptions
|Erythema multiforme
SJS
 
TEN
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Infectious
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Disease
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Causative Organism
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Viral
|Measles
German Measles
 
Erythema infectiosum
 
Roseola infantum
 
Herpangina
 
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
 
Molluscum contagiosum
 
Chickenpox
|Rubeola
Rubella
 
Parvovirus B19
 
Human Herpes Virus 6 & 7
 
Coxsackie virus
 
Coxsackie virus
 
Poxvirus
 
Varicella Zoster virus
|-
| rowspan="8" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Bacterial
|Meningococcemia<br />
|Neisseria meningitidis
Hemophilus influenzae
 
Streptococcus pneumoniae
<br />
|-
|RMSF
|Rickettsia rickettsii
|-
|HUS
|Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC)
|-
|Scarlet Fever
|Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococci, GAS)
|-
|Disseminated gonococcal disease in adolescents
|Neiserria gonorrhoea
|-
|SSSS
 
TSS
|Staphylococcus aureus
|-
|Lyme disease
|Borrelia burgdorferi
|-
|Relapsing fever
|Borrelia recurrentis
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Protozoan
|Babesiosis
|Babesia microti
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Fungal
|Histoplasmosis
Blastomycosis
 
Coccidiodomycosis
 
Paracoccidiodomycosis
|Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis
 
Coccidioides immitis
 
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Fever + Rash Morphology
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Disease
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Non-blanching lesions
|a. Meningococcemia
b. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
 
c. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
 
d. Henoch-Schőnlein Purpura (HSP)
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Blanching rash
|a. Kawasaki disease
b. Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
 
c. Juvenile Dermatomyositis
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Vesicular or bullous lesions
|a. Erythema multiforme
b. Steven-Johnson-Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epridermal Necrolysis (TEN)
 
c. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
 
d. Disseminated gonococcal disease in adolescents
 
e. HSV I & II
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Umbilicated papules and pustules
|a. Molluscum contagiosum
b. Varicella/Chickenpox
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Sandpaper rash
|a. Scarlet fever
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Viral syndromes
|a. Measles (Rubeola)
b. Rubella (German measles)
 
c. Erythema infectiosum (Parvovirus B-19)
 
d. Herpangina (Coxsackie)
 
e. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (Coxsackie)
 
f. Roseola infantum (Human Herpes Virus types 6 or 7)
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Unclassified/Limited to certain geographical areas
|a. Babesiosis
b. Blastomycosis
 
c. Coccidiodomycosis
 
d. Histoplasmosis
 
e. Colorado Tick Fever
 
f. Lyme disease
 
g. Relapsing fever
 
h. Colorado Tick Fever
|}
There are several types of skin rashes classified based on size, consistency, color, etc. Below are some of the common ones encountered in clinical practice.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Type of Rash/Lesion
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Description
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Macule
|flat, circumscribed, usually <1cm in diameter
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Papule
|raised/elevated lesion <1cm in diameter
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Maculopapular
|combination of both macules and papulus
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Nodule
|papule in deeper dermis or subcutaneous tissue
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Pustule
|circumscribed raised lesion containing purulent material
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Vesicle
|circumscribed elevated skin lesion usually <1cm containing fluid
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Bulla
|Bigger vesicle (>1cm and containing fluid)
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Purpura
|non-blanching papules or macules due to extravasation of RBCs
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Petechiae
|non-blanching pinpoint unraised spots usually measuring <2mm in size
|}




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|}
|}
Practice here
Practice here
<ref name="pmid28701598">{{cite journal| author=Kiran U, Aggarwal S, Choudhary A, Uma B, Kapoor PM| title=The blalock and taussig shunt revisited. | journal=Ann Card Anaesth | year= 2017 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 323-330 | pmid=28701598 | doi=10.4103/aca.ACA_80_17 | pmc=5535574 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28701598  }} </ref>




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|-
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:DarkGray" |
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:DarkGray" |
'''Urinary incontinence in children Microchapters'''
|- bgcolor="LightGrey"
!


'''Bowen's disease Microchapters'''
|- bgcolor="Pink"
|- bgcolor="LightGrey"
!
[[Urinary incontinence in children#Overview|Overview]]
|-
!
 
|- bgcolor="Pink"
!
[[Urinary incontinence in children#Historical Perspective|Historical Perspective]]
|-
!
!


|- bgcolor="Pink"
|- bgcolor="Pink"
!
!
[[Bowen's disease#Overview|Overview]]
[[Urinary incontinence in children#Classification|Classification]]
|-  
|-  
!
!
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|- bgcolor="Pink"
|- bgcolor="Pink"
!
!
[[Bowen's disease#Historical Perspective|Historical Perspective]]
[[Urinary incontinence in children#Pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]
|-  
|-  
!
!
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|- bgcolor="Pink"
|- bgcolor="Pink"
!
!
[[Bowen's disease#Pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]
[[Urinary incontinence in children#Causes|Causes]]
|-  
|-  
!
!
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|- bgcolor="Pink"
|- bgcolor="Pink"
!
!
[[Bowen's disease#Causes|Causes]]
[[Urinary incontinence in children#Differential Diagnosis|Differential Diagnosis]]
|-  
|-  
!
!
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|- bgcolor="Pink"
|- bgcolor="Pink"
!
!
[[Bowen's disease#Epidemiology and Demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]
[[Urinary incontinence in children#Epidemiology and Demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]
|-  
|-  
!
!
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|- bgcolor="Pink"
|- bgcolor="Pink"
!
!
[[Bowen's disease#Natural History, Complications and Prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]
[[Urinary incontinence in children#Risk factors|Risk factors]]
|-  
|-  
!
!
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|- bgcolor="Pink"
|- bgcolor="Pink"
!
!
[[Bowen's disease#Diagnosis|Diagnosis]]
[[Urinary incontinence in children#Natural History, Complications and Prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]
|-  
|-  
!
!
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|- bgcolor="Pink"
|- bgcolor="Pink"
!
!
[[Bowen's disease#Treatment|Treatment]]
[[Urinary incontinence in children#Diagnosis|Diagnosis]]
|-  
|-  
!
!
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|- bgcolor="Pink"
|- bgcolor="Pink"
!
!
[[Bowen's disease#Prevention|Prevention]]
[[Urinary incontinence in children#Treatment|Treatment]]
|-  
|-  
!
!
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|- bgcolor="Pink"
|- bgcolor="Pink"
!
!
[[Bowen's disease#Differentiating Bowen's disease from other Diseases|Differentiating Bowen's disease from other Diseases]]
[[Urinary incontinence in children#Prevention|Prevention]]
|-  
|-  
!
!
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|-
|-
|}
|}




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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
<references />

Latest revision as of 02:05, 21 February 2021

Types of urinary incontinence Details
Physiological It is expected and seen as a norm in the early years.

Requires a minimum age of 5 years, at least one event in a month, and a minimum period of 3 months.

Persisting beyond the age of 5 years is termed pathological.

However, there are the 'late developers' who continue to experience physiologic urinary incontinence beyond the age of 5 years.

Clinical evaluation of these kids remains normal.

Pathological Organic: usually uncommon. In-depth investigations needed to be identified more so in cases that have not responded to conventional treatment
Functional or psychosomatic urinary incontinence: includes all forms of pathological urinary incontinence without anatomic or neurologic defects. Manifestations of which have been subdivided into:
Monosymtomatic enuresis(MEN): These kids have never had a dry period of >6 months and in the absence of any bladder dysfunction or symptoms suggestive of lower urinary tract issues
Non-monosymptomatic enuresis Nocturna(Non-MEN): diurnal presentation with an urge, frequency, and enuresis.


Non-Infectious Disease
Immune-mediated/Autoimmune Kawasaki Disease

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Juvenile Dermatomyositis

Drug-related eruptions Erythema multiforme

SJS

TEN

Infectious Disease Causative Organism
Viral Measles

German Measles

Erythema infectiosum

Roseola infantum

Herpangina

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease

Molluscum contagiosum

Chickenpox

Rubeola

Rubella

Parvovirus B19

Human Herpes Virus 6 & 7

Coxsackie virus

Coxsackie virus

Poxvirus

Varicella Zoster virus

Bacterial Meningococcemia
Neisseria meningitidis

Hemophilus influenzae

Streptococcus pneumoniae

RMSF Rickettsia rickettsii
HUS Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC)
Scarlet Fever Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococci, GAS)
Disseminated gonococcal disease in adolescents Neiserria gonorrhoea
SSSS

TSS

Staphylococcus aureus
Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferi
Relapsing fever Borrelia recurrentis
Protozoan Babesiosis Babesia microti
Fungal Histoplasmosis

Blastomycosis

Coccidiodomycosis

Paracoccidiodomycosis

Histoplasma capsulatum

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Coccidioides immitis

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Fever + Rash Morphology Disease
Non-blanching lesions a. Meningococcemia

b. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)

c. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

d. Henoch-Schőnlein Purpura (HSP)

Blanching rash a. Kawasaki disease

b. Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

c. Juvenile Dermatomyositis

Vesicular or bullous lesions a. Erythema multiforme

b. Steven-Johnson-Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epridermal Necrolysis (TEN)

c. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)

d. Disseminated gonococcal disease in adolescents

e. HSV I & II

Umbilicated papules and pustules a. Molluscum contagiosum

b. Varicella/Chickenpox

Sandpaper rash a. Scarlet fever
Viral syndromes a. Measles (Rubeola)

b. Rubella (German measles)

c. Erythema infectiosum (Parvovirus B-19)

d. Herpangina (Coxsackie)

e. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (Coxsackie)

f. Roseola infantum (Human Herpes Virus types 6 or 7)

Unclassified/Limited to certain geographical areas a. Babesiosis

b. Blastomycosis

c. Coccidiodomycosis

d. Histoplasmosis

e. Colorado Tick Fever

f. Lyme disease

g. Relapsing fever

h. Colorado Tick Fever

There are several types of skin rashes classified based on size, consistency, color, etc. Below are some of the common ones encountered in clinical practice.

Type of Rash/Lesion Description
Macule flat, circumscribed, usually <1cm in diameter
Papule raised/elevated lesion <1cm in diameter
Maculopapular combination of both macules and papulus
Nodule papule in deeper dermis or subcutaneous tissue
Pustule circumscribed raised lesion containing purulent material
Vesicle circumscribed elevated skin lesion usually <1cm containing fluid
Bulla Bigger vesicle (>1cm and containing fluid)
Purpura non-blanching papules or macules due to extravasation of RBCs
Petechiae non-blanching pinpoint unraised spots usually measuring <2mm in size


classification
SCC
BCC
Melanoma

Practice here


Mitosis in neuroendocrine tumor. Source: Wikimedia commons
Classification of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) and Related Disorders
Criteria Symptomatic WM Asymptomatic WM IgM-Related Disorders MGUS
IgM monoclonal protein + + + +
Bone marrow infiltration + + - -
Symptoms attributable to IgM + - + -
Symptoms attributable to tumor infiltration + - - -

Urinary incontinence in children Microchapters

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differential Diagnosis

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prevention






References