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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Hepatitis A virus]] was first identified in 1973. The [[incidence]] of [[hepatitis A]] varies among eras, countries and even cities within the same country.
[[Hepatitis A virus]] was first identified in 1973. It was classified as a separate disease from other types of [[hepatitis]] during World War II. However, its true [[prevalence]] and route of [[transmission]] would only be recognized later. During 1995-1996, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Consequently, [[hepatitis A]] became a disease that was not only common but also vaccine-preventable.


==Historical Perspective==
== Historical Perspective ==
[[Hepatitis A virus]] was first identified in 1973. It was classified as a separate disease from other types of [[hepatitis]] during World War II. However, its true [[prevalence]] and route of [[transmission]] would only be recognized later.<ref name="pmid7876643    [">{{cite journal| author=Melnick JL| title=History and epidemiology of hepatitis A virus. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1995 | volume= 171 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= S2-8 | pmid=7876643    [ | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7876643  }} </ref>


The [[incidence]] of [[hepatitis A]] varies among eras, countries and even cities within the same country. In recent years it has been noted a shift in prevalence, what was once a disease more prevalent in children, is today predominant in adults.
The earliest descriptions of diseases similar to [[Hepatitis A virus]] were reported 5000 years ago in China. Hippocrates also described a disease resembling hepatitis A that he called benign epidemic jaundice <ref name="pmid29712682">{{cite journal| author=Feinstone SM| title=History of the Discovery of Hepatitis A Virus. | journal=Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med | year= 2019 | volume= 9 | issue= 5 | pages=  | pmid=29712682 | doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a031740 | pmc=6496330 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29712682  }} </ref>.


The resistance of the [[virus]] allows it to survive in urban sewage. Accordingly, [[outbreaks]] of the disease occur in overcrowded areas where there is poor sanitation. Improvements made throughout the years have decreased the [[incidence]] of the [[infection]] in new infants, which has led to an increasing number of adults with [[hepatitis A]]. [[Hepatitis A]] [[epidemiology]] in the United States has changed with licensure of [[hepatitis A]] [[vaccine]] and implementation of national ACIP recommendations for its use.
During the 17th century, outbreaks of hepatitis A were reported in military camps. In the US, first outbreak of more than 40,000 cases was reported in 1812 in Norfolk, VA. An estimated 16 million cases of hepatitis A were reported during the world war I and World War II <ref name="pmid29712682">{{cite journal| author=Feinstone SM| title=History of the Discovery of Hepatitis A Virus. | journal=Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med | year= 2019 | volume= 9 | issue= 5 | pages=  | pmid=29712682 | doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a031740 | pmc=6496330 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29712682  }} </ref>.


During 1995-1996, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the inactivated hepatitis A vaccines. Consequently, [[hepatitis A]] became a disease that was not only common but also vaccine-preventable.
Hepatitis A virus was first identified in 1973. In the US, hepatitis A vaccine was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1995.
 
Today [[transmission]] of the [[virus]] through [[blood]] is rare, however, some risk groups such as IV drug users and their care takers are still [[infected]] by this route.<ref name="pmid7876643    [">{{cite journal| author=Melnick JL| title=History and epidemiology of hepatitis A virus. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1995 | volume= 171 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= S2-8 | pmid=7876643    [ | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7876643  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==


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{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Foodborne illnesses]]
[[Category:Foodborne illnesses]]
[[Category:hepatitis|A]]
[[Category:Hepatitis|A]]
[[Category:Picornaviruses]]
[[Category:Picornaviruses]]
[[Category:Viral diseases]]
[[Category:Viral diseases]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
 
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
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{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 06:39, 1 March 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Hepatitis A virus was first identified in 1973. It was classified as a separate disease from other types of hepatitis during World War II. However, its true prevalence and route of transmission would only be recognized later. During 1995-1996, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Consequently, hepatitis A became a disease that was not only common but also vaccine-preventable.

Historical Perspective

The earliest descriptions of diseases similar to Hepatitis A virus were reported 5000 years ago in China. Hippocrates also described a disease resembling hepatitis A that he called benign epidemic jaundice [1].

During the 17th century, outbreaks of hepatitis A were reported in military camps. In the US, first outbreak of more than 40,000 cases was reported in 1812 in Norfolk, VA. An estimated 16 million cases of hepatitis A were reported during the world war I and World War II [1].

Hepatitis A virus was first identified in 1973. In the US, hepatitis A vaccine was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1995.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Feinstone SM (2019). "History of the Discovery of Hepatitis A Virus". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 9 (5). doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a031740. PMC 6496330. PMID 29712682.

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