Apnea causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Apnea}}
{{Apnea}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}: [[User: Marcelo Zacarkim|Marcelo R. Zacarkim, M.D.]] [mailto:mzacarkim@wikidoc.org]; {{Ochuko}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}: {{Ochuko}} [[User: Marcelo Zacarkim|Marcelo R. Zacarkim, M.D.]] [mailto:mzacarkim@wikidoc.org]
 
==Overview==


==Causes==
==Causes==
=== Life Threatening Causes===
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
*[[Achondroplasia]]
*[[Achondroplasia]]
*Adenotonsillar hypertrophy
*Adenotonsillar hypertrophy
*[[Amobarbital sodium]]
*[[Apnea of prematurity]]
*[[Apnea of prematurity]]
*[[Arnold-Chiari malformation]]
*[[Arnold-Chiari malformation]]
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===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:70%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | 1q21.1  deletion, [[acromegaly]], [[Arnold-Chiari  malformation]], [[aromatic amino acid  decarboxylase deficiency ]], [[arrythmias]], [[atrial fibrillation]], [[cardiac arrest]], [[cyanotic congenital heart  disease]], diabetic autonomic  neuropathy, [[Down  syndrome]], [[end stage renal  disease]], floppy eyelid  syndrome, [[Guillain-Barré  syndrome]], [[heart failure]], [[Hurler syndrome]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[Klippel-Feil  syndrome]], [[Marfan  syndrome]], [[myasthenia gravis]], [[myocardial  infarction]], nonarteritic anterior  ischemic optic neuropathy, [[Pickwickian syndrome]], [[pulmonary atresia]], [[pulmonary edema]],[[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary  hypertension]], [[right ventricular  hypertrophy]], [[secondary  hypertension]], [[shock]], [[sleep deprivation]], [[toxidrome]], [[trisomy 13]], [[Werdnig-Hoffman  disease]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | 1q21.1  deletion, [[acromegaly]], [[Arnold-Chiari  malformation]], [[aromatic amino acid  decarboxylase deficiency ]], [[arrythmias]], [[atrial fibrillation]], [[cardiac arrest]], [[cyanotic congenital heart  disease]], diabetic autonomic  neuropathy, [[Down  syndrome]], [[end stage renal  disease]], floppy eyelid  syndrome, [[Guillain-Barré  syndrome]], [[heart failure]], [[Hurler syndrome]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[Klippel-Feil  syndrome]], [[Marfan  syndrome]], [[myasthenia gravis]], [[myocardial  infarction]], nonarteritic anterior  ischemic optic neuropathy, [[Pickwickian syndrome]], [[pulmonary atresia]], [[pulmonary edema]],[[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary  hypertension]], [[right ventricular  hypertrophy]], [[secondary  hypertension]], [[shock]], [[sleep deprivation]], [[toxidrome]], [[trisomy 13]], [[Werdnig-Hoffman  disease]]
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amobarbital sodium]], [[Beractant]], [[Benzodiazepines]],[[bicisate dihydrochloride]], [[bupivacaine]], [[chlordiazepoxide]], [[cytomegalovirus immune globulin]], [[diazepam]], general anesthetics, [[levobupivacaine]], [[lidocaine]], [[Meropenem]], [[morphine]], narcotic analgesics, [[oxymorphone]], [[pancuronium]], [[Paregoric]], [[Pentobarbital]], [[PGE1]], [[Polymyxin B]], [[pramipexole]], [[propofol]], pyrimidifen, [[ropivacaine]], [[Secobarbital sodium]], [[sertraline]], [[sodium thiopental]], [[Tiagabine]], [[trazodone]], use of sedatives (sleeping  pills)
[[Benzodiazepines]], [[bupivacaine]], [[chlordiazepoxide]], [[diazepam]], general anesthetics, [[levobupivacaine]], [[lidocaine]], [[morphine]], narcotic analgesics, [[oxymorphone]], [[pancuronium]], [[PGE1]], [[propofol]], pyrimidifen, [[ropivacaine]], [[sodium thiopental]], [[trazodone]], use of sedatives (sleeping  pills)
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Smoking]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Smoking]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Botulism]], [[Brain  abscess]], [[bronchiolitis]],  [[encephalitis]], [[meningitis]], [[meningoencephalitis]], [[pertussis]], respiratory syncytial viral  infection, [[septicemia]],
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Botulism]], [[Brain  abscess]], [[bronchiolitis]],  [[encephalitis]], [[meningitis]], [[meningoencephalitis]], [[pertussis]], respiratory syncytial viral  infection, [[septicemia]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Achondroplasia]], an  acutely angled skull base, [[Acromegaly]], [[Apert syndrome]], [[Aromatic amino acid  decarboxylase deficiency ]], campomelic  syndrome, [[chondrodystrophy]], [[Crouzon  syndrome]], [[Down syndrome]], [[Duchenne muscular  dystrophy]], [[flail chest]], [[Gaucher's disease]],[[Guillain-Barré  syndrome]], [[Hallermann-Streiff  syndrome]], head and neck burns, [[Hunter syndrome]], [[hypertonia]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[hypotonia ]], [[Joubert  syndrome]], [[Klippel-Feil  syndrome]], lipoma of the neck, [[Marfan syndrome]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[osteopetrosis]], [[Pickwickian syndrome]], [[pulmonary  edema]], [[Rett syndrome]], [[SADDAN]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[spinal cord injury]], [[Treacher Collins  syndrome]], [[trisomy 13]], [[Werdnig-Hoffman  disease]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Achondroplasia]], an  acutely angled skull base, [[Acromegaly]], [[Apert syndrome]], [[Arnold-Chiari  malformation]], [[Aromatic amino acid  decarboxylase deficiency ]], campomelic  syndrome, [[chondrodystrophy]], [[Crouzon  syndrome]], [[Down syndrome]], [[Duchenne muscular  dystrophy]], [[flail chest]], [[Gaucher's disease]],[[Guillain-Barré  syndrome]], [[Hallermann-Streiff  syndrome]], head and neck burns, [[Hunter syndrome]], [[hypertonia]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[hypotonia ]], [[Joubert  syndrome]], [[Klippel-Feil  syndrome]], lipoma of the neck, [[Marfan syndrome]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[osteopetrosis]], [[Pickwickian syndrome]], [[pulmonary  edema]], [[Rett syndrome]], [[SADDAN]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[spinal cord injury]], [[Treacher Collins  syndrome]], [[trisomy 13]], [[Werdnig-Hoffman  disease]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|1q21.1  deletion, [[amyotrophic lateral  sclerosis]], [[aromatic  amino acid decarboxylase deficiency ]], benign familial infantile  convulsion, [[brain abscess]], brain stem  dysfunction, brain stem injury, [[brain tumor]], Brun's syndrome, [[cerebral hemorrhage]], [[cerebral infarction]], [[cerebral palsy]], [[delayed sleep phase  syndrome]], diabetic autonomic  neuropathy,  [[down syndrome]], [[encephalitis]], [[excessive daytime  sleepiness]], [[fatigue]], [[glycine  encephalopathy]], [[Guillain-Barré  syndrome]], [[Hallermann-Streiff  syndrome]],  [[head trauma]], [[hypertonia]],[[hypotonia ]], [[increased intracranial  pressure]], late-onset spinal muscular  atrophy, [[leukomalacia]], medullary hemorrhage, medullary infarction, [[meningitis]], [[meningoencephalitis]], [[myasthenia  gravis]], [[myotonic dystrophy]],   [[myotubular myopathy]], [[near drowning]],  [[periodic limb movement  disorder]], [[Pickwickian syndrome]], pontine hemorrhage, [[post-traumatic stress  disorder]], [[Prader-Willi  syndrome]], prenatal asphyxia, [[REM sleep]], [[restless legs  syndrome]], [[Rett syndrome]], [[seizures]], [[sleep  deprivation]], [[spinal cord injury]], [[sudden infant death  syndrome]], [[toxidrome]], [[transtentorial  herniation]], [[trisomy  13]],  
|bgcolor="Beige"|1q21.1  deletion, [[acromegaly]], [[amyotrophic lateral  sclerosis]], [[aromatic  amino acid decarboxylase deficiency ]], benign familial infantile  convulsion, [[brain abscess]], brain stem  dysfunction, brain stem injury, [[brain tumor]], Brun's syndrome, [[cerebral hemorrhage]], [[cerebral infarction]], [[cerebral palsy]], [[delayed sleep phase  syndrome]], diabetic autonomic  neuropathy,  [[down syndrome]], [[encephalitis]], [[excessive daytime  sleepiness]], [[fatigue]], floppy eyelid  syndrome, [[Gaucher's  disease]], [[glycine  encephalopathy]], [[Guillain-Barré  syndrome]], [[Hallermann-Streiff  syndrome]],  [[head trauma]], [[Hurler syndrome]], [[hypertonia]],[[hypotonia ]], [[increased intracranial  pressure]], [[Joubert syndrome]], [[Klippel-Feil  syndrome]], late-onset spinal muscular  atrophy, [[leukomalacia]], [[Marfan syndrome]], medullary hemorrhage, medullary infarction, [[meningitis]], [[meningoencephalitis]], [[myasthenia  gravis]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[myotubular myopathy]], [[near drowning]], nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, [[periodic limb movement  disorder]], [[Pickwickian syndrome]], pontine hemorrhage, [[post-traumatic stress  disorder]], [[Prader-Willi  syndrome]], prenatal asphyxia, [[REM sleep]], [[restless legs  syndrome]], [[Rett syndrome]], [[SADDAN]], [[seizures]], [[sleep  deprivation]], [[spinal cord injury]], [[sudden infant death  syndrome]], [[toxidrome]], [[transtentorial  herniation]], [[trisomy  13]], [[Werdnig-Hoffman disease]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol]], [[body fat redistribution  (BFR) syndrome]], [[congenital central  hypoventilation syndrome]], [[gastroesophageal  reflux disease]], [[glycine  encephalopathy]],  [[hypercapnia]], [[hyperglycinemia ]], [[hypoventilation]], [[iron deficiency  anemia]], neonatal anemia, [[obesity]], [[organic acidemia]], [[polycystic  ovary syndrome]], prenatal asphyxia, [[respiratory acidosis]], [[septicemia]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Achondroplasia]], [[alcohol]], [[aromatic  amino acid decarboxylase deficiency ]], [[body fat redistribution  (BFR) syndrome]], [[congenital central  hypoventilation syndrome]], [[gastroesophageal  reflux disease]], [[glycine  encephalopathy]],  [[hypercapnia]], [[hyperglycinemia ]], [[hypoventilation]], [[iron deficiency  anemia]], neonatal anemia, [[obesity]], [[organic acidemia]], [[polycystic  ovary syndrome]], prenatal asphyxia, [[respiratory acidosis]], [[septicemia]], [[shock]], [[Werdnig-Hoffman  disease]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Polycystic  ovary syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| 1q21.1  deletion, lymphoma  of tonsils,
|bgcolor="Beige"| 1q21.1  deletion, [[Down  syndrome]], lymphoma  of tonsils
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| 1q21.1  deletion, [[Down syndrome]], floppy  eyelid syndrome, [[Gaucher's disease]], [[leukomalacia]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| 1q21.1  deletion, [[Arnold-Chiari  malformation]], [[aromatic  amino acid decarboxylase deficiency ]], [[Crouzon syndrome]],
diabetic autonomic  neuropathy, [[Down syndrome]], floppy  eyelid syndrome, [[Gaucher's disease]], [[Hallermann-Streiff  syndrome]], [[Hurler  syndrome]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[Joubert  syndrome]], [[leukomalacia]], [[Marfan syndrome]], nonarteritic anterior  ischemic optic neuropathy, [[osteopetrosis]], [[secondary  hypertension]], [[Treacher Collins  syndrome]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Barium]], [[disopyramide]]  toxicity,  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Barium]], [[disopyramide]]  toxicity, [[toxidrome]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Down syndrome]], [[post-traumatic  stress disorder]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Down syndrome]], [[Prader-Willi  syndrome]], [[Pickwickian  syndrome]],  [[post-traumatic  stress disorder]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| 1q21.1  deletion, aberrant  subclavian artery abnormality, [[achondroplasia]], [[acromegaly]], [[adenoid hypertrophy]], adenotonsillar  hypertrophy, [[adult respiratory distress  syndrome]], [[ammonium chloride]], [[amyotrophic lateral  sclerosis]], an acutely angled skull  base, [[anemia of  prematurity]], [[angina tonsillaris]], [[Apert syndrome]], [[apnea of prematurity]], [[Arnold-Chiari  malformation]], [[aromatic amino acid  decarboxylase deficiency ]], [[arrythmias]], [[asthma]], [[ataxic respiration]], [[atrial fibrillation]], auriculo-condylar  syndrome, [[barium]], [[Beckwith-Wiedemann  syndrome]], benign familial infantile  convulsion, [[biot's respiration]], [[body fat redistribution  (BFR) syndrome]], [[botulism]], [[brain abscess]], brain stem  dysfunction, brain stem injury, [[brain tumor]], bronchial rupture, [[bronchiolitis]],[[bronchospasm]], brun's syndrome, campomelic syndrome, [[cardiac arrest]], [[central sleep apnea]], [[cerebral hemorrhage]], [[cerebral infarction]], [[cerebral palsy]], [[Cheyne-Stokes  respiration]], choanal stenosis, [[chondrodystrophy]], [[chronic airway-digestive  inflammatory disease]] (CAID), [[chronic bronchitis]], [[chronic obstructive  pulmonary disease]], collapse of aryepiglottic  folds, [[congenital central  hypoventilation syndrome]], [[cyanotic congenital heart  disease]], [[delayed sleep phase  syndrome]], [[deviated septum]], diabetic autonomic  neuropathy, diffuse [[pneumonia]], [[Down syndrome]], [[Duchenne muscular  dystrophy]], edema of epiglottis, elongated and/or thickened  palate and uvula, [[encephalitis]], [[end stage renal  disease]], [[flail chest]], floppy eyelid  syndrome, [[foreign body  aspiration]], [[gastroesophageal reflux  disease]], [[Gaucher's disease]], [[glycine  encephalopathy]], [[Guillain-Barré  syndrome]], [[Hallermann-Streiff  syndrome]], [[head trauma]], [[hemothorax]], [[hunter syndrome]], [[hurler syndrome]], [[hypercapnia]], [[hyperglycinemia ]], [[hyperpituitarism]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[hypertonia]], [[hypotonia ]], [[hypoventilation]], [[increased intracranial  pressure]], [[infant respiratory distress  syndrome]], [[Joubert syndrome]], [[Klippel-Feil  syndrome]], [[laryngomalacia]], late-onset spinal muscular  atrophy, [[leukomalacia]], [[Marfan syndrome]], [[meconium aspiration  syndrome]], medullary hemorrhage, medullary infarction, [[meningitis]], [[meningoencephalitis]], [[micrognathia]], [[midfacial hypoplasia]], mucus plug, [[myocardial  infarction]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[myotubular myopathy]], [[nasal congestion]], [[near drowning]], neonatal anemia, nonarteritic anterior  ischemic optic neuropathy, [[obesity]], open chest wounds, [[organic acidemia]], [[oropharyngeal  papillomatosis]], [[osteopetrosis],[[parenchymal lung  disease]], [[periodic limb movement  disorder]], [[pertussis]], [[Pickwickian syndrome]], [[Pierre Robin  sequence]], [[pneumothorax]], [[polycystic ovary  syndrome]], [[polyposis]], pontine hemorrhage, [[post-traumatic stress  disorder]], [[Prader-Willi  syndrome]], prenatal asphyxia, [[pulmonary atresia]], [[pulmonary edema]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary fibrosis]], [[pulmonary  hypertension]], [[REM sleep]], [[respiratory acidosis]], respiratory syncytial viral  infection, [[restless legs  syndrome]], [[Rett syndrome]], [[rhinitis]], [[right ventricular  hypertrophy]], [[SADDAN]], [[secondary  hypertension]], [[seizures]], septal dislocation, septal hematoma, [[septicemia]], [[shock]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[sleep deprivation]], [[smoking]], [[spinal cord injury]], [[sudden infant death  syndrome]], [[toxidrome]], [[tracheal rupture]], [[transtentorial  herniation]], [[Treacher Collins  syndrome]], [[trisomy 13]], turbinate  hypertrophy, [[upper airway  obstruction]], [[upper Airway Resistance  Syndrome (UARS)]], [[vocal cord paralysis]], [[Werdnig-Hoffman  disease]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| 1q21.1  deletion, aberrant  subclavian artery abnormality, [[achondroplasia]], [[acromegaly]], [[adenoid hypertrophy]], adenotonsillar  hypertrophy, [[adult respiratory distress  syndrome]], [[ammonium chloride]], [[amyotrophic lateral  sclerosis]], an acutely angled skull  base, [[anemia of  prematurity]], [[angina tonsillaris]], [[Apert syndrome]], [[apnea of prematurity]], [[Arnold-Chiari  malformation]], [[aromatic amino acid  decarboxylase deficiency ]], [[arrythmias]], [[asthma]], [[ataxic respiration]], [[atrial fibrillation]], auriculo-condylar  syndrome, [[barium]], [[Beckwith-Wiedemann  syndrome]], benign familial infantile  convulsion, [[biot's respiration]], [[body fat redistribution  (BFR) syndrome]], [[botulism]], [[brain abscess]], brain stem  dysfunction, brain stem injury, [[brain tumor]], bronchial rupture, [[bronchiolitis]],[[bronchospasm]], brun's syndrome, campomelic syndrome, [[cardiac arrest]], [[central sleep apnea]], [[cerebral hemorrhage]], [[cerebral infarction]], [[cerebral palsy]], [[Cheyne-Stokes  respiration]], choanal stenosis, [[chondrodystrophy]], [[chronic airway-digestive  inflammatory disease]] (CAID), [[chronic bronchitis]], [[chronic obstructive  pulmonary disease]], collapse of aryepiglottic  folds, [[congenital central  hypoventilation syndrome]], [[Crouzon  syndrome]], [[cyanotic congenital heart  disease]], [[delayed sleep phase  syndrome]], [[deviated septum]], diabetic autonomic  neuropathy, diffuse [[pneumonia]], [[Down syndrome]], [[Duchenne muscular  dystrophy]], edema of epiglottis, elongated and/or thickened  palate and uvula, [[encephalitis]], [[end stage renal  disease]], [[flail chest]], floppy eyelid  syndrome, [[foreign body  aspiration]], [[gastroesophageal reflux  disease]], [[Gaucher's disease]], [[glycine  encephalopathy]], [[Guillain-Barré  syndrome]], [[Hallermann-Streiff  syndrome]], [[head trauma]], [[hemothorax]], [[hunter syndrome]], [[hurler syndrome]], [[hypercapnia]], [[hyperglycinemia ]], [[hyperpituitarism]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[hypertonia]], [[hypotonia ]], [[hypoventilation]], [[increased intracranial  pressure]], [[infant respiratory distress  syndrome]], [[Joubert syndrome]], [[Klippel-Feil  syndrome]], [[laryngomalacia]], late-onset spinal muscular  atrophy, [[leukomalacia]], [[Marfan syndrome]], [[meconium aspiration  syndrome]], medullary hemorrhage, medullary infarction, [[meningitis]], [[meningoencephalitis]], [[micrognathia]], [[midfacial hypoplasia]], mucus plug, [[myocardial  infarction]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[myotubular myopathy]], [[nasal congestion]], [[near drowning]], neonatal anemia, nonarteritic anterior  ischemic optic neuropathy, [[obesity]], open chest wounds, [[organic acidemia]], [[oropharyngeal  papillomatosis]], [[osteopetrosis],[[parenchymal lung  disease]], [[periodic limb movement  disorder]], [[pertussis]], [[Pickwickian syndrome]], [[Pierre Robin  sequence]], [[pneumothorax]], [[polycystic ovary  syndrome]], [[polyposis]], pontine hemorrhage, [[post-traumatic stress  disorder]], [[Prader-Willi  syndrome]], prenatal asphyxia, [[pulmonary atresia]], [[pulmonary edema]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary fibrosis]], [[pulmonary  hypertension]], [[REM sleep]], [[respiratory acidosis]], respiratory syncytial viral  infection, [[restless legs  syndrome]], [[Rett syndrome]], [[rhinitis]], [[right ventricular  hypertrophy]], [[SADDAN]], [[secondary  hypertension]], [[seizures]], septal dislocation, septal hematoma, [[septicemia]], [[shock]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[sleep deprivation]], [[smoking]], [[spinal cord injury]], [[sudden infant death  syndrome]], [[toxidrome]], [[tracheal rupture]], [[transtentorial  herniation]], [[Treacher Collins  syndrome]], [[trisomy 13]], turbinate  hypertrophy, [[upper airway  obstruction]], [[upper Airway Resistance  Syndrome (UARS)]], [[vocal cord paralysis]], [[Werdnig-Hoffman  disease]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| 1q21.1  deletion, [[end stage renal  disease]], [[Joubert syndrome]], [[Klippel-Feil  syndrome]], nonarteritic  anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, [[secondary  hypertension]], [[shock]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| 1q21.1  deletion, diabetic  autonomic neuropathy, [[end stage renal  disease]], [[Joubert syndrome]], [[Klippel-Feil  syndrome]], nonarteritic  anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, [[secondary  hypertension]], [[shock]], [[trisomy  13]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Guillain-Barré  syndrome]], [[sleep  deprivation]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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*Benign familial infantile  convulsion
*Benign familial infantile  convulsion
*[[Benzodiazepines]]
*[[Benzodiazepines]]
*[[Bicisate dihydrochloride]]
*[[Biot's respiration]]
*[[Biot's respiration]]
*[[Body fat redistribution (BFR) syndrome]]
*[[Body fat redistribution (BFR) syndrome]]
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*[[Cyanide]]
*[[Cyanide]]
*[[Cyanotic congenital heart  disease]]
*[[Cyanotic congenital heart  disease]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus immune globulin]]
*[[Delayed sleep phase syndrome]]
*[[Delayed sleep phase syndrome]]
*[[Deviated septum]]
*[[Deviated septum]]
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*[[Pickwickian syndrome]]
*[[Pickwickian syndrome]]
*Pierre Robin sequence
*Pierre Robin sequence
*[[Pneumococcal Vaccine 13-Valent]] ([[Prevnar 13]]): in infants and toddlers
*[[Pneumothorax]]
*[[Pneumothorax]]
*[[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
*[[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
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*[[Strychnine]]
*[[Strychnine]]
*[[Sudden infant death syndrome]]
*[[Sudden infant death syndrome]]
*[[Testosterone]] deficiency
*[[testosterone|Testosterone deficiency]]
*Tetramethylammonium  Hydroxide
*Tetramethylammonium  Hydroxide
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[Toxidrome]]<ref name="pmid3382068">{{cite journal |author=Nice A, Leikin JB, Maturen A, Madsen-Konczyk LJ, Zell M, Hryhorczuk DO |title=Toxidrome recognition to improve efficiency of emergency urine drug screens |journal=Ann Emerg Med |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=676–80 |year=1988 |month=July |pmid=3382068 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Toxidrome]]<ref name="pmid3382068">{{cite journal |author=Nice A, Leikin JB, Maturen A, Madsen-Konczyk LJ, Zell M, Hryhorczuk DO |title=Toxidrome recognition to improve efficiency of emergency urine drug screens |journal=Ann Emerg Med |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=676–80 |year=1988 |month=July |pmid=3382068 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Tracheal rupture]]
*[[Tracheal rupture]]
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[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Physical Examination]]
[[Category:Physical Examination]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 18:24, 11 March 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: : Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2] Marcelo R. Zacarkim, M.D. [3]

Overview

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular 1q21.1 deletion, acromegaly, Arnold-Chiari malformation, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency , arrythmias, atrial fibrillation, cardiac arrest, cyanotic congenital heart disease, diabetic autonomic neuropathy, Down syndrome, end stage renal disease, floppy eyelid syndrome, Guillain-Barré syndrome, heart failure, Hurler syndrome, hypothyroidism, Klippel-Feil syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myasthenia gravis, myocardial infarction, nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, Pickwickian syndrome, pulmonary atresia, pulmonary edema,pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, secondary hypertension, shock, sleep deprivation, toxidrome, trisomy 13, Werdnig-Hoffman disease
Chemical/Poisoning Ammonium chloride, camphor, chloral hydrate, cyanide, eucalyptus oil poisoning, pepper spray, strychnine, tetramethylammonium hydroxide
Dental Crouzon syndrome, mandibular hypoplasia, midfacial hypoplasia, narrow maxillary arch, Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, osteopetrosis, Treacher Collins syndrome
Dermatologic Acromegaly, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, diabetic autonomic neuropathy, floppy eyelid syndrome, Gaucher's disease, Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, SADDAN
Drug Side Effect Amobarbital sodium, Beractant, Benzodiazepines,bicisate dihydrochloride, bupivacaine, chlordiazepoxide, cytomegalovirus immune globulin, diazepam, general anesthetics, levobupivacaine, lidocaine, Meropenem, morphine, narcotic analgesics, oxymorphone, pancuronium, Paregoric, Pentobarbital, PGE1, Polymyxin B, pramipexole, propofol, pyrimidifen, ropivacaine, Secobarbital sodium, sertraline, sodium thiopental, Tiagabine, trazodone, use of sedatives (sleeping pills)
Ear Nose Throat Achondroplasia, adenoid hypertrophy, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, angina tonsillaris, Apert syndrome, auriculo-condylar syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, campomelic syndrome, choanal stenosis, collapse of aryepiglottic folds, Crouzon syndrome, deviated septum, Down syndrome, edema of epiglottis, elongated and/or thickened palate and uvula, empty nose syndrome, Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, Hunter syndrome, Hurler syndrome, Joubert syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome, lingual cyst, lingual tonsillar hypertrophy, lymphoma of tonsils, macroglossia, Marfan syndrome, micrognathia, nasoseptal obstruction, oropharyngeal papillomatosis, osteopetrosis, Pierre Robin sequence, rhinitis, septal dislocation, septal hematoma, tracheal rupture, Treacher Collins syndrome, turbinate hypertrophy
Endocrine Acromegaly, Down syndrome, Hyperpituitarism, hypothyroidism, Joubert syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, testosterone deficiency
Environmental Smoking
Gastroenterologic Aberrant subclavian artery abnormality, acromegaly, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Arnold-Chiari malformation, alcohol, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Brun's syndrome, chronic airway-digestive inflammatory disease (CAID), diabetic autonomic neuropathy, Down syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gaucher's disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Hunter syndrome, Hurler syndrome, hypothyroidism, Joubert syndrome, osteopetrosis, polyposis, pulmonary edema, toxidrome, Werdnig-Hoffman disease
Genetic 1q21.1 deletion, Crouzon syndrome, Down's syndrome, Gaucher's disease, Genetics, Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, Hunter syndrome, Hurler syndrome, Joubert syndrome, Marfan syndrome, osteopetrosis, Prader-Willi syndrome, Treacher Collins syndrome, trisomy 13, Werdnig-Hoffman disease
Hematologic Anemia of prematurity, Gaucher's disease, iron deficiency anemia, neonatal anemia, osteopetrosis, sickle cell disease
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Botulism, Brain abscess, bronchiolitis, encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, pertussis, respiratory syncytial viral infection, septicemia
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Achondroplasia, an acutely angled skull base, Acromegaly, Apert syndrome, Arnold-Chiari malformation, Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency , campomelic syndrome, chondrodystrophy, Crouzon syndrome, Down syndrome, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, flail chest, Gaucher's disease,Guillain-Barré syndrome, Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, head and neck burns, Hunter syndrome, hypertonia, hypothyroidism, hypotonia , Joubert syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome, lipoma of the neck, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, osteopetrosis, Pickwickian syndrome, pulmonary edema, Rett syndrome, SADDAN, sickle cell disease, spinal cord injury, Treacher Collins syndrome, trisomy 13, Werdnig-Hoffman disease
Neurologic 1q21.1 deletion, acromegaly, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency , benign familial infantile convulsion, brain abscess, brain stem dysfunction, brain stem injury, brain tumor, Brun's syndrome, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, cerebral palsy, delayed sleep phase syndrome, diabetic autonomic neuropathy, down syndrome, encephalitis, excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue, floppy eyelid syndrome, Gaucher's disease, glycine encephalopathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, head trauma, Hurler syndrome, hypertonia,hypotonia , increased intracranial pressure, Joubert syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome, late-onset spinal muscular atrophy, leukomalacia, Marfan syndrome, medullary hemorrhage, medullary infarction, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, myasthenia gravis, myotonic dystrophy, myotubular myopathy, near drowning, nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, periodic limb movement disorder, Pickwickian syndrome, pontine hemorrhage, post-traumatic stress disorder, Prader-Willi syndrome, prenatal asphyxia, REM sleep, restless legs syndrome, Rett syndrome, SADDAN, seizures, sleep deprivation, spinal cord injury, sudden infant death syndrome, toxidrome, transtentorial herniation, trisomy 13, Werdnig-Hoffman disease
Nutritional/Metabolic Achondroplasia, alcohol, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency , body fat redistribution (BFR) syndrome, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease, glycine encephalopathy, hypercapnia, hyperglycinemia , hypoventilation, iron deficiency anemia, neonatal anemia, obesity, organic acidemia, polycystic ovary syndrome, prenatal asphyxia, respiratory acidosis, septicemia, shock, Werdnig-Hoffman disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic Polycystic ovary syndrome
Oncologic 1q21.1 deletion, Down syndrome, lymphoma of tonsils
Ophthalmologic 1q21.1 deletion, Arnold-Chiari malformation, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency , Crouzon syndrome,

diabetic autonomic neuropathy, Down syndrome, floppy eyelid syndrome, Gaucher's disease, Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, Hurler syndrome, hypothyroidism, Joubert syndrome, leukomalacia, Marfan syndrome, nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, osteopetrosis, secondary hypertension, Treacher Collins syndrome

Overdose/Toxicity Barium, disopyramide toxicity, toxidrome
Psychiatric Down syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Pickwickian syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder
Pulmonary 1q21.1 deletion, aberrant subclavian artery abnormality, achondroplasia, acromegaly, adenoid hypertrophy, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, adult respiratory distress syndrome, ammonium chloride, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, an acutely angled skull base, anemia of prematurity, angina tonsillaris, Apert syndrome, apnea of prematurity, Arnold-Chiari malformation, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency , arrythmias, asthma, ataxic respiration, atrial fibrillation, auriculo-condylar syndrome, barium, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, benign familial infantile convulsion, biot's respiration, body fat redistribution (BFR) syndrome, botulism, brain abscess, brain stem dysfunction, brain stem injury, brain tumor, bronchial rupture, bronchiolitis,bronchospasm, brun's syndrome, campomelic syndrome, cardiac arrest, central sleep apnea, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, cerebral palsy, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, choanal stenosis, chondrodystrophy, chronic airway-digestive inflammatory disease (CAID), chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, collapse of aryepiglottic folds, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, cyanotic congenital heart disease, delayed sleep phase syndrome, deviated septum, diabetic autonomic neuropathy, diffuse pneumonia, Down syndrome, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, edema of epiglottis, elongated and/or thickened palate and uvula, encephalitis, end stage renal disease, flail chest, floppy eyelid syndrome, foreign body aspiration, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gaucher's disease, glycine encephalopathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, head trauma, hemothorax, hunter syndrome, hurler syndrome, hypercapnia, hyperglycinemia , hyperpituitarism, hypothyroidism, hypertonia, hypotonia , hypoventilation, increased intracranial pressure, infant respiratory distress syndrome, Joubert syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome, laryngomalacia, late-onset spinal muscular atrophy, leukomalacia, Marfan syndrome, meconium aspiration syndrome, medullary hemorrhage, medullary infarction, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, micrognathia, midfacial hypoplasia, mucus plug, myocardial infarction, myotonic dystrophy, myotubular myopathy, nasal congestion, near drowning, neonatal anemia, nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, obesity, open chest wounds, organic acidemia, oropharyngeal papillomatosis, [[osteopetrosis],parenchymal lung disease, periodic limb movement disorder, pertussis, Pickwickian syndrome, Pierre Robin sequence, pneumothorax, polycystic ovary syndrome, polyposis, pontine hemorrhage, post-traumatic stress disorder, Prader-Willi syndrome, prenatal asphyxia, pulmonary atresia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, REM sleep, respiratory acidosis, respiratory syncytial viral infection, restless legs syndrome, Rett syndrome, rhinitis, right ventricular hypertrophy, SADDAN, secondary hypertension, seizures, septal dislocation, septal hematoma, septicemia, shock, sickle cell disease, sleep deprivation, smoking, spinal cord injury, sudden infant death syndrome, toxidrome, tracheal rupture, transtentorial herniation, Treacher Collins syndrome, trisomy 13, turbinate hypertrophy, upper airway obstruction, upper Airway Resistance Syndrome (UARS), vocal cord paralysis, Werdnig-Hoffman disease
Renal/Electrolyte 1q21.1 deletion, diabetic autonomic neuropathy, end stage renal disease, Joubert syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome, nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, secondary hypertension, shock, trisomy 13
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Guillain-Barré syndrome, sleep deprivation
Sexual Down syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome
Trauma Head trauma, near drowning, septal dislocation, septal hematoma, tracheal rupture,
Urologic Diabetic autonomic neuropathy, Klippel-Feil syndrome, trisomy 13
Miscellaneous Aging, breastfeeding, fatigue, maternal beta blocker use, near drowning, smoking, sudden infant death syndrome

Causes in Alphabetical Order


References

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