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{{Pulmonary hypertension}}
{{Pulmonary hypertension}}
{{CMG}}, Richard Channick, M.D.; '''Assistant Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[User:Ralph Matar|Ralph Matar]], [[User:Lisa Prior|Lisa Prior]], [[Ann Slater|Ann Slater, R.N.]]
{{CMG}}, Richard Channick, M.D.; '''Assistant Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[User:Ralph Matar|Ralph Matar]], [[User:Lisa Prior|Lisa Prior]], [[Ann Slater|Ann Slater, R.N.]]; {{Jose}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a pathological condition of the pulmonary [[vasculature]] present in several disease states and leading to [[Hemodynamics|hemodynamical]] derangement. PH is defined as an elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) as measured by [[right heart catheterization]] at rest.
[[Pulmonary hypertension]] is defined by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure higher than 25mmHg. It can be assessed by [[echocardiography]], the diagnostic study of choice due to its low risk and useful information that it can provide, and [[right heart cardiac catheterization]] to confirm the diagnosis.  


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
* The diagnostic approach to PH aims to:<ref name="Shitrit-2002">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Shitrit | first1 = D. | last2 = Bendayan | first2 = D. | last3 = Rudensky | first3 = B. | last4 = Izbicki | first4 = G. | last5 = Huerta | first5 = M. | last6 = Fink | first6 = G. | last7 = Kramer | first7 = MR. | title = Elevation of ELISA d-dimer levels in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. | journal = Respiration | volume = 69 | issue = 4 | pages = 327-9 | month =  | year = 2002 | doi = 63270 | PMID = 12169745 }}</ref><ref name="Shitrit-2002-02">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Shitrit | first1 = D. | last2 = Bendayan | first2 = D. | last3 = Bar-Gil-Shitrit | first3 = A. | last4 = Huerta | first4 = M. | last5 = Rudensky | first5 = B. | last6 = Fink | first6 = G. | last7 = Kramer | first7 = MR. | title = Significance of a plasma D-dimer test in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. | journal = Chest | volume = 122 | issue = 5 | pages = 1674-8 | month = Nov | year = 2002 | doi =  | PMID = 12426270 }}</ref><ref name="pmid3605900">{{cite journal| author=Rich S, Dantzker DR, Ayres SM, Bergofsky EH, Brundage BH, Detre KM et al.| title=Primary pulmonary hypertension. A national prospective study. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1987 | volume= 107 | issue= 2 | pages= 216-23 | pmid=3605900 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3605900  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12716138">{{cite journal |author=Budev MM, Arroliga AC, Jennings CA |title=Diagnosis and evaluation of pulmonary hypertension |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=70 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S9–17 |year=2003 |month=April |pmid=12716138 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="isbn0-07-121971-4">{{cite book |author=Carolyn H. Welsh; Michael E. Hanley |title=Current diagnosis & treatment in pulmonary medicine |publisher=Lange Medical Books / McGraw-Hill |location=New York |year=2003 |pages= |isbn=0-07-121971-4 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="Wiedemann-2001">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Wiedemann | first1 = R. | last2 = Ghofrani | first2 = HA. | last3 = Weissmann | first3 = N. | last4 = Schermuly | first4 = R. | last5 = Quanz | first5 = K. | last6 = Grimminger | first6 = F. | last7 = Seeger | first7 = W. | last8 = Olschewski | first8 = H. | title = Atrial natriuretic peptide in severe primary and nonprimary pulmonary hypertension: response to iloprost inhalation. | journal = J Am Coll Cardiol | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 1130-6 | month = Oct | year = 2001 | doi =  | PMID = 11583893 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11834666">{{cite journal |author=Bossone E, Paciocco G, Iarussi D, ''et al.'' |title=The prognostic role of the ECG in primary pulmonary hypertension |journal=Chest |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=513–8 |year=2002 |month=February |pmid=11834666 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10190427">{{cite journal |author=Kawut SM, Silvestry FE, Ferrari VA, ''et al.'' |title=Extrinsic compression of the left main coronary artery by the pulmonary artery in patients with long-standing pulmonary hypertension |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=984–6, A10 |year=1999 |month=March |pmid=10190427 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="isbn0-7295-3905-9">{{cite book |author=Simon O'Connor MBBS FRACP DDU; Nicholas P. Hirsch MBBS FRCA FRCP |title=Clinical Examination: A Systematic Guide to Physical Diagnosis |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |location=Edinburgh |year=2009 |pages= |isbn=0-7295-3905-9 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19713419">{{cite journal| author=Galiè N, Hoeper MM, Humbert M, Torbicki A, Vachiery JL, Barbera JA et al.| title=Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS), endorsed by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2009 | volume= 30 | issue= 20 | pages= 2493-537 | pmid=19713419 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehp297 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19713419  }} </ref><ref name="isbn0-7817-7012-2">{{cite book |author=Thompson, Paul Richard; Topol, Eric J.; Califf, Robert M.; Prystowsky, Eric N.; Thomas, James Alan |title=Textbook of cardiovascular medicine |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=0-7817-7012-2 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="Nagaya-2000">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Nagaya | first1 = N. | last2 = Nishikimi | first2 = T. | last3 = Uematsu | first3 = M. | last4 = Satoh | first4 = T. | last5 = Kyotani | first5 = S. | last6 = Sakamaki | first6 = F. | last7 = Kakishita | first7 = M. | last8 = Fukushima | first8 = K. | last9 = Okano | first9 = Y. | title = Plasma brain natriuretic peptide as a prognostic indicator in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. | journal = Circulation | volume = 102 | issue = 8 | pages = 865-70 | month = Aug | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 10952954 }}</ref><ref name="Kucher-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kucher | first1 = N. | last2 = Printzen | first2 = G. | last3 = Goldhaber | first3 = SZ. | title = Prognostic role of brain natriuretic peptide in acute pulmonary embolism. | journal = Circulation | volume = 107 | issue = 20 | pages = 2545-7 | month = May | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1161/01.CIR.0000074039.45523.BE | PMID = 12742987 }}</ref><ref name="ten Wolde-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = ten Wolde | first1 = M. | last2 = Tulevski | first2 = II. | last3 = Mulder | first3 = JW. | last4 = Söhne | first4 = M. | last5 = Boomsma | first5 = F. | last6 = Mulder | first6 = BJ. | last7 = Büller | first7 = HR. | title = Brain natriuretic peptide as a predictor of adverse outcome in patients with pulmonary embolism. | journal = Circulation | volume = 107 | issue = 16 | pages = 2082-4 | month = Apr | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1161/01.CIR.0000070020.79932.DB | PMID = 12707233 }}</ref><ref name="Leuchte-2006">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Leuchte | first1 = HH. | last2 = Baumgartner | first2 = RA. | last3 = Nounou | first3 = ME. | last4 = Vogeser | first4 = M. | last5 = Neurohr | first5 = C. | last6 = Trautnitz | first6 = M. | last7 = Behr | first7 = J. | title = Brain natriuretic peptide is a prognostic parameter in chronic lung disease. | journal = Am J Respir Crit Care Med | volume = 173 | issue = 7 | pages = 744-50 | month = Apr | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1164/rccm.200510-1545OC | PMID = 16415273 }}</ref>
* The diagnostic approach to PH aims to:<ref name="Shitrit-2002">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Shitrit | first1 = D. | last2 = Bendayan | first2 = D. | last3 = Rudensky | first3 = B. | last4 = Izbicki | first4 = G. | last5 = Huerta | first5 = M. | last6 = Fink | first6 = G. | last7 = Kramer | first7 = MR. | title = Elevation of ELISA d-dimer levels in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. | journal = Respiration | volume = 69 | issue = 4 | pages = 327-9 | month =  | year = 2002 | doi = 63270 | PMID = 12169745 }}</ref><ref name="Shitrit-2002-02">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Shitrit | first1 = D. | last2 = Bendayan | first2 = D. | last3 = Bar-Gil-Shitrit | first3 = A. | last4 = Huerta | first4 = M. | last5 = Rudensky | first5 = B. | last6 = Fink | first6 = G. | last7 = Kramer | first7 = MR. | title = Significance of a plasma D-dimer test in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. | journal = Chest | volume = 122 | issue = 5 | pages = 1674-8 | month = Nov | year = 2002 | doi =  | PMID = 12426270 }}</ref><ref name="pmid3605900">{{cite journal| author=Rich S, Dantzker DR, Ayres SM, Bergofsky EH, Brundage BH, Detre KM et al.| title=Primary pulmonary hypertension. A national prospective study. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1987 | volume= 107 | issue= 2 | pages= 216-23 | pmid=3605900 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3605900  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12716138">{{cite journal |author=Budev MM, Arroliga AC, Jennings CA |title=Diagnosis and evaluation of pulmonary hypertension |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=70 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S9–17 |year=2003 |month=April |pmid=12716138 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="isbn0-07-121971-4">{{cite book |author=Carolyn H. Welsh; Michael E. Hanley |title=Current diagnosis & treatment in pulmonary medicine |publisher=Lange Medical Books / McGraw-Hill |location=New York |year=2003 |pages= |isbn=0-07-121971-4 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="Wiedemann-2001">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Wiedemann | first1 = R. | last2 = Ghofrani | first2 = HA. | last3 = Weissmann | first3 = N. | last4 = Schermuly | first4 = R. | last5 = Quanz | first5 = K. | last6 = Grimminger | first6 = F. | last7 = Seeger | first7 = W. | last8 = Olschewski | first8 = H. | title = Atrial natriuretic peptide in severe primary and nonprimary pulmonary hypertension: response to iloprost inhalation. | journal = J Am Coll Cardiol | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 1130-6 | month = Oct | year = 2001 | doi =  | PMID = 11583893 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11834666">{{cite journal |author=Bossone E, Paciocco G, Iarussi D, ''et al.'' |title=The prognostic role of the ECG in primary pulmonary hypertension |journal=Chest |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=513–8 |year=2002 |month=February |pmid=11834666 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10190427">{{cite journal |author=Kawut SM, Silvestry FE, Ferrari VA, ''et al.'' |title=Extrinsic compression of the left main coronary artery by the pulmonary artery in patients with long-standing pulmonary hypertension |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=984–6, A10 |year=1999 |month=March |pmid=10190427 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="isbn0-7295-3905-9">{{cite book |author=Simon O'Connor MBBS FRACP DDU; Nicholas P. Hirsch MBBS FRCA FRCP |title=Clinical Examination: A Systematic Guide to Physical Diagnosis |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |location=Edinburgh |year=2009 |pages= |isbn=0-7295-3905-9 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19713419">{{cite journal| author=Galiè N, Hoeper MM, Humbert M, Torbicki A, Vachiery JL, Barbera JA et al.| title=Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS), endorsed by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2009 | volume= 30 | issue= 20 | pages= 2493-537 | pmid=19713419 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehp297 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19713419  }} </ref><ref name="isbn0-7817-7012-2">{{cite book |author=Thompson, Paul Richard; Topol, Eric J.; Califf, Robert M.; Prystowsky, Eric N.; Thomas, James Alan |title=Textbook of cardiovascular medicine |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=0-7817-7012-2 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="Nagaya-2000">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Nagaya | first1 = N. | last2 = Nishikimi | first2 = T. | last3 = Uematsu | first3 = M. | last4 = Satoh | first4 = T. | last5 = Kyotani | first5 = S. | last6 = Sakamaki | first6 = F. | last7 = Kakishita | first7 = M. | last8 = Fukushima | first8 = K. | last9 = Okano | first9 = Y. | title = Plasma brain natriuretic peptide as a prognostic indicator in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. | journal = Circulation | volume = 102 | issue = 8 | pages = 865-70 | month = Aug | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 10952954 }}</ref><ref name="Kucher-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kucher | first1 = N. | last2 = Printzen | first2 = G. | last3 = Goldhaber | first3 = SZ. | title = Prognostic role of brain natriuretic peptide in acute pulmonary embolism. | journal = Circulation | volume = 107 | issue = 20 | pages = 2545-7 | month = May | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1161/01.CIR.0000074039.45523.BE | PMID = 12742987 }}</ref><ref name="ten Wolde-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = ten Wolde | first1 = M. | last2 = Tulevski | first2 = II. | last3 = Mulder | first3 = JW. | last4 = Söhne | first4 = M. | last5 = Boomsma | first5 = F. | last6 = Mulder | first6 = BJ. | last7 = Büller | first7 = HR. | title = Brain natriuretic peptide as a predictor of adverse outcome in patients with pulmonary embolism. | journal = Circulation | volume = 107 | issue = 16 | pages = 2082-4 | month = Apr | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1161/01.CIR.0000070020.79932.DB | PMID = 12707233 }}</ref><ref name="Leuchte-2006">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Leuchte | first1 = HH. | last2 = Baumgartner | first2 = RA. | last3 = Nounou | first3 = ME. | last4 = Vogeser | first4 = M. | last5 = Neurohr | first5 = C. | last6 = Trautnitz | first6 = M. | last7 = Behr | first7 = J. | title = Brain natriuretic peptide is a prognostic parameter in chronic lung disease. | journal = Am J Respir Crit Care Med | volume = 173 | issue = 7 | pages = 744-50 | month = Apr | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1164/rccm.200510-1545OC | PMID = 16415273 }}</ref>
** Confirm the diagnosis of PH
** Confirm the diagnosis of PH
** Determine the classification group of PH
** Determine the classification group of PH
** Specify the possible etiology for PH, if present
** Specify the possible etiology for PH, if present
** Evaluate the hemodynamic status of the patient
** Evaluate the hemodynamic status of the patient
* However, there have also been reports of [[angina]] due to decreased [[Myocardium|myocardial]] oxygen supply from compression of the left main [[Coronary circulation|coronary artery]] by a dilated pulmonary artery. N-terminal fragment of BNP (NT-proBNP) has been studied as an alternative biomarker to BNP in various classes of pulmonary hypertension. Higher NT-proBNP and peak oxygen uptake were shown to be independent predictors of mortality and a supramedian NT-proBNP level indicated a significantly lower survival.<ref name="Andreassen-2006">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Andreassen | first1 = AK. | last2 = Wergeland | first2 = R. | last3 = Simonsen | first3 = S. | last4 = Geiran | first4 = O. | last5 = Guevara | first5 = C. | last6 = Ueland | first6 = T. | title = N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as an indicator of disease severity in a heterogeneous group of patients with chronic precapillary pulmonary hypertension. | journal = Am J Cardiol | volume = 98 | issue = 4 | pages = 525-9 | month = Aug | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.02.061 | PMID = 16893710 }}</ref><ref name="Fijalkowska-2006">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fijalkowska | first1 = A. | last2 = Kurzyna | first2 = M. | last3 = Torbicki | first3 = A. | last4 = Szewczyk | first4 = G. | last5 = Florczyk | first5 = M. | last6 = Pruszczyk | first6 = P. | last7 = Szturmowicz | first7 = M. | title = Serum N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide as a prognostic parameter in patients with pulmonary hypertension. | journal = Chest | volume = 129 | issue = 5 | pages = 1313-21 | month = May | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1378/chest.129.5.1313 | PMID = 16685024 }}</ref>


* A [[physical examination]] is performed to look for typical signs of pulmonary hypertension. These include extra sounds, murmurs and signs of RV failure.
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===
* Further procedures are required to confirm the presence of pulmonary hypertension and exclude other possible diagnoses. These generally include:
* Echocardiography is the diagnostic study of choice, as it can:
#[[Pulmonary function tests]]
**Estimate the pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PSAP);
#[[Blood tests]]
**Evaluate for possible causes of [[pulmonary hypertension]];
#[[Electrocardiography]] (ECG)  
**Assess the presence of right atrial or ventricular enlargement, hypertrophy, or decreased right ventricular function;
#[[Arterial blood gas]] measurements
**May also evaluate left heart chambers, especially if they are causing [[pulmonary hypertension]];
#[[X-ray]]s of the chest (followed by high-resolution [[CT scan]]ning if [[interstitial lung disease]] is suspected), and ventilation-perfusion or [[V/Q scan]]ning to exclude chronic [[thromboembolic]] pulmonary hypertension. 
 
#Biopsy of the lung is usually '''not indicated''' unless the pulmonary hypertension is thought to be due to an underlying interstitial lung disease. But lung biopsies are fraught with risks of [[bleeding]] due to the high intrapulmonary blood pressure. 
*Although pulmonary arterial pressure can be estimated on the basis of [[echocardiography]], pressure sampling with a [[Swan-Ganz catheter]] provides the most definite measurement.  PAOP and PVR cannot be measured directly with [[echocardiography]].  
#Clinical improvement is often measured by a "six-minute walk test", i.e. the distance a patient can walk in six minutes. Stability and improvement in this measurement correlate with better survival.
* '''Therefore the diagnosis of PAH requires a [[cardiac catheterization]]'''.  A [[Swan-Ganz catheter]] can also measure the [[cardiac output]], which is far more important in measuring disease severity than the pulmonary arterial pressure.
#Although pulmonary arterial pressure can be estimated on the basis of [[echocardiography]], pressure sampling with a [[Swan-Ganz catheter]] provides the most definite measurement.  PAOP and PVR can not be measured directly with [[echocardiography]]. '''Therefore diagnosis of PAH requires a [[cardiac catheterization]]'''.  A [[Swan-Ganz catheter]] can also measure the [[cardiac output]], which is far more important in measuring disease severity than the pulmonary arterial pressure.
* Normal pulmonary arterial pressure in a person living at sea level has a mean value between 12 and 16 mm Hg. Definite pulmonary hypertension is present when mean pressures at rest exceed 25 mm Hg. If mean pulmonary artery pressure rises above 30 mm Hg (4000 Pa) with exercise, that is also considered pulmonary hypertension.
* Normal pulmonary arterial pressure in a person living at sea level has a mean value of 12&ndash;16 mm Hg (1600&ndash;2100 Pa). Definite pulmonary hypertension is present when mean pressures at rest exceed 25 mm Hg (3300 Pa). If mean pulmonary artery pressure rises above 30 mm Hg (4000 Pa) with exercise, that is also considered pulmonary hypertension.


=== Diagnostic criteria ===
=== Diagnostic criteria ===
Diagnosis of PAH requires the presence of pulmonary hypertension with two other conditions.
A diagnosis of PAH requires the presence of pulmonary hypertension with two other conditions.
* Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP or PCWP) must be less than 15 mm Hg (2000 Pa)
* Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP or PCWP) must be less than 15 mm Hg (2000 Pa)
* Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) must be greater than 3 Wood units (240 dyn•s•cm<sup>-5</sup> or 2.4 mN•s•cm<sup>-5</sup>).
* Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) must be greater than 3 Wood units (240 dyn•s•cm<sup>-5</sup> or 2.4 mN•s•cm<sup>-5</sup>).

Latest revision as of 13:43, 9 June 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1], Richard Channick, M.D.; Assistant Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ralph Matar, Lisa Prior, Ann Slater, R.N.; José Eduardo Riceto Loyola Junior, M.D.[2]

Overview

Pulmonary hypertension is defined by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure higher than 25mmHg. It can be assessed by echocardiography, the diagnostic study of choice due to its low risk and useful information that it can provide, and right heart cardiac catheterization to confirm the diagnosis.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

  • Echocardiography is the diagnostic study of choice, as it can:
    • Estimate the pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PSAP);
    • Evaluate for possible causes of pulmonary hypertension;
    • Assess the presence of right atrial or ventricular enlargement, hypertrophy, or decreased right ventricular function;
    • May also evaluate left heart chambers, especially if they are causing pulmonary hypertension;
  • Although pulmonary arterial pressure can be estimated on the basis of echocardiography, pressure sampling with a Swan-Ganz catheter provides the most definite measurement. PAOP and PVR cannot be measured directly with echocardiography.
  • Therefore the diagnosis of PAH requires a cardiac catheterization. A Swan-Ganz catheter can also measure the cardiac output, which is far more important in measuring disease severity than the pulmonary arterial pressure.
  • Normal pulmonary arterial pressure in a person living at sea level has a mean value between 12 and 16 mm Hg. Definite pulmonary hypertension is present when mean pressures at rest exceed 25 mm Hg. If mean pulmonary artery pressure rises above 30 mm Hg (4000 Pa) with exercise, that is also considered pulmonary hypertension.

Diagnostic criteria

A diagnosis of PAH requires the presence of pulmonary hypertension with two other conditions.

  • Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP or PCWP) must be less than 15 mm Hg (2000 Pa)
  • Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) must be greater than 3 Wood units (240 dyn•s•cm-5 or 2.4 mN•s•cm-5).

References

  1. ↑ Shitrit, D.; Bendayan, D.; Rudensky, B.; Izbicki, G.; Huerta, M.; Fink, G.; Kramer, MR. (2002). "Elevation of ELISA d-dimer levels in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension". Respiration. 69 (4): 327–9. doi:63270 Check |doi= value (help). PMID 12169745.
  2. ↑ Shitrit, D.; Bendayan, D.; Bar-Gil-Shitrit, A.; Huerta, M.; Rudensky, B.; Fink, G.; Kramer, MR. (2002). "Significance of a plasma D-dimer test in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension". Chest. 122 (5): 1674–8. PMID 12426270. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Rich S, Dantzker DR, Ayres SM, Bergofsky EH, Brundage BH, Detre KM; et al. (1987). "Primary pulmonary hypertension. A national prospective study". Ann Intern Med. 107 (2): 216–23. PMID 3605900.
  4. ↑ Budev MM, Arroliga AC, Jennings CA (2003). "Diagnosis and evaluation of pulmonary hypertension". Cleve Clin J Med. 70 Suppl 1: S9–17. PMID 12716138. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Carolyn H. Welsh; Michael E. Hanley (2003). Current diagnosis & treatment in pulmonary medicine. New York: Lange Medical Books / McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-121971-4.
  6. ↑ Wiedemann, R.; Ghofrani, HA.; Weissmann, N.; Schermuly, R.; Quanz, K.; Grimminger, F.; Seeger, W.; Olschewski, H. (2001). "Atrial natriuretic peptide in severe primary and nonprimary pulmonary hypertension: response to iloprost inhalation". J Am Coll Cardiol. 38 (4): 1130–6. PMID 11583893. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Bossone E, Paciocco G, Iarussi D; et al. (2002). "The prognostic role of the ECG in primary pulmonary hypertension". Chest. 121 (2): 513–8. PMID 11834666. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Kawut SM, Silvestry FE, Ferrari VA; et al. (1999). "Extrinsic compression of the left main coronary artery by the pulmonary artery in patients with long-standing pulmonary hypertension". Am. J. Cardiol. 83 (6): 984–6, A10. PMID 10190427. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Simon O'Connor MBBS FRACP DDU; Nicholas P. Hirsch MBBS FRCA FRCP (2009). Clinical Examination: A Systematic Guide to Physical Diagnosis. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-7295-3905-9.
  10. ↑ Galiè N, Hoeper MM, Humbert M, Torbicki A, Vachiery JL, Barbera JA; et al. (2009). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS), endorsed by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT)". Eur Heart J. 30 (20): 2493–537. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp297. PMID 19713419.
  11. ↑ Thompson, Paul Richard; Topol, Eric J.; Califf, Robert M.; Prystowsky, Eric N.; Thomas, James Alan (2007). Textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-7012-2.
  12. ↑ Nagaya, N.; Nishikimi, T.; Uematsu, M.; Satoh, T.; Kyotani, S.; Sakamaki, F.; Kakishita, M.; Fukushima, K.; Okano, Y. (2000). "Plasma brain natriuretic peptide as a prognostic indicator in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension". Circulation. 102 (8): 865–70. PMID 10952954. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Kucher, N.; Printzen, G.; Goldhaber, SZ. (2003). "Prognostic role of brain natriuretic peptide in acute pulmonary embolism". Circulation. 107 (20): 2545–7. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000074039.45523.BE. PMID 12742987. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ ten Wolde, M.; Tulevski, II.; Mulder, JW.; Söhne, M.; Boomsma, F.; Mulder, BJ.; Büller, HR. (2003). "Brain natriuretic peptide as a predictor of adverse outcome in patients with pulmonary embolism". Circulation. 107 (16): 2082–4. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000070020.79932.DB. PMID 12707233. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Leuchte, HH.; Baumgartner, RA.; Nounou, ME.; Vogeser, M.; Neurohr, C.; Trautnitz, M.; Behr, J. (2006). "Brain natriuretic peptide is a prognostic parameter in chronic lung disease". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 173 (7): 744–50. doi:10.1164/rccm.200510-1545OC. PMID 16415273. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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