Second degree AV block causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Second degree AV block}}
{{Second degree AV block}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{MS}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}}; {{MS}}
<br>{{SK}}; AV block, atrioventricular block, heart block, Mobitz type I AV block, Mobitz type II AV block, Advanced second degree AV block,  (Wenckebach) AV block


==Overview==
==Overview==
 
Common causes of second degree [[AV block]] include acute [[myocardial ischemia]] or [[infarction]], [[infiltrative]] diseases, [[collagen vascular disease]], [[surgical trauma]], [[endocrine]] abnormalities, [[autonomic]] effects, [[neuromuscular ]] disorders, and [[medication]]s.
Atrioventricular (AV) block is defined as an interruption in the transmission of an impulse, either transient or permanent, from the atria to the ventricles due to an anatomic or functional impairment in the conduction system.  In second degree AV block, some atrial impulses fail to reach the ventricles.  Wenckebach described progressive delay between atrial and ventricular contraction and the eventual failure of an atrial beat to reach the ventricles.  Mobitz subsequently divided second degree AV block into two subtypes, as determined by the findings on the [[electrocardiogram]].  In Mobitz type I AV block, progressive PR interval prolongation precedes a non-conducted P wave. While in Mobitz type II AV block, the PR interval remains unchanged prior to a P wave that suddenly fails to conduct to the ventricles.


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening conditions  can result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Life-threatening conditions  can result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated<ref name="pmid29493981">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mangi MA, Jones WM, Napier L |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29493981 |doi= |url=}}</ref>.
* [[Acute myocardial infarction]]
* [[Acute myocardial infarction]]<ref name="pmid30227965">{{cite journal |vauthors=Misumida N, Ogunbayo GO, Kim SM, Abdel-Latif A, Ziada KM, Elayi CS |title=Frequency and Significance of High-Degree Atrioventricular Block and Sinoatrial Node Dysfunction in Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=122 |issue=10 |pages=1598–1603 |date=November 2018 |pmid=30227965 |doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.08.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23224264">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barold SS, Herweg B |title=Second-degree atrioventricular block revisited |journal=Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=296–304 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23224264 |doi=10.1007/s00399-012-0240-8 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Acute rheumatic fever]]
* [[Acute rheumatic fever]]
* [[Bacterial endocarditis]]
* [[Bacterial endocarditis]]
Line 19: Line 17:
===Common Causes===  
===Common Causes===  
* [[Acute rheumatic fever]]
* [[Acute rheumatic fever]]
* [[Bacterial endocarditis]], [[aortic valve|especially of the aortic valve]]
* [[Bacterial endocarditis]]<ref name="pmid27585419">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kamatani T, Akizuki A, Kondo S, Shirota T |title=Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block Occurring After Tooth Extraction |journal=Anesth Prog |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=156–9 |date=Fall 2016 |pmid=27585419 |pmc=5011958 |doi=10.2344/15-00042.1 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Beta blocker|β blockers]]
* [[aortic stenosis|Calcific aortic stenosis]]
* [[aortic stenosis|Calcific aortic stenosis]]
* [[Degenerative disease]]
* [[Digoxin]]
* [[Digoxin]]
* [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Diltiazem]]
* [[Diltiazem]]
* [[vagus nerve|Enhanced vagal tone]]
* [[Vasovagal syncope#Cardioinhibitory Response|Enhanced vagal tone]]
* [[HCM]]
* [[HCM]]
* [[Hypertension]]
* [[Hypertension]]
* [[Iatrogenic]] after surgical correction of [[VSD]], [[tetralogy of Fallot]], and [[endocardial cushion defect]]
* [[Iatrogenic]] after surgical correction of [[VSD]], [[tetralogy of Fallot]], and [[endocardial cushion defect]]
* Inferior [[ST elevation MI]]
* [[ST elevation MI|Inferior ST elevation MI]]
* [[mitral valve sclerosis|Massive calcification of the mitral annulus]]
* [[mitral valve sclerosis|Massive calcification of the mitral annulus]]
* [[myocarditis]]
* [[Myocarditis]]
* Normal variants
* [[PR interval|Normal variants]]<ref name="pmid8445186">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wogan JM, Lowenstein SR, Gordon GS |title=Second-degree atrioventricular block: Mobitz type II |journal=J Emerg Med |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=47–54 |date=1993 |pmid=8445186 |doi=10.1016/0736-4679(93)90009-v |url=}}</ref>
* [[chest trauma|Penetrating and non-penetrating trauma of the chest]]
* [[chest trauma|Penetrating and non-penetrating trauma of the chest]]
* [[Lev's disease|Sclerodegenerative disease of the electrical conduction system]]
* [[Lev's disease|Sclerodegenerative disease of the electrical conduction system]]
* [[Verapamil]]
* [[Verapamil]]
* [[Beta blocker|β blockers]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute myocardial infarction]], [[acute rheumatic fever]], [[ASD]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Ebstein's anomaly]], [[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome]], [[hypertension]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], idiopathic bilateral bundle  branch fibrosis, idiopathic progressive  cardiac conduction disease, [[Lev's disease]], [[myocardial bridging]], [[myocarditis]], [[Aortic valve replacement|post aortic valve  replacement]], [[catheter ablation|post catheter ablation for arrhythmias]], [[ventricular septal defect surgery|post closure of a ventricular septal defect]], [[mitral valve replacement|post mitral valve replacement]], [[tetralogy of Fallot]], [[endocardial cushion defect]], [[transposition of the great vessels]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[VSD]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute myocardial infarction]], [[acute rheumatic fever]], [[ASD]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Ebstein's anomaly]], [[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome]], [[hypertension]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[Lev's disease]], [[myocardial bridging]], [[myocarditis]], [[PR interval|normal variants]], [[Aortic valve replacement|post aortic valve  replacement]], [[catheter ablation|post catheter ablation for arrhythmias]], [[ventricular septal defect surgery|post closure of a ventricular septal defect]], [[mitral valve replacement|post mitral valve replacement]], [[tetralogy of Fallot]], [[endocardial cushion defect]], [[transposition of the great vessels]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[VSD]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amiodarone]], [[beta-blockers]], [[digitalis]], [[calcium channel blockers]], [[cholinesterase inhibitor|cholinesterase inhibitors]], [[disopyramide]], [[dofetilide]], [[dolasetron]], [[donepezil]], [[eslicarbazepine acetate]], [[fesoterodine]], [[fingolimod]], [[flecainide]], [[ibutilide]], [[lacosamide]], [[magnesium]], [[paliperidone]], [[procainamide]], [[propafenone]], [[propoxyphene]], [[quinidine]], [[sotalol]], [[terodiline]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amiodarone]], [[beta-blockers]], [[digitalis]], [[calcium channel blockers]], [[cholinesterase inhibitor|cholinesterase inhibitors]], [[disopyramide]], [[dofetilide]], [[dolasetron]], [[donepezil]], [[eslicarbazepine acetate]], [[fesoterodine]], [[fingolimod]], [[flecainide]], [[ibutilide]], [[lacosamide]], [[magnesium]], [[paliperidone]], [[pramipexole]], [[procainamide]], [[propafenone]], [[propoxyphene]], [[quinidine]], [[sotalol]], [[terodiline]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]], [[Fabry disease]], [[glycogenosis type 2b]], hereditary neuromuscular neurodegenerative disease, [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]], [[Fabry disease]], [[glycogenosis type 2b]], [[Neuromuscular disease|hereditary neuromuscular disease]], [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Multiple myeloma]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Multiple myeloma]] [[Lymphoma]]<ref name="pmid27200273">{{cite journal |vauthors=Menicagli F, Lanza A, Sbrocca F, Baldi A, Spugnini EP |title=A case of advanced second-degree atrioventricular block in a ferret secondary to lymphoma |journal=Open Vet J |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=68–70 |date=2016 |pmid=27200273 |pmc=4833871 |doi=10.4314/ovj.v6i1.10 |url=}}</ref>
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute rheumatic fever]], [[Chagas disease]], [[diphtheria]], [[Lyme disease]], [[myocarditis]], neonatal lupus syndrome, [[protozoa|protozoal infection]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[SLE]], [[tuberculosis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute rheumatic fever]], [[Chagas disease]], [[diphtheria]], [[Lyme disease]], [[myocarditis]], [[neonatal lupus erythematosus]], [[protozoa|protozoal infection]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[SLE]], [[tuberculosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], hereditary neuromuscular heredodegenerative disease, [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]], [[mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial genome inherited conditions]], [[muscular dystrophy]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[Neuromuscular disease|hereditary neuromuscular disease]], [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]], [[mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial genome inherited conditions]], [[muscular dystrophy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Vasovagal syncope#Cardioinhibitory Response|Enhanced vagal tone]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Amyloidosis]], [[degenerative diseases]], enhanced [[vagus nerve|vagal tone]] (for example in athletes), normal variants, [[pain]], [[sleep ]], [[trauma]]
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Amyloidosis]], [[degenerative diseases]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
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{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
* [[Acute  myocardial infarction]]
* [[Acute  myocardial infarction]]
* [[Acute rheumatic fever]]
* [[Acute rheumatic fever]]
* [[Amyloidosis]]
* [[Amyloidosis]]
* [[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
* [[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
* [[ASD]]
* [[ASD]]
* [[Bacterial endocarditis]]
* [[Bacterial endocarditis]]
* [[Beta-blockers]]
* [[Beta-blockers]]
* [[Calcific aortic stenosis]]
* [[Calcific aortic stenosis]]
* [[Calcium channel blockers]]
* [[Calcium channel blockers]]
* [[Cardiac glycosides]]
* [[Cardiac glycosides]]
* [[Cardiac tumors]]
* [[Cardiac tumors]]
* [[Chagas disease]]
* [[Chagas disease]]
* [[Cholinesterase inhibitors]]
* [[Cholinesterase inhibitors]]
* [[Clonidine]]
* [[Clonidine]]
* [[Degenerative diseases]]
* [[Degenerative diseases]]
* [[Dermatomyositis]]
* [[Dermatomyositis]]
* [[Digitalis]]
* [[Digitalis]]
* [[Digoxin]]
* [[Digoxin]]
* [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Diltiazem]]
* [[Diltiazem]]
* [[Diphtheria]]
* [[Diphtheria]]
* [[Disopyramide]]
* [[Disopyramide]]
* [[Dolasetron]]
* [[Dolasetron]]
* [[Donepezil]]
* [[Donepezil]]
* [[Drugs]]
* [[Ebstein anomaly]]
* [[Ebstein's anomaly]]
* [[Ebstein's anomaly]]
* [[Electrolyte disturbances]]
* [[Electrolyte disturbances]]
 
* [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
* [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]], [[sex linkage|x-linked]]
 
* [[Endocarditis]]
* [[Endocarditis]]
 
* [[vagus nerve|Enhanced vagal tone in athletes]]  
* Enhanced [[vagus nerve|vagal tone]] in  athletes
{{col-break|width=33%}}
 
* [[Eslicarbazepine acetate]]
* [[Eslicarbazepine acetate]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
* [[Fabry disease]]
* [[Fabry disease]]
* [[Fesoterodine]]
* [[Fesoterodine]]
* [[Fingolimod]]
* [[Fingolimod]]
* [[Glycogenosis type 2b]]
* [[Glycogenosis type 2b]]
* [[HCM]]
* [[HCM]]
 
* [[Neuromuscular disease|Hereditary neuromuscular disease]]
* Hereditary neuromuscular neurodegenerative disease
 
* [[Hodgkin lymphoma]]
* [[Hodgkin lymphoma]]
* [[Hyperkalaemia]]
* [[Hyperkalaemia]]
* [[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|Hypersensitive carotid  sinus syndrome]]
* [[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|Hypersensitive carotid  sinus syndrome]]
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
* [[Hypokalaemia]]
* [[Hypokalaemia]]
* [[Hypothermia]]
* [[Hypothermia]]
* [[Ibutilide]]
* [[Ibutilide]]
 
* [[Ischemic heart disease]]
* Idiopathic bilateral bundle  branch fibrosis
 
* Idiopathic progressive  cardiac conduction disease
 
* [[Ischaemic heart disease]]
 
* [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
* [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
* [[Labetalol]]
* [[Labetalol]]
* [[Lacosamide]]
* [[Lacosamide]]
* [[Lanatoside C]]
* [[Lanatoside C]]
* [[Lenegre's disease]]
* [[Lenegre's disease]]
* [[Lev's disease]]
* [[Lev's disease]]
* [[Lyme disease]]
* [[Lyme disease]]
* [[Mitochondrial DNA|Mitochondrial genome inherited conditions]]
* [[Mitochondrial DNA|Mitochondrial genome inherited conditions]]
* [[Multiple myeloma]]
* [[Multiple myeloma]]
* [[Muscular dystrophy]]
* [[Muscular dystrophy]]
* [[Myocardial bridging]]
* [[Myocardial bridging]]
* [[Myocarditis]]
* [[Myocarditis]]
* [[Myotonic dystrophy]]
* [[Myotonic dystrophy]]
* [[Myxedema]]
* [[Myxedema]]
* Neonatal lupus syndrome
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
 
* [[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]]
* Normal variants of PR  prolongation
* [[prolonged PR interval|Normal variants of PR prolongation]]
 
* [[Paget disease]]
 
* [[Pain]]
 
* [[Paliperidone]]
* [[Paliperidone]]
 
* [[aortic valve  replacement|Post aortic valve replacement]]
* [[aortic valve  replacement|Post aortic valve replacement ]]
 
* [[catheter ablation|Post catheter ablation for  arrhythmias]]
* [[catheter ablation|Post catheter ablation for  arrhythmias]]
* [[Ventricular septal defect surgery|Post closure of a  ventricular septal defect]]
* [[Ventricular septal defect surgery|Post closure of a  ventricular septal defect]]
* [[mitral valve  replacement|Post mitral valve  replacement]]
* [[mitral valve  replacement|Post mitral valve  replacement]]
 
* [[Procainamide]]
* [[Procainamide ]]
 
* [[Propoxyphene]]
* [[Propoxyphene]]
* [[Propranolol]]
* [[Propranolol]]
* [[Protozoa|Protozoal infection]]
* [[Protozoa|Protozoal infection]]
* [[Quinidine]]
* [[Quinidine]]
* [[Quinine]]
* [[Quinine]]
* [[Rheumatic fever|Rheumatic mitral valve disease]]
* [[Rheumatic fever|Rheumatic mitral valve disease]]
* [[Sarcoidosis]]
* [[Sarcoidosis]]
* [[SLE]]
* [[SLE]]
* [[Sleep ]]
* [[Systemic sclerosis]]
* [[Systemic sclerosis]]
* [[Terodiline]]
* [[Terodiline]]
 
* [[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
* [[Tetralogy of fallot]]
* [[periodic  paralysis|Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]]
 
* [[periodic  paralysis|Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]]
 
* [[Tolterodine]]
* [[Tolterodine]]
 
* [[Transposition of the great vessels]]
* [[Transposition of the great vessels]]
 
* [[Trauma]]
 
* [[vagus nerve|Vagal maneuvers]]
* [[vagus nerve|Vagal maneuvers]]
 
* [[Valsalva maneuvers]]
* [[Valsalva manouevre]]
 
* [[Valvular heart disease]]
* [[Valvular heart disease]]
* [[Verapamil]]
* [[Verapamil]]
* [[VSD]]
* [[VSD]]
* [[sex linkage|X-linked inherited  conditions]]
* [[sex linkage|X-linked inherited  conditions]]
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
===Contraindicated medications===
{{MedCondContrAbs
|MedCond = Second degree AV block (except in [[patients]] with a functioning artificial [[pacemaker]])<ref name="pmid26115830">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brignole M, Deharo JC, Guieu R |title=Syncope and Idiopathic (Paroxysmal) AV Block |journal=Cardiol Clin |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=441–7 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26115830 |doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2015.04.012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11229299">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kelkar PN |title=Atenolol induced high grade AV block |journal=J Assoc Physicians India |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=748, 751 |date=August 1998 |pmid=11229299 |doi= |url=}}</ref>|Adenosine|Atenolol|Betaxolol|Bisoprolol|Brimonidine tartrate and Timolol maleate|Carteolol|Diltiazem|Disopyramide|Dronedarone|Fingolimod|Flecainide|Metoprolol|Mexiletine|Nadolol|Nebivolol|Penbutolol|Pindolol|Propranolol|Sotalol|Timolol|Labetalol}}<ref name="pmid15234417">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zeltser D, Justo D, Halkin A, Rosso R, Ish-Shalom M, Hochenberg M, Viskin S |title=Drug-induced atrioventricular block: prognosis after discontinuation of the culprit drug |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=105–8 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15234417 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2004.03.057 |url=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 05:40, 12 July 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Mahmoud Sakr, M.D. [3]

Overview

Common causes of second degree AV block include acute myocardial ischemia or infarction, infiltrative diseases, collagen vascular disease, surgical trauma, endocrine abnormalities, autonomic effects, neuromuscular disorders, and medications.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening conditions can result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated[1].

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Acute myocardial infarction, acute rheumatic fever, ASD, dilated cardiomyopathy, Ebstein's anomaly, hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome, hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Lev's disease, myocardial bridging, myocarditis, normal variants, post aortic valve replacement, post catheter ablation for arrhythmias, post closure of a ventricular septal defect, post mitral valve replacement, tetralogy of Fallot, endocardial cushion defect, transposition of the great vessels, valvular heart disease, VSD
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Amiodarone, beta-blockers, digitalis, calcium channel blockers, cholinesterase inhibitors, disopyramide, dofetilide, dolasetron, donepezil, eslicarbazepine acetate, fesoterodine, fingolimod, flecainide, ibutilide, lacosamide, magnesium, paliperidone, pramipexole, procainamide, propafenone, propoxyphene, quinidine, sotalol, terodiline
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Hyperthyroidism, myxedema, thyrotoxic periodic paralysis
Environmental Hypothermia
Gastroenterologic Hemochromatosis
Genetic Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, Fabry disease, glycogenosis type 2b, hereditary neuromuscular disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome
Hematologic Multiple myeloma Lymphoma[6]
Iatrogenic Post aortic valve replacement, post catheter ablation for arrhythmias, post closure of a ventricular septal defect, post mitral valve replacement
Infectious Disease Acute rheumatic fever, Chagas disease, diphtheria, Lyme disease, myocarditis, neonatal lupus erythematosus, protozoal infection, sarcoidosis, SLE, tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Ankylosing spondylitis, hereditary neuromuscular disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, mitochondrial genome inherited conditions, muscular dystrophy
Neurologic Enhanced vagal tone
Nutritional / Metabolic Fabry disease, glycogenosis type 2b
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Multiple myeloma
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
Renal / Electrolyte Hyperkalemia, hypokalemia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Ankylosing spondylitis, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, SLE
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Amyloidosis, degenerative diseases

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Contraindicated medications

Second degree AV block (except in patients with a functioning artificial pacemaker)[7][8] is considered an absolute contraindication to the use of the following medications:

References

  1. ↑ Mangi MA, Jones WM, Napier L. PMID 29493981. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ↑ Misumida N, Ogunbayo GO, Kim SM, Abdel-Latif A, Ziada KM, Elayi CS (November 2018). "Frequency and Significance of High-Degree Atrioventricular Block and Sinoatrial Node Dysfunction in Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction". Am. J. Cardiol. 122 (10): 1598–1603. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.08.001. PMID 30227965.
  3. ↑ Barold SS, Herweg B (December 2012). "Second-degree atrioventricular block revisited". Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol. 23 (4): 296–304. doi:10.1007/s00399-012-0240-8. PMID 23224264.
  4. ↑ Kamatani T, Akizuki A, Kondo S, Shirota T (Fall 2016). "Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block Occurring After Tooth Extraction". Anesth Prog. 63 (3): 156–9. doi:10.2344/15-00042.1. PMC 5011958. PMID 27585419.
  5. ↑ Wogan JM, Lowenstein SR, Gordon GS (1993). "Second-degree atrioventricular block: Mobitz type II". J Emerg Med. 11 (1): 47–54. doi:10.1016/0736-4679(93)90009-v. PMID 8445186.
  6. ↑ Menicagli F, Lanza A, Sbrocca F, Baldi A, Spugnini EP (2016). "A case of advanced second-degree atrioventricular block in a ferret secondary to lymphoma". Open Vet J. 6 (1): 68–70. doi:10.4314/ovj.v6i1.10. PMC 4833871. PMID 27200273.
  7. ↑ Brignole M, Deharo JC, Guieu R (August 2015). "Syncope and Idiopathic (Paroxysmal) AV Block". Cardiol Clin. 33 (3): 441–7. doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2015.04.012. PMID 26115830.
  8. ↑ Kelkar PN (August 1998). "Atenolol induced high grade AV block". J Assoc Physicians India. 46 (8): 748, 751. PMID 11229299.
  9. ↑ Zeltser D, Justo D, Halkin A, Rosso R, Ish-Shalom M, Hochenberg M, Viskin S (July 2004). "Drug-induced atrioventricular block: prognosis after discontinuation of the culprit drug". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44 (1): 105–8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.03.057. PMID 15234417.


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