Rift valley fever prevention: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 16:17, 17 July 2021

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aakash Hans, MD [2]

Overview

Prevention of Rift valley fever is key for African nations because of the deep socio-economic impact the disease has in these areas. The loss of livestock and subsequent infections in humans catering to these animals has reverberating affects for that areas economies. The mainstay of prevention is to avoid exposure to animals exhibiting symptoms of infection and to reduce mosquito breeding around livestock and farms.

Prevention

Primary Prevention

Avoiding exposure to infected or unwell livestock.
Separating and isolating animals with symptoms from the rest of the herd will help in curtailing the spread amongst the animals, which in turn will decrease the risk of transmission of the virus from animals to humans.
Effective mosquito control is pertinent in reducing transmission to humans.
Many vaccines have been developed over the course of history, with the major challenge being, formulating a one-shot vaccine for livestock. Few vaccines are undergoing testing to gain approval for use in animals. ^[1]

Secondary prevention

There are no established measures for secondary prevention of this disease.

References

↑ Njenga MK, Njagi L, Thumbi SM, et al. Randomized controlled field trial to assess the immunogenicity and safety of rift valley fever clone 13 vaccine in livestock. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2015 Mar;9(3):e0003550.

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[1] Njenga MK, Njagi L, Thumbi SM, et al. Randomized controlled field trial to assess the immunogenicity and safety of rift valley fever clone 13 vaccine in livestock. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2015 Mar;9(3):e0003550.

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Rift valley fever}}
-{{CMG}}
+{{CMG}}{{AE}} {{AAH}}
+==Overview==
+Prevention of [[Rift valley fever]] is key for African nations because of the deep socio-economic impact the disease has in these areas. The loss of livestock and subsequent [[Infection|infections]] in humans catering to these animals has reverberating affects for that areas economies. The mainstay of prevention is to avoid exposure to animals exhibiting symptoms of infection and to reduce mosquito breeding around livestock and farms.
 ==Prevention==
-A person's chances of becoming infected can be reduced by taking measures to decrease contact with mosquitoes and other bloodsucking insects through the use of mosquito repellents and bednets. Avoiding exposure to blood or tissues of animals that may potentially be infected is an important protective measure for persons working with animals in RVF-endemic areas.
+===Primary Prevention===
+*Avoiding exposure to infected or unwell livestock.
+*Separating and isolating animals with symptoms from the rest of the herd will help in curtailing the spread amongst the animals, which in turn will decrease the risk of [[Transmission (medicine)|transmission]] of the virus from animals to humans.
+*Effective [[Mosquito|mosquito]] control is pertinent in reducing transmission to humans.
+*Many [[Vaccine|vaccines]] have been developed over the course of history, with the major challenge being, formulating a one-shot vaccine for livestock. Few vaccines are undergoing testing to gain approval for use in animals. <ref>Njenga MK, Njagi L, Thumbi SM, et al. Randomized controlled field trial to assess the immunogenicity and safety of rift valley fever clone 13 vaccine in livestock. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2015 Mar;9(3):e0003550.</ref>
-'''Measures to prevent bites from mosquitoes, ticks, fleas and other insects and arthropods:'''
+===Secondary prevention===
+There are no established measures for secondary prevention of this disease.
-To reduce the possibility of being bitten by insects or arthropods that can transmit diseases (vector-borne), such as malaria, dengue, and tickborne encephalitis (TBE), you should―
-*Use an insect repellent on exposed skin to repel mosquitoes, ticks, fleas and other arthropods. EPA-registered repellents include products containing [[DEET]] (N,N-diethylmetatoluamide) and picaridin (KBR 3023). DEET concentrations of 30% to 50% are effective for several hours. Picaridin, available at 7% and 15 % concentrations, needs more frequent application.
-*DEET formulations as high as 50% are recommended for both adults and children over 2 months of age. Protect infants less than 2 months of age by using a carrier draped with mosquito netting with an elastic edge for a tight fit.
-*When using sunscreen, apply sunscreen first and then repellent. Repellent should be washed off at the end of the day before going to bed.
-*Wear long-sleeved shirts which should be tucked in, long pants, and hats to cover exposed skin. When you visit areas with ticks and fleas, wear boots, not sandals, and tuck pants into socks.
-*Inspect your body and clothing for ticks during outdoor activity and at the end of the day. Wear light-colored or white clothing so ticks can be more easily seen. Removing ticks right away can prevent some infections.
-*Apply permethrin-containing (e.g., Permanone) or other insect repellents to clothing, shoes, tents, mosquito nets, and other gear for greater protection. Permethrin is not labeled for use directly on skin. Most repellent is generally removed from clothing and gear by a single washing, but permethrin-treated clothing is effective for up to 5 washings.
-*Be aware that mosquitoes that transmit malaria are most active during twilight periods (dawn and dusk or in the evening).
-*Stay in air-conditioned or well-screened housing, and/ or sleep under an insecticide treated bed net. Bed nets should be tucked under mattresses and can be sprayed with a repellent if not already treated with an insecticide.
-*Daytime biters include mosquitoes that transmit [[dengue]] and [[chikungunya]] viruses and sand flies that transmit [[leishmaniasis]].
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
-[[Category:Needs content]]
+[[Category:Needs overview]]
 [[Category:Disease]]
-[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 [[Category:Viral diseases]]
 [[Category:Bunyaviruses]]