Ancylostomiasis natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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{{Ancylostomiasis}} | |||
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Kalpana Giri}} | |||
==Overview== | |||
The majority of the [[infected]] [[patients]] remain [[asymptomatic]]. The symptoms of [[ancylostomiasis]] typically develop by [[direct contact]] of the [[skin]] with [[contaminated soil]] and the [[fecal-oral route]]. The most common complications include: [[iron deficiency anemia]], in child: [[intellectual]] and [[cognitive]] [[development]], in pregnant women: [[severe anemia]], [[impaired growth]], [[severe anemia]], [[premature birth]], [[neonatal anemia]]. Prognosis is generally [[excellent]] with [[proper treatment]]. | |||
==Natural History== | ==Natural History== | ||
The symptoms of [[ancylostomiasis]] typically develop by [[direct contact]] of the [[skin]] with [[contaminated soil]] and the [[fecal-oral route]].<ref name="pmid31622567">{{cite journal| author=Ronquillo AC, Puelles LB, Espinoza LP, Sánchez VA, Luis Pinto Valdivia J| title=Ancylostoma duodenale as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a case report. | journal=Braz J Infect Dis | year= 2019 | volume= 23 | issue= 6 | pages= 471-473 | pmid=31622567 | doi=10.1016/j.bjid.2019.09.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31622567 }} </ref> | The symptoms of [[ancylostomiasis]] typically develop by [[direct contact]] of the [[skin]] with [[contaminated soil]] and the [[fecal-oral route]].<ref name="pmid31622567">{{cite journal| author=Ronquillo AC, Puelles LB, Espinoza LP, Sánchez VA, Luis Pinto Valdivia J| title=Ancylostoma duodenale as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a case report. | journal=Braz J Infect Dis | year= 2019 | volume= 23 | issue= 6 | pages= 471-473 | pmid=31622567 | doi=10.1016/j.bjid.2019.09.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31622567 }} </ref> | ||
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*[[Iron deficiency anemia]] due to [[chronic blood loss]] | *[[Iron deficiency anemia]] due to [[chronic blood loss]] | ||
Children with moderate and heavy intensity hookworm infections include:<ref name="pmid25821189">{{cite journal| author=Blair P, Diemert D| title=Update on prevention and treatment of intestinal helminth infections. | journal=Curr Infect Dis Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 17 | issue= 3 | pages= 465 | pmid=25821189 | doi=10.1007/s11908-015-0465-x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25821189 }} </ref> | Children with moderate and heavy intensity hookworm infections include:<ref name="pmid25821189">{{cite journal| author=Blair P, Diemert D| title=Update on prevention and treatment of intestinal helminth infections. | journal=Curr Infect Dis Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 17 | issue= 3 | pages= 465 | pmid=25821189 | doi=10.1007/s11908-015-0465-x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25821189 }} </ref> | ||
*[[ | *[[Impaired growth]] | ||
*deficits in [[intellectual]] and [[cognitive]] [[development]]. | *deficits in [[intellectual]] and [[cognitive]] [[development]]. | ||
Women especially pregnant infected with hookworms include: | Women especially pregnant infected with hookworms include: | ||
*[[ | *[[Severe anemia]] | ||
* | *Increased [[maternal morbidity]] and [[mortality]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Premature birth]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Neonatal anemia]] | ||
==Prognosis== | |||
Prognosis is generally [[excellent]] with [[proper treatment]] and [[mortality rate]] in the [[tropics]] is approximately 50-60,000 deaths per year. It causes significant [[morbidity]] in the form of [[chronic anemia]] and [[protein malnutrition]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.earthtym.net/ref-hookworms.htm |title=Hookworms: Ancylostoma spp. and Necator spp. |accessdate=2008-10-30| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081027170740/http://www.earthtym.net/ref-hookworms.htm| archivedate= 27 October 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="pmid18171264">{{cite journal| author=Diemert DJ, Bethony JM, Hotez PJ| title=Hookworm vaccines. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 46 | issue= 2 | pages= 282-8 | pmid=18171264 | doi=10.1086/524070 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18171264 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kalpana Giri, MBBS[2]
Overview
The majority of the infected patients remain asymptomatic. The symptoms of ancylostomiasis typically develop by direct contact of the skin with contaminated soil and the fecal-oral route. The most common complications include: iron deficiency anemia, in child: intellectual and cognitive development, in pregnant women: severe anemia, impaired growth, severe anemia, premature birth, neonatal anemia. Prognosis is generally excellent with proper treatment.
Natural History
The symptoms of ancylostomiasis typically develop by direct contact of the skin with contaminated soil and the fecal-oral route.[1]
Complication
The majority of the infected patients remain asymptomatic.[1] The most common complications include:
Children with moderate and heavy intensity hookworm infections include:[2]
- Impaired growth
- deficits in intellectual and cognitive development.
Women especially pregnant infected with hookworms include:
- Severe anemia
- Increased maternal morbidity and mortality
- Premature birth
- Neonatal anemia
Prognosis
Prognosis is generally excellent with proper treatment and mortality rate in the tropics is approximately 50-60,000 deaths per year. It causes significant morbidity in the form of chronic anemia and protein malnutrition.[3][4]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ronquillo AC, Puelles LB, Espinoza LP, Sánchez VA, Luis Pinto Valdivia J (2019). "Ancylostoma duodenale as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a case report". Braz J Infect Dis. 23 (6): 471–473. doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2019.09.002. PMID 31622567.
- ↑ Blair P, Diemert D (2015). "Update on prevention and treatment of intestinal helminth infections". Curr Infect Dis Rep. 17 (3): 465. doi:10.1007/s11908-015-0465-x. PMID 25821189.
- ↑ "Hookworms: Ancylostoma spp. and Necator spp". Archived from the original on 27 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-30.
- ↑ Diemert DJ, Bethony JM, Hotez PJ (2008). "Hookworm vaccines". Clin Infect Dis. 46 (2): 282–8. doi:10.1086/524070. PMID 18171264.