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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Infobox_Disease |
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| Name = Ancylostomiasis |
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| Image = |
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| Caption = |
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| DiseasesDB = 34500|
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|K|29|0|k|20}}-K29.7 |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|535.0}}-535.5 |
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| ICDO = |
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| OMIM = |
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| MedlinePlus = |
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| MeshID = |
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| }}
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| {{Ancylostomiasis}} | | {{Ancylostomiasis}} |
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| '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
| | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Kalpana Giri}} |
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| {{CMG}} | |
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| ==[[Ancylostomiasis overview|Overview]]== | | ==[[Ancylostomiasis overview|Overview]]== |
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| ==Case Studies== | | ==Case Studies== |
| [[Ancylostomiasis case study one|Case#1]] | | [[Ancylostomiasis case study one|Case#1]] |
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| ==Related Chapters==
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| ==Signs and symptoms==
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| In children (or adults) who walk barefoot, the hookworm can penetrate the sole
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| of the foot and cause a lesion. The larva will then begin to mature while it
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| moves towards the intestines. As in dogs, the hookworm will attach to the
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| intestinal wall. Humans who have become infected will show symptoms of
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| intestinal bleeding, abdominal pains, anemia, severe diarrhea and malnutrition.
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| <ref> {{cite web | url=http://www.essortment.com/all/hookwormdogshu_rdhu.htm |
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| title=Hookworms in dogs and humans | accessdate=2008-10-30 }} </ref>
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| As mentioned earlier larval migrans or as it is also known, creeping eruption,
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| is also a very uncomfortable symptom of this disease, and can also be caused
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| by invasion of hookworms from other animals such as cats and dogs. Because
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| they are in an abnormal host they do not mature to adults but instead migrate
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| through the skin until killed by the host's inflammatory response. This causes
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| local intense itching. Topical treatment with thiabendazole ointment is very
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| effective in controlling this condition.
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| ==Causes==
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| The infection is usually contracted by persons walking barefoot over
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| contaminated soil. In penetrating the skin, the larvae may cause an allergic
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| reaction. It is from the itchy patch at the site of entry that the early
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| infection gets its nickname "ground itch". Once larvae have broken through the skin,
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| they enter the bloodstream and are carried to the lungs (unlike ascarids,
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| however, hookworms do not usually cause pneumonia). The larvae migrate from
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| the lungs up the windpipe to be swallowed and carried back down to the
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| intestine. If humans come into contact with larvae of the dog hookworm or the
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| cat hookworm, or of certain other hookworms that do not infect humans, the
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| larvae may penetrate the skin. Sometimes, the larvae are unable to complete their
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| migratory cycle in humans. Instead, the larvae migrate just below the skin
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| producing snake-like markings. This is referred to as a creeping eruption or
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| cutaneous larva migrans.
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| <ref> {{cite web |
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| url=http://www.comeunity.com/adoption/health/parasites/hookworm-NIH.html |
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| title=Hookworm | accessdate=2008-10-30 }} </ref>
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| ==Diagnosis==
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| They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in humans.
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| * [[Ancylostoma brasiliensis]] causes [[cutaneous larva migrans]].
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| * [[Toxocara]] causes [[visceral larva migrans]].<ref> {{cite web | url=http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?larva+migrans | title=Definition: larva migrans | accessdate=2008-10-30 }} </ref>
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| ==Prevention==
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| Control of this parasite should be directed against reducing the level of
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| environmental contamination. Treatment of heavily infected individuals is one
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| way to reduce the source of contamination (one study has estimated that 60% of
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| the total worm burden resides in less than 10% of the population). Other
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| obvious methods are to improve access to [[sanitation]], e.g. [[toilets]], but also
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| convincing people to maintaining them in a clean, functional state, thereby making
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| them conducive to use.
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|
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| == Epidemiology ==
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| Hookworms still account for high proportion of
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| debilitating disease in the tropics and 50-60,000 deaths per year can be
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| attributed to this disease.
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| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.earthtym.net/ref-hookworms.htm |
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| title=Hookworms: Ancylostoma spp. and Necator spp. |
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| accessdate=2008-10-30| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081027170740/http://www.earthtym.net/ref-hookworms.htm| archivedate= 27 October 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
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| ==Treatment==
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| The drug of choice for the treatment of hookworm disease is [[mebendazole]] which
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| is effective against both species, and in addition, will remove the intestinal
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| worm Ascaris also, if present. The drug is very efficient, requiring only a
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| single dose and is inexpensive, the perfect drug. However, treatment requires
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| more than giving the anthelmintic, the patient should also receive dietary
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| supplements to improve their general level of health, in particular iron
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| supplementation is very important. Iron is an important constituent of a
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| multitude of enzyme systems involved in energy metabolism, DNA synthesis and
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| drug detoxification.
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| An infection of ''N. americanus'' parasites can be treated by using [[Imidazole|benzimidazoles]], [[albendazole]], and [[mebendazole]]. A blood transfusion may be necessary in severe cases of anemia. Light infections are usually left untreated in areas where reinfection is common. Iron supplements and a diet high in protein will speed the recovery process.<ref>"hookworm disease." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 06 Dec. 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/271350/hookworm-disease>.</ref> In a case study involving 56-60 men with ''[[Trichuris trichiura]]'' and/or ''N. americanus'' infections, both albendazole and mebendazole were 90% effective in curing ''T. trichiura''. However, albendazole had a 95% cure rate for ''N. americanus'', while mebendazole only had a 21% cure rate. This suggests albendazole is most effective for treating both ''T. trichiura'' and ''N. americanus''.<ref> Holzer, B. R.; and Frey, F. J. (February 1987). "Differential efficacy of mebendazole and albendazole against Necator americanus but not for Trichuris trichiura infestations". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 32 (6): 635-637. http://www.springerlink.com/content/k000065915k70257/</ref>
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| ==Gallery==
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| <gallery>
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| Image: Hookworm07.jpeg| Unstained micrograph of the Ancylostoma duodenale hookworm's mouth parts; Mag. 125X. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
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| Image: Hookworm05.jpeg| This enlargement shows hookworms, Ancylostoma caninum attached to the intestinal mucosa. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
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| Image: Hookworm04.jpeg| Micrograph depicting the tail tip of a Strongyloides filariform infective stage larvae on the left, and a hookworm on the right. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
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| Image: Hookworm03.jpeg| This micrograph depicts a hookworm (Lt), and a Strongyloides (Rt) filariform infective stage larvae. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
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| Image: Hookworm01.jpeg| This child with hookworm shows visible signs of edema, and was diagnosed with anemia as well. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
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| Image: Hookworm06.jpeg| The human hookworms include two nematode (roundworm) species, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
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| Image: Hookworm02.jpeg| Diagram depicting the various stages in the life cycle of the Strongyloides stercoralis nematode. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
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| </gallery>
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:Parasitic diseases]]
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| {{WH}}
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| {{WS}}
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