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{{Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis}} | {{Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{MMJ}} | ||
==Overview== | |||
Common risk factors in the development and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis largely remain unknown. | |||
Other common risk factors associated include: [[Age]], Smoking, [[oxidative stress]]. | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
* | ===Common Risk Factors=== | ||
* | |||
* | *Common risk factors in the development of [Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis] include: | ||
* | **Smoking | ||
***Cigarette smoke might be considered an established risk factor for Sporadic Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (level A rating, 3 class II studies, 1 cl<nowiki/>ass III study).<ref name="pmid19917993">{{cite journal| author=Armon C| title=Smoking may be considered an established risk factor for sporadic ALS. | journal=Neurology | year= 2009 | volume= 73 | issue= 20 | pages= 1693-8 | pmid=19917993 | doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c1df48 | pmc=2788806 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19917993 }}</ref> | |||
**Chemical exposure | |||
***ALS has shown an association with exposure to agricultural chemicals such as pesticides, [[fertilizers]], [[herbicide]]s, [[insecticides]], and [[formaldehyde]].<ref name="pmid8573965">{{cite journal| author=Welty DF, Schielke GP, Rothstein JD| title=Potential treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with gabapentin: a hypothesis. | journal=Ann Pharmacother | year= 1995 | volume= 29 | issue= 11 | pages= 1164-7 | pmid=8573965 | doi=10.1177/106002809502901118 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8573965 }} </ref> | |||
***Among all the [[heavy metals]] that might be associated with ALS, [[lead]] exposure seems to be studied the most possibly due to the ALS-like symptoms experienced by people exposed to high concentrations of [[lead]].<ref name="pmid11964933">{{cite journal| author=Kamel F, Umbach DM, Munsat TL, Shefner JM, Hu H, Sandler DP| title=Lead exposure and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | journal=Epidemiology | year= 2002 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 311-9 | pmid=11964933 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11964933 }} </ref> | |||
**[[Radiation]] | |||
**[[Diet]] | |||
***High level of [[glutamate]] and fat can have adverse effects on ALS patients while [[Omega 3]] fatty acids, [[Vitamin E]], and [[fiber]] can have defensive impact.<ref name="pmid18300717">{{cite journal| author=Morozova N, Weisskopf MG, McCullough ML, Munger KL, Calle EE, Thun MJ et al.| title=Diet and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | journal=Epidemiology | year= 2008 | volume= 19 | issue= 2 | pages= 324-37 | pmid=18300717 | doi=10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181632c5d | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18300717 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16648143">{{cite journal| author=Veldink JH, Kalmijn S, Groeneveld GJ, Wunderink W, Koster A, de Vries JH et al.| title=Intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E reduces the risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 2007 | volume= 78 | issue= 4 | pages= 367-71 | pmid=16648143 | doi=10.1136/jnnp.2005.083378 | pmc=2077791 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16648143 }} </ref> | |||
**Genetic causes<ref name="pmid25361581">{{cite journal| author=Deivasigamani S, Verma HK, Ueda R, Ratnaparkhi A, Ratnaparkhi GS| title=A genetic screen identifies Tor as an interactor of VAPB in a Drosophila model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | journal=Biol Open | year= 2014 | volume= 3 | issue= 11 | pages= 1127-38 | pmid=25361581 | doi=10.1242/bio.201410066 | pmc=4232771 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25361581 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{ | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category: (name of the system)]] | |||
Latest revision as of 13:59, 14 September 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis largely remain unknown. Other common risk factors associated include: Age, Smoking, oxidative stress.
Risk Factors
Common Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of [Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis] include:
- Smoking
- Cigarette smoke might be considered an established risk factor for Sporadic Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (level A rating, 3 class II studies, 1 class III study).[1]
- Chemical exposure
- ALS has shown an association with exposure to agricultural chemicals such as pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, and formaldehyde.[2]
- Among all the heavy metals that might be associated with ALS, lead exposure seems to be studied the most possibly due to the ALS-like symptoms experienced by people exposed to high concentrations of lead.[3]
- Radiation
- Diet
- Genetic causes[6]
- Smoking
References
- ↑ Armon C (2009). "Smoking may be considered an established risk factor for sporadic ALS". Neurology. 73 (20): 1693–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c1df48. PMC 2788806. PMID 19917993.
- ↑ Welty DF, Schielke GP, Rothstein JD (1995). "Potential treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with gabapentin: a hypothesis". Ann Pharmacother. 29 (11): 1164–7. doi:10.1177/106002809502901118. PMID 8573965.
- ↑ Kamel F, Umbach DM, Munsat TL, Shefner JM, Hu H, Sandler DP (2002). "Lead exposure and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Epidemiology. 13 (3): 311–9. PMID 11964933.
- ↑ Morozova N, Weisskopf MG, McCullough ML, Munger KL, Calle EE, Thun MJ; et al. (2008). "Diet and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Epidemiology. 19 (2): 324–37. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181632c5d. PMID 18300717.
- ↑ Veldink JH, Kalmijn S, Groeneveld GJ, Wunderink W, Koster A, de Vries JH; et al. (2007). "Intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E reduces the risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 78 (4): 367–71. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.083378. PMC 2077791. PMID 16648143.
- ↑ Deivasigamani S, Verma HK, Ueda R, Ratnaparkhi A, Ratnaparkhi GS (2014). "A genetic screen identifies Tor as an interactor of VAPB in a Drosophila model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Biol Open. 3 (11): 1127–38. doi:10.1242/bio.201410066. PMC 4232771. PMID 25361581.