Diabetic foot risk factors: Difference between revisions
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{{Diabetic foot}} | {{Diabetic foot}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Anahita}} | ||
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
There are numerous [[risk factors]] for [[diabetic foot]] development in a [[diabetes|diabetic]] [[patient]], such as poor [[blood sugar|glycaemic]] control, inappropriate [[foot]] care and [[foot]]wear, [[foot]] [[deformity|deformities]], [[peripheral arterial disease]], [[peripheral neuropathy]], history of previous [[foot]] [[ulcer]] or [[amputation]], [[infection]], high [[body mass index]], and poor socioeconomic status. Other [[Comorbidity|comorbidities]] such as [[hypertension]] and [[Lipoprotein disorders|dyslipidemia]] are also responsible [[risk factors]] for [[diabetic foot]] [[ulcer|ulceration]]. | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
===Common Risk Factors=== | ===Common Risk Factors=== | ||
*Common [[risk factors]] in the development of [[diabetic foot]] include:<ref name="pmid24355275">{{cite journal| author=Alavi A, Sibbald RG, Mayer D, Goodman L, Botros M, Armstrong DG | display-authors=etal| title=Diabetic foot ulcers: Part I. Pathophysiology and prevention. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2014 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 1.e1-18; quiz 19-20 | pmid=24355275 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2013.06.055 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24355275 }} </ref> | *Common [[risk factors]] in the development of [[diabetic foot]] include:<ref name="pmid24355275">{{cite journal| author=Alavi A, Sibbald RG, Mayer D, Goodman L, Botros M, Armstrong DG | display-authors=etal| title=Diabetic foot ulcers: Part I. Pathophysiology and prevention. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2014 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 1.e1-18; quiz 19-20 | pmid=24355275 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2013.06.055 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24355275 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12027925">{{cite journal| author=Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, Bath S, Every LC, Griffiths J | display-authors=etal| title=The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort. | journal=Diabet Med | year= 2002 | volume= 19 | issue= 5 | pages= 377-84 | pmid=12027925 | doi=10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00698.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12027925 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12755240">{{cite journal| author=Nyamu PN, Otieno CF, Amayo EO, McLigeyo SO| title=Risk factors and prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. | journal=East Afr Med J | year= 2003 | volume= 80 | issue= 1 | pages= 36-43 | pmid=12755240 | doi=10.4314/eamj.v80i1.8664 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12755240 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22981100">{{cite journal| author=Formosa C, Gatt A, Chockalingam N| title=Diabetic foot complications in Malta: prevalence of risk factors. | journal=Foot (Edinb) | year= 2012 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 294-7 | pmid=22981100 | doi=10.1016/j.foot.2012.08.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22981100 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10388963">{{cite journal| author=Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Stensel V, Forsberg RC, Davignon DR, Smith DG| title=A prospective study of risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer. The Seattle Diabetic Foot Study. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 1999 | volume= 22 | issue= 7 | pages= 1036-42 | pmid=10388963 | doi=10.2337/diacare.22.7.1036 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10388963 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9448554">{{cite journal| author=Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Vela SA, Quebedeaux TL, Fleischli JG| title=Practical criteria for screening patients at high risk for diabetic foot ulceration. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1998 | volume= 158 | issue= 2 | pages= 157-62 | pmid=9448554 | doi=10.1001/archinte.158.2.157 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9448554 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24293979">{{cite journal| author=Elsharawy MA, Hassan K, Alawad N, Kredees A, Almulhim A| title=Screening of diabetic foot in surgical inpatients: a hospital-based study in saudi arabia. | journal=Int J Angiol | year= 2012 | volume= 21 | issue= 4 | pages= 213-6 | pmid=24293979 | doi=10.1055/s-0032-1330230 | pmc=3578612 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24293979 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25685277">{{cite journal| author=Yazdanpanah L, Nasiri M, Adarvishi S| title=Literature review on the management of diabetic foot ulcer. | journal=World J Diabetes | year= 2015 | volume= 6 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-53 | pmid=25685277 | doi=10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.37 | pmc=4317316 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25685277 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22172474">{{cite journal| author=Lepäntalo M, Apelqvist J, Setacci C, Ricco JB, de Donato G, Becker F | display-authors=etal| title=Chapter V: Diabetic foot. | journal=Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg | year= 2011 | volume= 42 Suppl 2 | issue= | pages= S60-74 | pmid=22172474 | doi=10.1016/S1078-5884(11)60012-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22172474 }} </ref><ref name="pmid7729300">{{cite journal| author=McNeely MJ, Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Stensel VL, Reiber GE, Smith DG | display-authors=etal| title=The independent contributions of diabetic neuropathy and vasculopathy in foot ulceration. How great are the risks? | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 1995 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 216-9 | pmid=7729300 | doi=10.2337/diacare.18.2.216 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7729300 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10862318">{{cite journal| author=Viswanathan V, Shobhana R, Snehalatha C, Seena R, Ramachandran A| title=Need for education on footcare in diabetic patients in India. | journal=J Assoc Physicians India | year= 1999 | volume= 47 | issue= 11 | pages= 1083-5 | pmid=10862318 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10862318 }} </ref> | ||
**[[Foot]] [[deformity]] | **Poorly controlled [[diabetes mellitus]] (poor [[blood sugar|glycaemic]] control and high [[Glycosylated hemoglobin|HbA1c]]) | ||
**Prolonged [[diabetes mellitus]] (more than 10 years) | |||
**[[Old age]] | |||
**Poor [[foot]] care | |||
**[[Male]] gender | |||
**Previous history of [[foot]] [[ulcer]] | |||
**[[Foot]] [[deformity|deformities]] | |||
**[[Peripheral arterial disease]] | **[[Peripheral arterial disease]] | ||
**[[ | **High [[Anatomical terms of location|plantar]] pressure | ||
**[[Peripheral neuropathy]] | |||
**Impaired [[skin|cutaneous]] [[oxygen|oxygenation]] | |||
**History of previous [[amputation]] | **History of previous [[amputation]] | ||
**[[Infection]] | **[[Infection]] | ||
**Inappropriate [[foot]]wears | |||
**Bare [[foot]] walking (as it is a cultural practice in some nations) | |||
**Poor socioeconomic status | |||
**[[Hypertension|Diastolic hypertension]] | |||
**[[Lipoprotein disorders|Dyslipidemia]] | |||
**High [[body mass index]] ([[Body mass index|BMI]]) | |||
**Improper [[Nail (anatomy)|nail]] care | |||
**[[Burn]] | |||
**[[Smoking]] or [[Chewing tobacco|tobacco chewing]] | |||
**[[Alcohol]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Endocrinology]] | [[Category:Endocrinology]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Up to Date]] | ||
Latest revision as of 20:23, 17 September 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[2]
Overview
There are numerous risk factors for diabetic foot development in a diabetic patient, such as poor glycaemic control, inappropriate foot care and footwear, foot deformities, peripheral arterial disease, peripheral neuropathy, history of previous foot ulcer or amputation, infection, high body mass index, and poor socioeconomic status. Other comorbidities such as hypertension and dyslipidemia are also responsible risk factors for diabetic foot ulceration.
Risk Factors
Common Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of diabetic foot include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
- Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (poor glycaemic control and high HbA1c)
- Prolonged diabetes mellitus (more than 10 years)
- Old age
- Poor foot care
- Male gender
- Previous history of foot ulcer
- Foot deformities
- Peripheral arterial disease
- High plantar pressure
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Impaired cutaneous oxygenation
- History of previous amputation
- Infection
- Inappropriate footwears
- Bare foot walking (as it is a cultural practice in some nations)
- Poor socioeconomic status
- Diastolic hypertension
- Dyslipidemia
- High body mass index (BMI)
- Improper nail care
- Burn
- Smoking or tobacco chewing
- Alcohol
References
- ↑ Alavi A, Sibbald RG, Mayer D, Goodman L, Botros M, Armstrong DG; et al. (2014). "Diabetic foot ulcers: Part I. Pathophysiology and prevention". J Am Acad Dermatol. 70 (1): 1.e1–18, quiz 19-20. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.06.055. PMID 24355275.
- ↑ Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, Bath S, Every LC, Griffiths J; et al. (2002). "The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort". Diabet Med. 19 (5): 377–84. doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00698.x. PMID 12027925.
- ↑ Nyamu PN, Otieno CF, Amayo EO, McLigeyo SO (2003). "Risk factors and prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi". East Afr Med J. 80 (1): 36–43. doi:10.4314/eamj.v80i1.8664. PMID 12755240.
- ↑ Formosa C, Gatt A, Chockalingam N (2012). "Diabetic foot complications in Malta: prevalence of risk factors". Foot (Edinb). 22 (4): 294–7. doi:10.1016/j.foot.2012.08.008. PMID 22981100.
- ↑ Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Stensel V, Forsberg RC, Davignon DR, Smith DG (1999). "A prospective study of risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer. The Seattle Diabetic Foot Study". Diabetes Care. 22 (7): 1036–42. doi:10.2337/diacare.22.7.1036. PMID 10388963.
- ↑ Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Vela SA, Quebedeaux TL, Fleischli JG (1998). "Practical criteria for screening patients at high risk for diabetic foot ulceration". Arch Intern Med. 158 (2): 157–62. doi:10.1001/archinte.158.2.157. PMID 9448554.
- ↑ Elsharawy MA, Hassan K, Alawad N, Kredees A, Almulhim A (2012). "Screening of diabetic foot in surgical inpatients: a hospital-based study in saudi arabia". Int J Angiol. 21 (4): 213–6. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1330230. PMC 3578612. PMID 24293979.
- ↑ Yazdanpanah L, Nasiri M, Adarvishi S (2015). "Literature review on the management of diabetic foot ulcer". World J Diabetes. 6 (1): 37–53. doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.37. PMC 4317316. PMID 25685277.
- ↑ Lepäntalo M, Apelqvist J, Setacci C, Ricco JB, de Donato G, Becker F; et al. (2011). "Chapter V: Diabetic foot". Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 42 Suppl 2: S60–74. doi:10.1016/S1078-5884(11)60012-9. PMID 22172474.
- ↑ McNeely MJ, Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Stensel VL, Reiber GE, Smith DG; et al. (1995). "The independent contributions of diabetic neuropathy and vasculopathy in foot ulceration. How great are the risks?". Diabetes Care. 18 (2): 216–9. doi:10.2337/diacare.18.2.216. PMID 7729300.
- ↑ Viswanathan V, Shobhana R, Snehalatha C, Seena R, Ramachandran A (1999). "Need for education on footcare in diabetic patients in India". J Assoc Physicians India. 47 (11): 1083–5. PMID 10862318.