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{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AA}}{{NRM}} {{Maha}}
{{Syphilis}}
{{Syphilis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{LG}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Syphilis is a curable [[sexually transmitted disease]] caused by the ''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' [[spirochete]]. The route of transmission of syphilis is almost always by [[sexual]] contact, although there are examples of [[congenital syphilis]] via transmission from mother to child [[in utero]]. The signs and [[symptoms]] of syphilis are numerous; before the advent of [[serological testing]], precise [[diagnosis]] was very difficult.
The history and symptoms of syphilis depends on stage of disease. The hallmark of syphilis infection is painless [[chancre]]. A positive history of painless chancre on genitalia, and presence of risk factors such as unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, residence in highly prevalent area and previous history of sexually transmitted infections may be suggestive of syphilis infection. The most common symptoms of syphilis infection include painless [[chancre]] which progresses to [[ulcer]] with regional [[lymphadenopathy]] in primary syphilis. Secondary syphilis is characterized by [[rash]] and constitutional symptoms. Syphilis infection in tertiary syphilis can involve any organ system, hence named the "Great Imitator".<ref name="pmid10194456">{{cite journal| author=Singh AE, Romanowski B| title=Syphilis: review with emphasis on clinical, epidemiologic, and some biologic features. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 1999 | volume= 12 | issue= 2 | pages= 187-209 | pmid=10194456 | doi= | pmc=88914 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10194456  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21694502">{{cite journal| author=Carlson JA, Dabiri G, Cribier B, Sell S| title=The immunopathobiology of syphilis: the manifestations and course of syphilis are determined by the level of delayed-type hypersensitivity. | journal=Am J Dermatopathol | year= 2011 | volume= 33 | issue= 5 | pages= 433-60 | pmid=21694502 | doi=10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181e8b587 | pmc=3690623 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21694502  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17560432">{{cite journal| author=Wöhrl S, Geusau A| title=Clinical update: syphilis in adults. | journal=Lancet | year= 2007 | volume= 369 | issue= 9577 | pages= 1912-4 | pmid=17560432 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60895-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17560432  }} </ref>


==History & Symptoms==
== History and symptoms==
===Primary syphilis: Chancre===
The history and symptoms of syphilis according to the stage of disease are described below:<ref name="pmid10194456">{{cite journal| author=Singh AE, Romanowski B| title=Syphilis: review with emphasis on clinical, epidemiologic, and some biologic features. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 1999 | volume= 12 | issue= 2 | pages= 187-209 | pmid=10194456 | doi= | pmc=88914 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10194456  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21694502">{{cite journal| author=Carlson JA, Dabiri G, Cribier B, Sell S| title=The immunopathobiology of syphilis: the manifestations and course of syphilis are determined by the level of delayed-type hypersensitivity. | journal=Am J Dermatopathol | year= 2011 | volume= 33 | issue= 5 | pages= 433-60 | pmid=21694502 | doi=10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181e8b587 | pmc=3690623 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21694502  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17560432">{{cite journal| author=Wöhrl S, Geusau A| title=Clinical update: syphilis in adults. | journal=Lancet | year= 2007 | volume= 369 | issue= 9577 | pages= 1912-4 | pmid=17560432 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60895-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17560432  }} </ref>
*Single painless papule which rapidly progresses an ulcerated, indurated lesion
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
*Chancre is usually located on the penis,cervix, labia, anal canal, rectum or oral cavity
|+
*Regional lymphadenopathy accompanies primary lesion.
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Stage of syphilis}}
:*Onset within a week
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 500px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|History and symptoms}}
:*Lymph nodes are firm, painless, non-tender and non-suppurative
|-
*Primary chancre heals spontaneously within 4-6weeks; however, regional lymphadenopathy may persist for longer periods.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Primary syphilis'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*History of risk factors (MSM, unprotected sex, multiple sex partners)
*Onset within 3 weeks of contact


===Secondary syphilis: Condylomata Lata===
*[[Chancre]]:
*Develops 6-8weeks after the appearance of primary chancre.
:*Single painless firm raised [[papule]]
*Generalized systemic symptoms such as malaise, fatigue, headache and fever present.
:*Rapidly progresses to an ulcerated lesion
<gallery>
:*Usually located on the [[glans penis]], [[cervix]], [[labia]], anal canal, [[rectum]] or [[oral cavity]]
Image:Skin syphillis foot.jpg|Erruption on Sole of Foot Associated with Secondary Syphilis.
 
Image:Skin_syphillis1.jpg|Generalized (Maculo-Papular) Eruption Associated with Secondary Syphilis.
*Regional [[lymphadenopathy]]
Image:Skin syphillis hand2.jpg|Palmar Erruption Associated with Secondary Syphilis.
 
Image:Skin syphillis hand1.jpg|Palmar Erruption Associated with Secondary Syphilis.
*Heals spontaneously within 4-6 weeks; however, regional lymphadenopathy may persist for longer periods
</gallery>
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''Secondary syphilis'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Develops 6-8 weeks after the appearance of primary [[chancre]]
*Generalized systemic symptoms such as [[malaise]], [[fatigue]], [[headache]] and [[fever]] may be present
*Skin eruptions may be subtle and asymptomatic
*Classic:
:*Non-pruritic bilateral symmetrical mucocutaneous rash
:*Non-tender regional [[lymphadenopathy]]
:*Condylomata lata
:*Patchy [[alopecia]]
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Latent syphilis'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Previous history of chancre or rash
*Asymptomatic
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Tertiary syphilis'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Clinical manifestation of this stage depends on organ system involved:
 
'''Neurosyphilis'''
*[[Altered mental status]]
*[[Dementia]]
*Focal neurodeficit affecting hearing and vision
'''Cardiovascular syphilis'''
*[[Aortic Regurgitation]]
:*[[Dyspnea on exertion]]
:*[[Orthopnea]]
:*[[Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea]]
:*[[Palpitations]] (due to compensatory [[tachycardia]])
:*[[Chest pain]] (if [[left ventricular end diastolic pressure]] compromises coronary perfusion)
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
:*[[Dyspnea|Dyspnea on ordinary exertion]]
:*[[Fainting]]
:*[[Fatigue]]
:*[[Hemoptysis]] or frothy sputum
:*[[Nocturia]] or [[urination during the night]]
:*[[cough|Nocturnal cough]]
:*[[Orthopnea]] or [[sleeping on pillows]]
:*[[Palpitation]]s or [[extra heart beats]]
:*[[Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea]]
:*[[Shortness of breath]]
'''Gummatous lesions'''
*Presents with any organ system involved.  
*Nodular papular lesions in case of cutaneous [[gumma]].
|-
|}


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 00:29, 21 September 2021

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]Nate Michalak, B.A. Maha Jaffar Azhar, M.D.

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Overview

The history and symptoms of syphilis depends on stage of disease. The hallmark of syphilis infection is painless chancre. A positive history of painless chancre on genitalia, and presence of risk factors such as unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, residence in highly prevalent area and previous history of sexually transmitted infections may be suggestive of syphilis infection. The most common symptoms of syphilis infection include painless chancre which progresses to ulcer with regional lymphadenopathy in primary syphilis. Secondary syphilis is characterized by rash and constitutional symptoms. Syphilis infection in tertiary syphilis can involve any organ system, hence named the "Great Imitator".[1][2][3]

History and symptoms

The history and symptoms of syphilis according to the stage of disease are described below:[1][2][3]

Stage of syphilis History and symptoms
Primary syphilis
  • History of risk factors (MSM, unprotected sex, multiple sex partners)
  • Onset within 3 weeks of contact
  • Heals spontaneously within 4-6 weeks; however, regional lymphadenopathy may persist for longer periods
Secondary syphilis
  • Develops 6-8 weeks after the appearance of primary chancre
  • Generalized systemic symptoms such as malaise, fatigue, headache and fever may be present
  • Skin eruptions may be subtle and asymptomatic
  • Classic:
  • Non-pruritic bilateral symmetrical mucocutaneous rash
  • Non-tender regional lymphadenopathy
  • Condylomata lata
  • Patchy alopecia
Latent syphilis
  • Previous history of chancre or rash
  • Asymptomatic
Tertiary syphilis Clinical manifestation of this stage depends on organ system involved:

Neurosyphilis

Cardiovascular syphilis

Gummatous lesions

  • Presents with any organ system involved.
  • Nodular papular lesions in case of cutaneous gumma.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Singh AE, Romanowski B (1999). "Syphilis: review with emphasis on clinical, epidemiologic, and some biologic features". Clin Microbiol Rev. 12 (2): 187–209. PMC 88914. PMID 10194456.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Carlson JA, Dabiri G, Cribier B, Sell S (2011). "The immunopathobiology of syphilis: the manifestations and course of syphilis are determined by the level of delayed-type hypersensitivity". Am J Dermatopathol. 33 (5): 433–60. doi:10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181e8b587. PMC 3690623. PMID 21694502.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Wöhrl S, Geusau A (2007). "Clinical update: syphilis in adults". Lancet. 369 (9577): 1912–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60895-2. PMID 17560432.


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