Congestive heart failure echocardiography: Difference between revisions

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{{Congestive heart failure}}
{{Congestive heart failure}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{LG}};{{MehdiP}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{LG}};{{MehdiP}};{{EdzelCo}}


== Overview==
== Overview==
[[Echocardiography]] is commonly used to diagnose and monitor the progress of heart failure. This modality uses [[ultrasound]] to determine the [[stroke volume]] (SV, the amount of blood in the heart that exits the ventricles with each beat), the [[end-diastolic volume]] (EDV, the total amount of blood at the end of diastole), and the SV divided by the EDV, a value known as the ''[[ejection fraction]]'' (EF). In pediatrics, the [[shortening fraction]] is the preferred measure of systolic function.
[[Echocardiography]] is commonly used to diagnose and monitor the progression of [[heart failure]]. This modality uses [[ultrasound]] to determine the [[stroke volume]] ([[SV]], the amount of [[blood]] in the [[heart]] that exits the [[Ventricle|ventricles]] with each [[beat]]), the [[end-diastolic volume]] ([[EDV]], the total amount of [[blood]] at the end of [[diastole]]), and the [[SV]] divided by the [[EDV]], a value known as the ''[[ejection fraction]]'' (EF). In [[pediatrics]], the [[shortening fraction]] is the preferred measure of [[systolic function]].


==Abnormalities Detected / Evaluated on Echocardiography in Congestive Heart Failure==
==Abnormalities Detected / Evaluated on [[Echocardiography]] in [[Congestive Heart Failure]]==
The most useful diagnostic test in the evaluation of patients with or at risk for HF (eg, postacute MI) is a comprehensive 2-dimensional echocardiogram; coupled with Doppler flow studies, the transthoracic echocardiogram can identify abnormalities of myocardium, heart valves, and pericardium. Echocardiography can reveal subclinical HF and predict risk of subsequent events.<ref name="pmid19700135">{{cite journal |vauthors=Agha SA, Kalogeropoulos AP, Shih J, Georgiopoulou VV, Giamouzis G, Anarado P, Mangalat D, Hussain I, Book W, Laskar S, Smith AL, Martin R, Butler J |title=Echocardiography and risk prediction in advanced heart failure: incremental value over clinical markers |journal=J. Card. Fail. |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=586–92 |year=2009 |pmid=19700135 |doi=10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.03.002 |url=}}</ref>
The most useful [[diagnostic test]] in the evaluation of [[patients]] with or at risk for [[HF]] (eg, postacute MI) is a comprehensive [[Echocardiogram|2-dimensional echocardiogram]]; coupled with [[Doppler ultrasound|Doppler flow]] studies, the [[Echocardiogram|transthoracic echocardiogram]] can identify abnormalities of [[myocardium]], [[heart valves]], and [[pericardium]]. [[Echocardiography]] can detect subclinical [[HF]] and predict<ref name="pmid19700135">{{cite journal |vauthors=Agha SA, Kalogeropoulos AP, Shih J, Georgiopoulou VV, Giamouzis G, Anarado P, Mangalat D, Hussain I, Book W, Laskar S, Smith AL, Martin R, Butler J |title=Echocardiography and risk prediction in advanced heart failure: incremental value over clinical markers |journal=J. Card. Fail. |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=586–92 |year=2009 |pmid=19700135 |doi=10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.03.002 |url=}}</ref> risk of subsequent events.


LVEF is reduced, LV structure is abnormal, and other structural abnormalities are present that could account for the clinical presentation. This information should be  
[[Ejection fraction|LVEF]] is reduced, LV structure is abnormal, and other structural abnormalities are present that could account for the clinical presentation. This information should be  


Echocardiography can be used in the following ways:
[[Echocardiography]] can be used in the following ways:
* To evaluate left ventricular function and [[ejection fraction]] to distinguish [[systolic dysfunction]] with a low ejection fraction (<40%) from [[diastolic dysfunction]] with a preserved ejection fraction.
* To evaluate [[left ventricular function]] and [[ejection fraction]] to distinguish [[systolic dysfunction]] with a low [[ejection fraction]] (<40%) from [[diastolic dysfunction]] with a preserved [[ejection fraction]].
* LV structural abnormalities
* [[LV]] structural abnormalities
* To assess for the presence of regional wall motion abnormalities that would suggest an ischemic basis for the heart failure
* To assess for the presence of regional wall motion abnormalities that would suggest an [[ischemic]] basis for the [[heart failure]]
* Detection and quantification of [[mitral regurgitation]]
* Detection and quantification of [[mitral regurgitation]]
* Detection and quantification oof [[aortic stenosis]]  
* Detection and quantification oof [[aortic stenosis]]  
* Measurement of [[pulmonary artery pressure]]
* Measurement of [[Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure|pulmonary artery pressure]]
* Pericardial diseases such as [[cardiac tamponade]] can be rapidly diagnosed by echocardiography.
*[[Pericardial]] diseases such as [[cardiac tamponade]] can be rapidly diagnosed by [[echocardiography]].
* Echocardiography may also aid in deciding what treatments will help the patient, such as medication, insertion of an [[implantable cardioverter-defibrillator]] or [[cardiac resynchronization therapy]].
*[[Echocardiography]] may also aid in deciding what treatments will help the [[patient]], such as [[medication]], insertion of an [[implantable cardioverter-defibrillator]] or [[cardiac resynchronization therapy]].
Echocardiographic findings must be quantified, including numerical estimates of EF measurement, ventricular dimensions, wall thickness, calculations of ventricular volumes, and evaluation of chamber geometry and regional wall motion.  


Documentation of LVEF is an HF quality-of-care performance measure.<ref name="pmid16160201">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bonow RO, Bennett S, Casey DE, Ganiats TG, Hlatky MA, Konstam MA, Lambrew CT, Normand SL, Pina IL, Radford MJ, Smith AL, Stevenson LW, Burke G, Eagle KA, Krumholz HM, Linderbaum J, Masoudi FA, Ritchie JL, Rumsfeld JS, Spertus JA |title=ACC/AHA Clinical Performance Measures for Adults with Chronic Heart Failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Heart Failure Clinical Performance Measures): endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America |journal=Circulation |volume=112 |issue=12 |pages=1853–87 |year=2005 |pmid=16160201 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.170072 |url=}}</ref>
[[Echocardiographic]] findings must be quantified, including numerical estimates of [[Ejection fraction|EF]] measurement, [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricular]] dimensions, wall thickness, calculations of [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricular]] volumes, and evaluation of [[chamber]] geometry and regional [[wall motion]].  


Right ventricular size and function as well as atrial size and dimensions should also be measured.  
Documentation of [[Ejection fraction|LVEF]] is an [[HF]] quality-of-care performance measure.<ref name="pmid16160201">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bonow RO, Bennett S, Casey DE, Ganiats TG, Hlatky MA, Konstam MA, Lambrew CT, Normand SL, Pina IL, Radford MJ, Smith AL, Stevenson LW, Burke G, Eagle KA, Krumholz HM, Linderbaum J, Masoudi FA, Ritchie JL, Rumsfeld JS, Spertus JA |title=ACC/AHA Clinical Performance Measures for Adults with Chronic Heart Failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Heart Failure Clinical Performance Measures): endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America |journal=Circulation |volume=112 |issue=12 |pages=1853–87 |year=2005 |pmid=16160201 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.170072 |url=}}</ref>


All valves should be evaluated for anatomic and flow abnormalities.
[[Right ventricular]] size and function as well as [[atrial]] size and dimensions should also be measured.  


Many of these abnormalities are prognostically important and can be present without manifest HF.<ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL |title=2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=62 |issue=16 |pages=e147–239 |year=2013 |pmid=23747642 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 |url=}}</ref>
All [[valves]] should be evaluated for anatomic and flow abnormalities.


Serial echocardiographic evaluations are useful because evidence of cardiac reverse remodeling can provide important information in patients who have had a change in clinical status.
Many of these abnormalities are prognostically important and can be present without manifest [[HF]].<ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL |title=2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=62 |issue=16 |pages=e147–239 |year=2013 |pmid=23747642 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 |url=}}</ref>


==2013 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines(DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL |title=2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=62 |issue=16 |pages=e147–239 |year=2013 |pmid=23747642 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 |url=}}</ref>==
Serial [[echocardiographic]] evaluations are useful because evidence of [[cardiac]] reverse remodeling can provide important information in [[patients]] who have had a change in [[clinical]] status.


===Echocardiography in Patients Presenting With Heart Failure (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="Hunt"> Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202</ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref>===
== 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35363500  }} </ref> ==
 
===Evaluation With Cardiac Imaging 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35363500  }} </ref> ===


{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]


|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Two-dimensional [[echocardiography]] with [[Doppler echocardiography|Doppler]] should be performed during initial evaluation of patients presenting with [[heart failure]] to assess [[left ventricular ejection fraction]], left ventricular size, wall thickness, and valve function. Radionuclide [[ventriculography]] can be performed to assess [[left ventricular ejection fraction]] and volumes. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' In [[patients]] with suspected or newly diagnosed [[HF]], [[transthoracic echocardiography]] ([[TTE]]) should be performed during initial evaluation to assess [[cardiac]] structure and function. <ref name="pmid18848689">{{cite journal| author=Tribouilloy C, Rusinaru D, Mahjoub H, Goissen T, Lévy F, Peltier M| title=Impact of echocardiography in patients hospitalized for heart failure: a prospective observational study. | journal=Arch Cardiovasc Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 101 | issue= 7-8 | pages= 465-73 | pmid=18848689 | doi=10.1016/j.acvd.2008.06.012 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18848689  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C-LD]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' Repeat measurement of EF and measurement of the severity of structural remodeling are useful to provide information in patients with HF who have had a significant change in clinical status; who have experienced or recovered from a clinical event; or who have received treatment, including GDMT, that might have had a significant effect on cardiac function; or who may be candidates for device therapy.''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
|}


{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (No Benefit)
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
|-
 
| bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>Routine repeat measurement of LV function assessment in the absence of clinical status change or treatment interventions should not be performed.<ref name="pmid21349406">{{cite journal |vauthors=Douglas PS, Garcia MJ, Haines DE, Lai WW, Manning WJ, Patel AR, Picard MH, Polk DM, Ragosta M, Ward RP, Weiner RB |title=ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR 2011 Appropriate Use Criteria for Echocardiography. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Society of Echocardiography, American Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Endorsed by the American College of Chest Physicians |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=57 |issue=9 |pages=1126–66 |year=2011 |pmid=21349406 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.002 |url=}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''7.''' In [[patients]] with [[HF]] and [[coronary artery disease]] ([[CAD]]) who are candidates for [[coronary revascularization]], noninvasive [[stress imaging]] ([[stress echocardiography]], [[single-photon emission CT]] [SPECT], CMR, or [[positron emission tomography]] [PET] may be considered for detection of [[myocardial ischemia]] to help guide [[coronary revascularization]]. <ref name="pmid11923039">{{cite journal| author=Allman KC, Shaw LJ, Hachamovitch R, Udelson JE| title=Myocardial viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2002 | volume= 39 | issue= 7 | pages= 1151-8 | pmid=11923039 | doi=10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01726-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11923039  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19761983">{{cite journal| author=D'Egidio G, Nichol G, Williams KA, Guo A, Garrard L, deKemp R | display-authors=etal| title=Increasing benefit from revascularization is associated with increasing amounts of myocardial hibernation: a substudy of the PARR-2 trial. | journal=JACC Cardiovasc Imaging | year= 2009 | volume= 2 | issue= 9 | pages= 1060-8 | pmid=19761983 | doi=10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.02.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19761983  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23595888">{{cite journal| author=Ling LF, Marwick TH, Flores DR, Jaber WA, Brunken RC, Cerqueira MD | display-authors=etal| title=Identification of therapeutic benefit from revascularization in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: inducible ischemia versus hibernating myocardium. | journal=Circ Cardiovasc Imaging | year= 2013 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= 363-72 | pmid=23595888 | doi=10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.000138 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23595888  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25617608">{{cite journal| author=Orlandini A, Castellana N, Pascual A, Botto F, Cecilia Bahit M, Chacon C | display-authors=etal| title=Myocardial viability for decision-making concerning revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of non-randomized and randomized studies. | journal=Int J Cardiol | year= 2015 | volume= 182 | issue=  | pages= 494-9 | pmid=25617608 | doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.01.025 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25617608  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16198841">{{cite journal| author=Desideri A, Cortigiani L, Christen AI, Coscarelli S, Gregori D, Zanco P | display-authors=etal| title=The extent of perfusion-F18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography mismatch determines mortality in medically treated patients with chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2005 | volume= 46 | issue= 7 | pages= 1264-9 | pmid=16198841 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2005.06.057 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16198841  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence:B-NR]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
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==Sources==
==Sources==
*[https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/epub/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063.full.pdf 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines]<ref name="pmid35363499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW |title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=145 |issue=18 |pages=e895–e1032 |date=May 2022 |pmid=35363499 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063 |url=}} </ref>
*[http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/112/12/e154.full.pdf The ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult] <ref name="Hunt"> Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202</ref>
*[http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/112/12/e154.full.pdf The ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult] <ref name="Hunt"> Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202</ref>


*[http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/reprint/53/15/1343.pdf 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation] <ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref>
*[http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/reprint/53/15/1343.pdf 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation] <ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref>


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 20:47, 22 June 2022
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Surgical Therapy:

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ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations

Initial and Serial Evaluation of the HF Patient
Hospitalized Patient
Patients With a Prior MI
Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention
Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF
Patients at high risk for developing heart failure (Stage A)
Patients with cardiac structural abnormalities or remodeling who have not developed heart failure symptoms (Stage B)
Patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure (Stage C)
Patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D)
Coordinating Care for Patients With Chronic HF
Quality Metrics/Performance Measures

Implementation of Practice Guidelines

Congestive heart failure end-of-life considerations

Specific Groups:

Special Populations
Patients who have concomitant disorders
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Patient with CHF
NSTEMI with Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock

Congestive heart failure echocardiography On the Web

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Directions to Hospitals Treating Congestive heart failure echocardiography

Risk calculators and risk factors for Congestive heart failure echocardiography

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [2];Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [3];Edzel Lorraine Co, DMD, MD[4]

Overview

Echocardiography is commonly used to diagnose and monitor the progression of heart failure. This modality uses ultrasound to determine the stroke volume (SV, the amount of blood in the heart that exits the ventricles with each beat), the end-diastolic volume (EDV, the total amount of blood at the end of diastole), and the SV divided by the EDV, a value known as the ejection fraction (EF). In pediatrics, the shortening fraction is the preferred measure of systolic function.

Abnormalities Detected / Evaluated on Echocardiography in Congestive Heart Failure

The most useful diagnostic test in the evaluation of patients with or at risk for HF (eg, postacute MI) is a comprehensive 2-dimensional echocardiogram; coupled with Doppler flow studies, the transthoracic echocardiogram can identify abnormalities of myocardium, heart valves, and pericardium. Echocardiography can detect subclinical HF and predict[1] risk of subsequent events.

LVEF is reduced, LV structure is abnormal, and other structural abnormalities are present that could account for the clinical presentation. This information should be

Echocardiography can be used in the following ways:

Echocardiographic findings must be quantified, including numerical estimates of EF measurement, ventricular dimensions, wall thickness, calculations of ventricular volumes, and evaluation of chamber geometry and regional wall motion.

Documentation of LVEF is an HF quality-of-care performance measure.[2]

Right ventricular size and function as well as atrial size and dimensions should also be measured.

All valves should be evaluated for anatomic and flow abnormalities.

Many of these abnormalities are prognostically important and can be present without manifest HF.[3]

Serial echocardiographic evaluations are useful because evidence of cardiac reverse remodeling can provide important information in patients who have had a change in clinical status.

2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline (DO NOT EDIT) [4]

Evaluation With Cardiac Imaging 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline (DO NOT EDIT) [4]

Class I
"2. In patients with suspected or newly diagnosed HF, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) should be performed during initial evaluation to assess cardiac structure and function. [5] (Level of Evidence: C-LD) "
Class IIb
"7. In patients with HF and coronary artery disease (CAD) who are candidates for coronary revascularization, noninvasive stress imaging (stress echocardiography, single-photon emission CT [SPECT], CMR, or positron emission tomography [PET] may be considered for detection of myocardial ischemia to help guide coronary revascularization. [6][7][8][9][10] (Level of Evidence:B-NR) "

Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines

Echocardiography videos

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Sources

References

  1. ↑ Agha SA, Kalogeropoulos AP, Shih J, Georgiopoulou VV, Giamouzis G, Anarado P, Mangalat D, Hussain I, Book W, Laskar S, Smith AL, Martin R, Butler J (2009). "Echocardiography and risk prediction in advanced heart failure: incremental value over clinical markers". J. Card. Fail. 15 (7): 586–92. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.03.002. PMID 19700135.
  2. ↑ Bonow RO, Bennett S, Casey DE, Ganiats TG, Hlatky MA, Konstam MA, Lambrew CT, Normand SL, Pina IL, Radford MJ, Smith AL, Stevenson LW, Burke G, Eagle KA, Krumholz HM, Linderbaum J, Masoudi FA, Ritchie JL, Rumsfeld JS, Spertus JA (2005). "ACC/AHA Clinical Performance Measures for Adults with Chronic Heart Failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Heart Failure Clinical Performance Measures): endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America". Circulation. 112 (12): 1853–87. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.170072. PMID 16160201.
  3. ↑ Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL (2013). "2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 62 (16): e147–239. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019. PMID 23747642.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM; et al. (2022). "2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 145 (18): e876–e894. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062. PMID 35363500 Check |pmid= value (help).
  5. ↑ Tribouilloy C, Rusinaru D, Mahjoub H, Goissen T, Lévy F, Peltier M (2008). "Impact of echocardiography in patients hospitalized for heart failure: a prospective observational study". Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 101 (7–8): 465–73. doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2008.06.012. PMID 18848689.
  6. ↑ Allman KC, Shaw LJ, Hachamovitch R, Udelson JE (2002). "Myocardial viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis". J Am Coll Cardiol. 39 (7): 1151–8. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01726-6. PMID 11923039.
  7. ↑ D'Egidio G, Nichol G, Williams KA, Guo A, Garrard L, deKemp R; et al. (2009). "Increasing benefit from revascularization is associated with increasing amounts of myocardial hibernation: a substudy of the PARR-2 trial". JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2 (9): 1060–8. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.02.017. PMID 19761983.
  8. ↑ Ling LF, Marwick TH, Flores DR, Jaber WA, Brunken RC, Cerqueira MD; et al. (2013). "Identification of therapeutic benefit from revascularization in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: inducible ischemia versus hibernating myocardium". Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 6 (3): 363–72. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.000138. PMID 23595888.
  9. ↑ Orlandini A, Castellana N, Pascual A, Botto F, Cecilia Bahit M, Chacon C; et al. (2015). "Myocardial viability for decision-making concerning revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of non-randomized and randomized studies". Int J Cardiol. 182: 494–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.01.025. PMID 25617608.
  10. ↑ Desideri A, Cortigiani L, Christen AI, Coscarelli S, Gregori D, Zanco P; et al. (2005). "The extent of perfusion-F18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography mismatch determines mortality in medically treated patients with chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction". J Am Coll Cardiol. 46 (7): 1264–9. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.06.057. PMID 16198841.
  11. ↑ Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW (May 2022). "2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 145 (18): e895–e1032. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063. PMID 35363499 Check |pmid= value (help).
  12. ↑ Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202
  13. ↑ Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation 119 (14):1977-2016. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 PMID: 19324967

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