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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|057.8}} |}} | | ICD9 = {{ICD9|057.8}} |}} |
| {{Monkeypox}} | | {{Monkeypox}} |
| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Bassel}} |
| | __notoc__ |
| | ==[[Monkeypox overview|Overview]]== |
| | ==[[Monkeypox (patient information)|Patient Information]]== |
| | ==[[Monkeypox historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| | ==[[Monkeypox epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology & Demographics]]== |
| | ==[[Monkeypox risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| | ==[[Monkeypox screening|Screening]]== |
| | ==[[Monkeypox causes|Causes]]== |
| | ==[[Monkeypox differential diagnosis|Differentiating Monkeypox from other Diseases]]== |
| | ==[[Monkeypox natural history|Complications & Prognosis]]== |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| '''Monkeypox''' is a disease caused by the ''[[Monkeypox virus]]''. First identified in 1958 as a [[pathogen]] of [[cynomolgus monkey]]s, it is an [[orthopoxvirus]] with a clinical presentation similar to mild [[smallpox]].
| | [[Monkeypox history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Monkeypox physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Monkeypox laboratory tests|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Monkeypox chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Monkeypox CT|CT]] | [[Monkeypox MRI|MRI]] | [[Monkeypox echocardiography or ultrasound|Ultrasound]] |
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| '''Human monkeypox''' is a [[zoonotic]] viral disease that occurs primarily in remote villages of Central and Western [[Africa]] close to [[tropical rainforest]]s where there is frequent contact with infected animals. Monkeypox is usually transmitted to humans from [[rodent]]s, pets and [[primate]]s through contact with the animal's [[blood]] or through a bite.
| | ==Treatment== |
| | [[Monkeypox medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Monkeypox surgery|Surgery]] | [[Monkeypox primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Monkeypox secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Monkeypox future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| ==Epidemiology== | | ==External links== |
| In addition to monkeys, [[giant pouched rat]]s (''Cricetomys'' sp.), [[dormice]] (''[[Graphiurus]]'' sp.) and African squirrels (''[[Heliosciurus]]'', ''[[Funisciurus]]'') have all been implicated as reservoirs of the virus and their use as [[bushmeat]] may be an important means of transmission to humans.
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| Monkeypox is a disease first associated with human illness in [[Zaire]] and [[West Africa]] during 1970-1971. A second outbreak of human illness was identified in Zaire in 1996-1997. As of 2003, a small outbreak of human monkeypox in the [[United States]] appears to be in progress. | | *[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/factsheet.htm CDC - Monkeypox Fact Sheet] |
| | *[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/qa.htm CDC Questions and Answers About Monkeypox] |
| | *[http://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0048673/m0048673.asp CDC - Human Monkeypox -- Kasai Oriental, Zaire, 1996-1997] |
| | *[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no3/hutin.htm CDC - Outbreak of Human Monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997] |
| | *[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/report060903.htm CDC Preliminary Report: Multistate Outbreak of Monkeypox in Persons Exposed to Pet Prairie Dogs] |
| | *[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2002/MB_cgi?term=MONKEYPOX+VIRUS National Library of Medicine - Monkeypox virus] |
| | *[http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVDNApox.html Virology.net Picturebook: Monkeypox] |
| | *[http://articles.news.aol.com/news/_a/feds-collect-giant-rats-in-florida/20061129145309990012 Associated Press: Feds Collect Giant Rats in Florida] |
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| A second African focus of infection has been discovered in Sudan.<ref>{{cite journal | volume=355 | pages=962–63 | year=2006 | issue=9 | title=Discovery of monkeypox in Sudan. | author=Damon IK, Roth CE, Chowdhary V. |
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| url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/355/9/962 }}</ref>
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| ==Monkeypox disease in humans==
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| ===Symptoms and course===
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| In humans, monkeypox is similar to [[smallpox]], although it is often milder. Unlike smallpox, monkeypox causes [[lymph node]]s to swell (lymphadenopathy). The incubation period for monkeypox is about 12 days (range 7 to 17 days). The illness begins with [[fever]], headache, muscle aches, backache, swollen lymph nodes, a general feeling of discomfort, and exhaustion. Within 1 to 3 days (sometimes longer) after the appearance of fever, the patient develops a papular [[rash]] (i.e., raised bumps), often first on the face but sometimes initially on other parts of the body. The lesions usually develop through several stages before crusting and falling off.
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| [[Vaccination]] against smallpox, which is no longer routinely administered, also gives protection against the monkeypox virus. Limited person-to-person spread of infection has been reported in disease-endemic areas in Africa. Case-fatality ratios in Africa have ranged from 1% to 10% (for additional information about monkeypox, see [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no3/hutin.htm]).
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| ===Prevention and treatment===
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| Currently, there is no proven, safe treatment for monkeypox. Smallpox vaccine has been reported to reduce the risk of monkeypox among previously vaccinated persons in Africa. The [[United States]] [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) recommends that persons investigating monkeypox outbreaks and involved in caring for infected individuals or animals should receive a smallpox vaccination to protect against monkeypox. Persons who have had close or intimate contact with individuals or animals confirmed to have monkeypox should also be vaccinated. These persons can be vaccinated up to 14 days after exposure. CDC does not recommend preexposure vaccination for unexposed [[veterinarian]]s, veterinary staff, or animal control officers, unless such persons are involved in field investigations.
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| ===2003 U.S. outbreak===
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| As of June 7, 2003, cases of suspected monkeypox in the [[United States]] had been reported among residents of [[Wisconsin]] (18), northern [[Illinois]] (10), and northwestern [[Indiana]] (1). The disease stemmed from a giant [[Gambian pouch rat]] imported by a pet shop in [[Texas]] and is believed to have infected domesticated [[prairie dog]]s, which were then distributed by other outlets in the [[Midwest]]. Electron microscopy and serologic studies were used to confirm that the disease was human monkeypox.
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| By June 9, CDC officials said the number of suspected or confirmed cases was 22 in [[Wisconsin]], 10 in [[Indiana]], and five in [[Illinois]].
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| As of June 11, a total of 54 persons with suspected monkeypox had been reported in Wisconsin (20), Illinois (10), Indiana (23), and [[New Jersey]] (1). Monkeypox had been confirmed by laboratory tests in nine persons. At least 14 of the people with suspected monkeypox had been hospitalized for their illness; there have been no deaths related to the outbreak. The number of cases and states involved in the outbreak will likely change as the investigation continues. The CDC Web site has updates for this and other current information about the outbreak.
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| The onset of illness among patients in the United States began in early May 2003. Patients typically experienced a [[prodrome]] consisting of fever, headaches, [[myalgia]]s, chills, and drenching sweats. Roughly one-third of patients had nonproductive cough. This prodromal phase was followed 1-10 days later by the development of a papular rash that typically progressed through stages of vesiculation, pustulation, umbilication, and crusting. In some patients, early lesions have become ulcerated. Rash distribution and lesions have occurred on head, trunk, and extremities; many of the patients had initial and satellite lesions on palms and soles and extremities. Rashes were generalized in some patients. After onset of the rash, patients have generally manifested rash lesions in different stages. All patients reported direct or close contact with prairie dogs, most of which were sick. Illness in prairie dogs was frequently reported as beginning with a [[blepharoconjunctivitis]], progressing to presence of nodular lesions in some cases. Some prairie dogs have died from the illness, while others reportedly recovered.
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| ==References==
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| {{relist|2}}
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/factsheet.htm CDC - Monkeypox Fact Sheet]
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| * [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/qa.htm CDC Questions and Answers About Monkeypox]
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| * [http://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0048673/m0048673.asp CDC - Human Monkeypox -- Kasai Oriental, Zaire, 1996-1997]
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| * [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no3/hutin.htm CDC - Outbreak of Human Monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997]
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| * [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/report060903.htm CDC Preliminary Report: Multistate Outbreak of Monkeypox in Persons Exposed to Pet Prairie Dogs]
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| * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2002/MB_cgi?term=MONKEYPOX+VIRUS National Library of Medicine - Monkeypox virus]
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| * [http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVDNApox.html Virology.net Picturebook: Monkeypox]
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| * [http://articles.news.aol.com/news/_a/feds-collect-giant-rats-in-florida/20061129145309990012 Associated Press: Feds Collect Giant Rats in Florida]
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| [[Category:Viral diseases]] | | [[Category:Viral diseases]] |
| [[Category:Overview complete]] | | [[Category:Overview complete]] |
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| {{WikiDoc Sources}}
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