Bacterial pneumonia pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Streptococcus pneumoniae.jpg| | [[Image:Streptococcus pneumoniae.jpg|300x300px|thumb|The bacterium '''''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]''''', a common cause of pneumonia, photographed through an[[electron microscope]].]]__NOTOC__ | ||
{{Bacterial pneumonia}} | {{Bacterial pneumonia}} | ||
'''Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com] Phone:617-632-7753; [[Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H.]][mailto:pmarcus192@aol.com] | '''Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com] Phone:617-632-7753; [[Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H.]][mailto:pmarcus192@aol.com] '''Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[User:AroojNaz|Arooj Naz, M.B.B.S]]<br /> | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Causative [[bacteria]] can be inhaled from the surrounding environment but organisms are also commonly found within the [[upper respiratory tract]] of many individuals from where they can be directed towards the [[alveoli]]. Once in the [[bloodstream]] of the [[lungs]], the [[immune system]] triggers a response by mobilizing [[white blood cells]] into the affected area. [[Neutrophils]] and [[cytokine]] help in ridding the body of infectious organisms but also result in systemic symptoms such as [[fever]], [[chills]], and [[fatigue]]. If bacteria enters the systemic blood stream, [[sepsis]] may ensue and can involve other organs including the [[brain]], [[kidney]], and [[heart]]. | |||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
===Bacteria=== | ===Bacteria<ref name="pmid30485000">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=30485000 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>=== | ||
*Bacteria and fungi also typically enter the lung with inhalation, though they can reach the lung through the bloodstream if other parts of the body are infected. Most commonly, bacteria enter via [[aspiration]], but [[infection]] via [[hematogenous]] spread may also occur.<ref name="pmid30020693">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=30020693 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref> | |||
*Often, bacteria live in parts of the [[upper respiratory tract]] and are constantly being inhaled into the alveoli. | |||
*Once inside the alveoli, [[bacteria]] and [[fungus|fungi]] travel into the spaces between the cells and also between adjacent alveoli through connecting pores. | |||
*This invasion triggers the [[immune system]] to respond by sending white blood cells responsible for attacking microorganisms ([[neutrophil]]s) to the lungs. The neutrophils [[phagocytosis|engulf]] and kill the offending organisms but also release cytokines which result in a general activation of the immune system. | |||
*Fever, chills, and fatigue are common in CAP. The neutrophils, bacteria, and fluid leaked from surrounding blood vessels fill the alveoli and result in impaired oxygen transportation. | |||
*Bacteria often travel from the lung into the blood stream and can result in serious illness such as [[septic shock]]. [[Inflammation]] and further damage is further exacerbated by the release of [[cytokines]] such as [[IL-1]] and [[TNF]] leading to [[multiorgan failure]] and [[septic shock]]. | |||
*Septic shock results in low blood pressure leading to damage in multiple parts of the body including the [[brain]], [[kidney]], and [[heart]]. | |||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Needs overview]] | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Pulmonology]] | [[Category:Pulmonology]] | ||
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[[Category:Pneumonia|Pneumonia]] | [[Category:Pneumonia|Pneumonia]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Up to date]] | |||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
Latest revision as of 16:33, 1 December 2022
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Bacterial pneumonia Microchapters |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Bacterial pneumonia pathophysiology |
Editor(s)-in-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753; Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H.[2] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Arooj Naz, M.B.B.S
Overview
Causative bacteria can be inhaled from the surrounding environment but organisms are also commonly found within the upper respiratory tract of many individuals from where they can be directed towards the alveoli. Once in the bloodstream of the lungs, the immune system triggers a response by mobilizing white blood cells into the affected area. Neutrophils and cytokine help in ridding the body of infectious organisms but also result in systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, and fatigue. If bacteria enters the systemic blood stream, sepsis may ensue and can involve other organs including the brain, kidney, and heart.
Pathophysiology
Bacteria[1]
- Bacteria and fungi also typically enter the lung with inhalation, though they can reach the lung through the bloodstream if other parts of the body are infected. Most commonly, bacteria enter via aspiration, but infection via hematogenous spread may also occur.[2]
- Often, bacteria live in parts of the upper respiratory tract and are constantly being inhaled into the alveoli.
- Once inside the alveoli, bacteria and fungi travel into the spaces between the cells and also between adjacent alveoli through connecting pores.
- This invasion triggers the immune system to respond by sending white blood cells responsible for attacking microorganisms (neutrophils) to the lungs. The neutrophils engulf and kill the offending organisms but also release cytokines which result in a general activation of the immune system.
- Fever, chills, and fatigue are common in CAP. The neutrophils, bacteria, and fluid leaked from surrounding blood vessels fill the alveoli and result in impaired oxygen transportation.
- Bacteria often travel from the lung into the blood stream and can result in serious illness such as septic shock. Inflammation and further damage is further exacerbated by the release of cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF leading to multiorgan failure and septic shock.
- Septic shock results in low blood pressure leading to damage in multiple parts of the body including the brain, kidney, and heart.