Risk factors for stroke include [[Old age|advanced age]], [[hypertension]] (high blood pressure), previous stroke or TIA ([[transient ischaemic attack]]), [[diabetes mellitus]], [[hypercholesterolemia|high cholesterol]], [[cigarette smoking]], [[atrial fibrillation]], [[migraine]]<ref>[http://headaches.about.com/od/migrainediseas1/a/mx_stroke_risk.htm headaches.about.com]</ref> with aura, and [[thrombophilia]]. In clinical practice, [[blood pressure]] is the most important modifiable [[risk factor]] of stroke; however many other risk factors, such as cigarette smoking cessation and treatment of atrial fibrillation with [[anticoagulant]] drugs, are important.
Risk factors for stroke are divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include [[hypertension]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[cardiac disease]], cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, [[hyperhomocysteinemia]], [[hyperlipidemia]], obesity, sedentary life style and oral contraceptive usage. Some of the non-modifiable risk factors include advanced age, male gender, family history of ischemic stroke, African-American and Hispanic race, and genetic diseases such as [[sickle cell disease]].
==Risk Factors==
Risk factors of ischemic stroke may be divided into modifiable and non modifiable risk factors:<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16785347">{{cite journal| author=Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, Appel LJ, Brass LM, Bushnell CD et al.| title=Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 113 | issue= 24 | pages= e873-923 | pmid=16785347 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000223048.70103.F1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16785347 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22746010">{{cite journal| author=Awada A| title=[Primary and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke]. | journal=J Med Liban | year= 2011 | volume= 59 | issue= 4 | pages= 213-9 | pmid=22746010 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22746010 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10369318">{{cite journal| author=Hankey GJ| title=Stroke: how large a public health problem, and how can the neurologist help? | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1999 | volume= 56 | issue= 6 | pages= 748-54 | pmid=10369318 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10369318 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26869067">{{cite journal| author=Maredza M, Bertram MY, Gómez-Olivé XF, Tollman SM| title=Burden of stroke attributable to selected lifestyle risk factors in rural South Africa. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2016 | volume= 16 | issue= | pages= 143 | pmid=26869067 | doi=10.1186/s12889-016-2805-7 | pmc=4751665 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26869067 }} </ref>
Identification of risk factors for stroke is complicated by the fact that strokes come in many varieties. Risk factors for [[hemorrhagic]] and [[ischemic]] stroke are similar, but there are some notable differences; there are also differences in risk factors among the etiologic categories of ischemic stroke.<ref name="pmid28154098">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind MS |title=Stroke Risk Factors, Genetics, and Prevention |journal=Circ Res |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=472–495 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28154098 |pmc=5321635 |doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308398 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20561675">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Pais P, McQueen MJ, Mondo C, Damasceno A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Hankey GJ, Dans AL, Yusoff K, Truelsen T, Diener HC, Sacco RL, Ryglewicz D, Czlonkowska A, Weimar C, Wang X, Yusuf S |title=Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study |journal=Lancet |volume=376 |issue=9735 |pages=112–23 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20561675 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60834-3 |url=}}</ref>
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 250px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Modifiable risk factors}}
According to Framingham cohort and later research, the risk factors for ischemic stroke are as follows:
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 250px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Non modifiable risk factors}}
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hypertriglyceridemia]]<ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref>
Risk factors for stroke are divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiac disease, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, sedentary life style and oral contraceptive usage. Some of the non-modifiable risk factors include advanced age, male gender, family history of ischemic stroke, African-American and Hispanic race, and genetic diseases such as sickle cell disease.
Risk factor
Identification of risk factors for stroke is complicated by the fact that strokes come in many varieties. Risk factors for hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke are similar, but there are some notable differences; there are also differences in risk factors among the etiologic categories of ischemic stroke.[1][2]
According to Framingham cohort and later research, the risk factors for ischemic stroke are as follows:
↑O'Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Pais P, McQueen MJ, Mondo C, Damasceno A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Hankey GJ, Dans AL, Yusoff K, Truelsen T, Diener HC, Sacco RL, Ryglewicz D, Czlonkowska A, Weimar C, Wang X, Yusuf S (July 2010). "Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study". Lancet. 376 (9735): 112–23. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60834-3. PMID20561675.