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#redirect:[[Low back pain]]
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  Caption        = Herniated lumbar disc. A frequent cause of low back pain. <br> <small> [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology] </small>|
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'''Low back pain''' is the most common cause of disability in the United States.
 
== Epidemiology and Demographics ==
 
* 90% of the population of the United States will experience low back pain at some point in their lives
* At any given time, up to 20% of the population is experiencing lower back pain, as studies have shown
 
==Differential diagnosis of causes of low back pain==
 
In alphabetical order. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
 
* [[Abdominal aneurysm]]
* [[Abscess]]
* [[Cancer]]
* [[Cauda equina syndrome]]
* Extraspinal causes
* [[Inflammation]]
* Lumbar [[disc herniation]]
* Lumbosacral muscle strain
* [[Osteomyelitis]]
* [[Paget's disease]]
* Sacral-iliac joint dysfunction
* [[Secondary gain]]
* [[Spinal stenosis]]
* [[Spondylolisthesis]]
* [[Trauma]] or strain to the back muscles
* Vertebral fracture
 
==Diagnosis==
* Various imaging techniques and lab studies are necessary if crucial indicators are present (fractures, tumor, infection, cauda equina syndrome)
* No imaging or labs are required if indicators are not apparent (unless pain persists)
 
=== Physical Examination ===
* Range of motion
* Strength
* Sensation
* Reflexes
* Straight leg raise test
* Neurovascular status
 
=== MRI and CT ===
* MRI is the most useful diagnostic tool
 
== Treatment ==
* Return to activity as soon as possible (if indicators are absent)
* Patient education
* Physical therapy
 
=== Acute Pharmacotherapies ===
* [[Acetaminophen]]
* [[Opioids]]
* [[Nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drug]]s ([[NSAID]]s)
* [[Muscle relaxant]]s
* [[Epidural]] [[corticosteroid]] injections
 
=== Surgery and Device Based Therapy ===
* Surgery may be indicated
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
 
== Acknowledgements ==
The content on this page was first contributed by
 
List of contributors:
----
== Suggested Reading and Key General References ==
 
== Suggested Links and Web Resources ==
 
== For Patients ==
 
{{SIB}}
 
[[Category:Musculoskeletal Disease]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
 
 
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Latest revision as of 22:44, 19 January 2009

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