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==Education==
==Education==
(See also [[Chiropractic - education]])
(See also [[Chiropractic - Education]])
[[Chiropractors | Doctors of Chiropractic]] usually obtain one of the following equivalent [[first professional degree]]s in chiropractic medicine: D.C.,  D.C.M.,  B.Chiro or M.Chiro.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nccam.nih.gov/health/chiropractic/ |title= An introduction to chiropractic |author= [[National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]] |date=2007 |accessdate=2008-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://acatoday.net/level2_css.cfm?T1ID=13&T2ID=62 |title= A history of chiropractic care |author= [[American Chiropractic Association]] |accessdate=2008-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/back-pain/guide/chiropractic-care-and-back-pain |title=Chiropractic Care and Back Pain |accessdate=2008-02-25 |date=2008-02-24 |work=WebMD |publisher=WebMD LLC}}</ref> These programs are taken in specialized, accredited Chiropractic Colleges, some of which are in Universities, and in the US, are post-college, 10 semester (5 academic year) courses, including clinical practice (approx. PGY 1 - taken before receipt of the degree).
[[Chiropractors | Doctors of Chiropractic]] usually obtain one of the following equivalent [[first professional degree]]s in chiropractic medicine: D.C.,  D.C.M.,  B.Chiro or M.Chiro.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nccam.nih.gov/health/chiropractic/ |title= An introduction to chiropractic |author= [[National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]] |date=2007 |accessdate=2008-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://acatoday.net/level2_css.cfm?T1ID=13&T2ID=62 |title= A history of chiropractic care |author= [[American Chiropractic Association]] |accessdate=2008-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/back-pain/guide/chiropractic-care-and-back-pain |title=Chiropractic Care and Back Pain |accessdate=2008-02-25 |date=2008-02-24 |work=WebMD |publisher=WebMD LLC}}</ref> These programs are taken in specialized, accredited Chiropractic Colleges, some of which are in Universities, and in the US, are post-college, 10 semester (5 academic year) courses, including clinical practice (approx. PGY 1 - taken before receipt of the degree).


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==Historical overview==
==Historical overview==
(See also  [[Chiropractic - History]])
(See also  [[Chiropractic - History]])
Chiropractic was founded in [[1895]] by [[Daniel David Palmer|D. D. Palmer]] in the [[United States of America|USA]], and is practiced in more than 100 countries.<ref>{{cite web |author= Tetrault M |title= Country support groups |publisher= Chiropractic Diplomatic Corps |url=http://chiropracticdiplomatic.com/missions/country_support.html |date=2005 |accessdate=2008-05-06}}</ref> Since its inception, chiropractic has been controversial, both within the profession and in the medical and scientific community, particularly regarding the metaphysical approach espoused by its founders and advocated by the small, but vocal minority which historically were known as "straight" chiropractors today.<ref name=Keating-subluxation/><ref name=Jaroff>{{cite news |last=Jaroff |first=Leon |title=Back Off, Chiropractors! |url=http://www.time.com/time/columnist/jaroff/article/0,9565,213482,00.htm |date=February 27, 2002 |work=[[CNN]] |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]] |accessdate=2008-02-10}}</ref> This same criticism may have been the catalyst that allowed some within the profession to emphasize primarily a neuromusculoskeletal approach in [[Council on Chiropractic Education|their educational curriculum]], leading them away from the original metaphysical explanations of their predecessors towards more scientific ones.<ref name=Wilk/><ref name="JCMC">{{cite journal |author= Mirtz TA, Long P, Dinehart A ''et al.'' |title=NACM and its argument with mainstream chiropractic health care |journal=J Controv Med Claims |date=2002 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–8 |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25525357_ITM}}</ref>
Chiropractic was founded in [[1895]] by [[Daniel David Palmer|D. D. Palmer]] in the [[United States of America|USA]], and is practiced in more than 100 countries.<ref>{{cite web |author= Tetrault M |title= Country support groups |publisher= Chiropractic Diplomatic Corps |url=http://chiropracticdiplomatic.com/missions/country_support.html |date=2005 |accessdate=2008-05-06}}</ref> Since its inception, chiropractic has been controversial, both within the profession and in the medical and scientific community, particularly regarding the metaphysical approach espoused by its founders and advocated by the small, but vocal minority which historically were known as "straight" chiropractors. <ref name=Keating-subluxation>{{cite journal |journal= Chiropr Osteopat |date=2005 |volume=13 |pages=17 |title= Subluxation: dogma or science? |author= Keating JC Jr, Charlton KH, Grod JP, Perle SM, Sikorski D, Winterstein JF |doi=10.1186/1746-1340-13-17 |url=http://chiroandosteo.com/content/13/1/17}}</ref><ref name=Jaroff>{{cite news |last=Jaroff |first=Leon |title=Back Off, Chiropractors! |url=http://www.time.com/time/columnist/jaroff/article/0,9565,213482,00.htm |date=February 27, 2002 |work=[[CNN]] |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]] |accessdate=2008-02-10}}</ref> This same criticism may have been the catalyst that allowed some within the profession to emphasize primarily a neuromusculoskeletal approach in [[Council on Chiropractic Education|their educational curriculum]], leading them away from the original metaphysical explanations of their predecessors towards more scientific ones. <ref name=Wilk>{{cite web |url=http://chiro.org/abstracts/amavschiro.pdf |format=PDF |title= The Wilk case |publisher= The Chiropractic Resource Organization |accessdate=2008-05-12}}</ref><ref name="JCMC">{{cite journal |author= Mirtz TA, Long P, Dinehart A ''et al.'' |title=NACM and its argument with mainstream chiropractic health care |journal=J Controv Med Claims |date=2002 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–8 |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25525357_ITM}}</ref>


==Popularity, and utilization==
==Popularity, and utilization==
(See also [[Chiropractic - Economics]])
(See also [[Chiropractic - Economics]])
The utilization of chiropractic has increased in popularity.<ref name=Lawrence-Meeker/> The profession has remained unified with a continuous commitment to clinical care. Chiropractic's greatest contribution to health care may be its patient-physician relationship and hands-on treatment. Patients are usually satisfied with the treatment they received.<ref name=Kaptchuk-Eisenberg/>
The utilization of chiropractic has increased in popularity. <ref name=Lawrence-Meeker>{{cite journal |journal= Chiropr Osteopat |year=2007 |volume=15 |title= Chiropractic and CAM utilization: a descriptive review |author= Lawrence DJ, Meeker WC |doi=10.1186/1746-1340-15-2 |pmid=17241465 |url=http://chiroandosteo.com/content/15/1/2 |pages=2 |pmc= 1784103}}</ref> The profession has remained unified with a continuous commitment to clinical care. Chiropractic's greatest contribution to health care may be its patient-physician relationship and hands-on treatment. Patients are usually satisfied with the treatment they received. <ref name=Kaptchuk-Eisenberg>{{cite journal |journal=[[Arch Intern Med]] |year=1998 |volume=158 |issue=20 |pages=2215–24 |title=Chiropractic: origins, controversies, and contributions |author=Kaptchuk TJ, Eisenberg DM |pmid=9818801 |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/158/20/2215 |doi=10.1001/archinte.158.20.2215 }}</ref>


==Research, Evidence Based Practice==
==Research, Evidence Based Practice==
(See also [[Chiropractic - Research]])
(See also [[Chiropractic - Research]])
The principles of [[evidence-based medicine]] has grown in prominence and have been used to review research studies and generate practice guidelines.<ref name=Villanueva-Russell/> The efficacy of chiropractic treatment has not been rigorously proven.<ref name=DeVocht/> Chiropractic care is generally safe when employed skillfully and appropriately.<ref name=WHO-guidelines/> The cost-effectiveness of maintenance chiropractic care is unknown.<ref name=Leboeuf-Yde-C/> Vaccination remains controversial within the chiropractic community.<ref name=Busse/>
The principles of [[evidence-based medicine]] has grown in prominence and have been used to review research studies and generate practice guidelines.<ref name=Villanueva-Russell/> The efficacy of chiropractic treatment has not been rigorously proven.<ref name=DeVocht/> Chiropractic care is generally safe when employed skillfully and appropriately.<ref name=WHO-guidelines/> The cost-effectiveness of maintenance chiropractic care is unknown.<ref name=Leboeuf-Yde-C/> Vaccination remains controversial within the chiropractic community. <ref name=Busse>{{cite journal |journal= J Manipulative Physiol Ther |year=2005 |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=367–73 |title= Chiropractic antivaccination arguments |author= Busse JW, Morgan L, Campbell JB |doi=10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.04.011 |pmid=15965414 |url= http://jmptonline.org/article/S0161-4754(05)00111-9/fulltext}}</ref>


== Scope of practice ==
== Scope of practice ==
(See also [[Chiropractic - scope]])
(See also [[Chiropractic - Scope]])
Chiropractors are primary-contact health care practitioners who emphasize the conservative management of the neuromusculoskeletal system without the use of medicines or surgery.<ref name=WHO-guidelines/> Although chiropractors have many attributes of [[primary care]] providers, chiropractic has more of the attributes of a medical specialty like [[dentistry]].<ref name=Meeker-Haldeman>{{cite journal |journal= Ann Intern Med |date=2002 |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=216–27 |title= Chiropractic: a profession at the crossroads of mainstream and alternative medicine |author= Meeker WC, Haldeman S |pmid=11827498 |url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/136/3/216.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> The practice of chiropractic medicine involves a range of diagnostic methods including skeletal imaging, observational and tactile assessments, orthopedic and neurological evaluation, laboratory tests,<ref name=WHO-guidelines/> and specialized tests.<ref name=ccestandards>{{cite web |url=http://cce-usa.org/uploads/File/2007%20January%20STANDARDS.pdf |format=PDF |title= Standards for Doctor of Chiropractic programs and requirements for institutional status |author= [[Council on Chiropractic Education]] |date=2007 |accessdate=2008-02-14}}</ref> A chiropractor may also refer a patient to an appropriate specialist, or co-manage with another health care provider.<ref name=Meeker-Haldeman/> Common patient management involves:
Chiropractors are primary-contact health care practitioners who emphasize the conservative management of the neuromusculoskeletal system without the use of medicines or surgery. <ref name=WHO-guidelines>{{cite journal  |author= World Health Organization |year=2005 |title= WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic |url=http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf |format=PDF |id= ISBN 92-4-159371-7 |accessdate=2008-02-29}}</ref> Although chiropractors have many attributes of [[primary care]] providers, chiropractic has more of the attributes of a medical specialty like [[dentistry]].<ref name=Meeker-Haldeman>{{cite journal |journal= Ann Intern Med |date=2002 |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=216–27 |title= Chiropractic: a profession at the crossroads of mainstream and alternative medicine |author= Meeker WC, Haldeman S |pmid=11827498 |url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/136/3/216.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> The practice of chiropractic medicine involves a range of diagnostic methods including skeletal imaging, observational and tactile assessments, orthopedic and neurological evaluation, laboratory tests,<ref name=WHO-guidelines/> and specialized tests.<ref name=ccestandards>{{cite web |url=http://cce-usa.org/uploads/File/2007%20January%20STANDARDS.pdf |format=PDF |title= Standards for Doctor of Chiropractic programs and requirements for institutional status |author= [[Council on Chiropractic Education]] |date=2007 |accessdate=2008-02-14}}</ref> A chiropractor may also refer a patient to an appropriate specialist, or co-manage with another health care provider.<ref name=Meeker-Haldeman/> Common patient management involves:


*spinal manipulation and other manual therapies to the joints and soft tissues
*spinal manipulation and other manual therapies to the joints and soft tissues
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==Global Distribution==
==Global Distribution==
Chiropractic medicine is established in the [[U.S.]], [[Canada]], and [[Australia]], and is present to a lesser extent in many other countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chiropracticdiplomatic.com/strategies/global_strategy.pdf |format=PDF |title= Global professional strategy for chiropractic |author= Tetrault M |publisher= Chiropractic Diplomatic Corps |date=2004 |accessdate=2008-04-18}}</ref> Similar to other primary contact health providers, chiropractors can specialize in different areas of chiropractic medicine. The most common post-graduate diplomate programs include [[neurology]], [[sports sciences]], clinical sciences, rehabilitation sciences, [[orthopedics]] and [[radiology]] which generally require 2–3 additional years of additional post graduate study and passing competency examinations.<ref>Chiropractic training:
Chiropractic medicine is established in the U.S., Canada, Australia, Switzerland, Great Britain, France, and Scandinavia, and is present to a lesser extent in more than 90 other countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chiropracticdiplomatic.com/strategies/global_strategy.pdf |format=PDF |title= Global professional strategy for chiropractic |author= Tetrault M |publisher= Chiropractic Diplomatic Corps |date=2004 |accessdate=2008-04-18}}</ref> Similar to other primary contact health providers, chiropractors can specialize in different areas of chiropractic medicine. The most common post-graduate diplomate programs include [[neurology]], [[sports sciences]], clinical sciences, rehabilitation sciences, [[orthopedics]] and [[radiology]] which generally require 2–3 additional years of additional post graduate study and passing competency examinations.<ref>Chiropractic training:
*{{cite book|last=Pybus|first=Beverly, E.|coauthors=Cairns, Carol, S.|others=C|title=A Guide to AHP Credentialing |publisher=hcPro |pages=241–3 |isbn=1-57839-478-3 |accessdate=2008-04-16}}
*{{cite book|last=Pybus|first=Beverly, E.|coauthors=Cairns, Carol, S.|others=C|title=A Guide to AHP Credentialing |publisher=hcPro |pages=241–3 |isbn=1-57839-478-3 |accessdate=2008-04-16}}
*{{cite book |chapterurl=http://chiroweb.com/archives/ahcpr/chapter3.htm |chapter= Chiropractic training |author= Coulter ID, Adams AH, Sandefur R |date=1997 |title= Chiropractic in the United States: Training, Practice, and Research |pages=9–16 |editor= Cherkin DC, Mootz RD (eds.) |url=http://curziechiropractic.com/forms/ahcpr/uschiros.pdf |accessdate=2008-05-11 |version= AHCPR Pub No. 98-N002 |location= Rockville, MD |publisher= Agency for Health Care Policy and Research |oclc=39856366}}
*{{cite book |chapterurl=http://chiroweb.com/archives/ahcpr/chapter3.htm |chapter= Chiropractic training |author= Coulter ID, Adams AH, Sandefur R |date=1997 |title= Chiropractic in the United States: Training, Practice, and Research |pages=9–16 |editor= Cherkin DC, Mootz RD (eds.) |url=http://curziechiropractic.com/forms/ahcpr/uschiros.pdf |accessdate=2008-05-11 |version= AHCPR Pub No. 98-N002 |location= Rockville, MD |publisher= Agency for Health Care Policy and Research |oclc=39856366}}
*{{cite journal |author= Mestan MA, Taylor JA, Blackshaw GL, McDonald JC |date=2006 |title= Commentary: establishing an accredited Master of Science in Diagnostic Imaging degree at a chiropractic college |journal= J Manipulative Physiol Ther |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=410–3}}</ref> Chiropractors may further specialize in fields such as Chiropractic Orthopedics (DABCO), Chiropractic Radiology (DABCR), and Chiropractic Sports Physician (DABCSP) by completing additional study and passing the specified boards that are separate and distinctly different than medical boards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amerchiro.org/pdf/ApprovedChiropracticSpecialtyPrograms.pdf |format=PDF |title=Approved Chiropractic Specialty Programs |accessdate= |date= |publisher=American Chiropractic Association}}</ref>
*{{cite journal |author= Mestan MA, Taylor JA, Blackshaw GL, McDonald JC |date=2006 |title= Commentary: establishing an accredited Master of Science in Diagnostic Imaging degree at a chiropractic college |journal= J Manipulative Physiol Ther |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=410–3}}</ref> Chiropractors may further specialize in fields such as Chiropractic Orthopedics (DABCO), Chiropractic Radiology (DABCR), and Chiropractic Sports Physician (DABCSP) by completing additional study and passing the specified boards that are separate and distinctly different than medical boards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amerchiro.org/pdf/ApprovedChiropracticSpecialtyPrograms.pdf |format=PDF |title=Approved Chiropractic Specialty Programs |accessdate= |date= |publisher=American Chiropractic Association}}</ref>
==Chiropractic - Positions==
The Chiropractic profession, working through its International and national associations has formulated certain positions statements on various controversial and non-controversial topics. Please see [[Chiropractic - Positions]]
==Safety==
(See also [[Chiropractic - Safety]])
There have been allegations that certain Chiropractic techniques were associated with vertebral artery or carotid dissections / or strokes post-manipulation. Several in depth major meta-surveys have now vindicated Chiropractic from that idea. All evidence now demonstrates clearly that the extremely rare event is statistically the same risk as a patient experiences from seeing a medical general practitioner, suggesting that such patients are seeing primary care providers because of  symptoms which present in pre-stroke syndrome and not being damaged in some way by  the ministrations of either kind of physician.


== Effectiveness ==
== Effectiveness ==
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* '''[[Low back pain]]'''. There is continuing conflict of opinion on the efficacy of SMT for nonspecific (i.e., unknown cause) low back pain; methods for formulating treatment guidelines differ significantly between countries, casting some doubt on the guidelines' reliability.<ref name=Murphy>{{cite journal |journal= J Manipulative Physiol Ther |date=2006 |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=576–81, 581.e1–2 |title= Inconsistent grading of evidence across countries: a review of low back pain guidelines |author= Murphy AYMT, van Teijlingen ER, Gobbi MO |doi=10.1016/j.jmpt.2006.07.005 |pmid=16949948}}</ref> A 2007 U.S. guideline weakly recommended SMT as one alternative therapy for spinal low back pain in nonpregnant adults when ordinary treatments fail,<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Ann Intern Med |date=2007 |volume=147 |issue=7 |pages=492–504 |title= Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline |author= Chou R, Huffman LH; American Pain Society; American College of Physicians |pmid=17909210 |url=http://annals.org/cgi/content/full/147/7/478}}</ref> whereas the Swedish guideline for low back pain was updated in 2002 to no longer suggest considering SMT for acute low back pain for patients needing additional help, possibly because the guideline's recommendations were based on a high evidence level.<ref name=Murphy/> A 2008 review found strong evidence that SMT is similar in effect to medical care with exercise, and moderate evidence that SMT is similar to [[physical therapy]] and other forms of conventional care.<ref name=Bronfort-2008>{{cite journal |journal= Spine J |date=2008 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=213–25 |title= Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with spinal manipulation and mobilization |author= Bronfort G, Haas M, Evans R, Kawchuk G, Dagenais S |doi=10.1016/j.spinee.2007.10.023 |pmid=18164469}}</ref> A 2007 literature synthesis found good evidence supporting SMT for low back pain and exercise for chronic low back pain; it also found fair evidence supporting customizable exercise programs for subacute low back pain, and supporting assurance and advice to stay active for subacute and chronic low back pain.<ref name=Meeker-2007>{{cite web |title= Chiropractic management of low back pain and low back related leg complaints |author= Meeker W, Branson R, Bronfort G ''et al.'' |url=http://ccgpp.org/lowbackliterature.pdf |format=PDF |date=2007 |accessdate=2008-03-13 |publisher= Council on Chiropractic Guidelines and Practice Parameters}}</ref> Of four systematic reviews published between 2000 and May 2005, only one recommended SMT, and a 2004 [[Cochrane Collaboration|Cochrane]] review (<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Cochrane Database Syst Rev |date=2004 |issue=1 |pages=CD000447 |title= Spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain |author= Assendelft WJJ, Morton SC, Yu EI, Suttorp MJ, Shekelle PG |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000447.pub2 |pmid=14973958}}</ref>) stated that SMT or mobilization is no more or less effective than other standard interventions for back pain.<ref name=Ernst-Canter/>
* '''[[Low back pain]]'''. There is continuing conflict of opinion on the efficacy of SMT for nonspecific (i.e., unknown cause) low back pain; methods for formulating treatment guidelines differ significantly between countries, casting some doubt on the guidelines' reliability.<ref name=Murphy>{{cite journal |journal= J Manipulative Physiol Ther |date=2006 |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=576–81, 581.e1–2 |title= Inconsistent grading of evidence across countries: a review of low back pain guidelines |author= Murphy AYMT, van Teijlingen ER, Gobbi MO |doi=10.1016/j.jmpt.2006.07.005 |pmid=16949948}}</ref> A 2007 U.S. guideline weakly recommended SMT as one alternative therapy for spinal low back pain in nonpregnant adults when ordinary treatments fail,<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Ann Intern Med |date=2007 |volume=147 |issue=7 |pages=492–504 |title= Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline |author= Chou R, Huffman LH; American Pain Society; American College of Physicians |pmid=17909210 |url=http://annals.org/cgi/content/full/147/7/478}}</ref> whereas the Swedish guideline for low back pain was updated in 2002 to no longer suggest considering SMT for acute low back pain for patients needing additional help, possibly because the guideline's recommendations were based on a high evidence level.<ref name=Murphy/> A 2008 review found strong evidence that SMT is similar in effect to medical care with exercise, and moderate evidence that SMT is similar to [[physical therapy]] and other forms of conventional care.<ref name=Bronfort-2008>{{cite journal |journal= Spine J |date=2008 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=213–25 |title= Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with spinal manipulation and mobilization |author= Bronfort G, Haas M, Evans R, Kawchuk G, Dagenais S |doi=10.1016/j.spinee.2007.10.023 |pmid=18164469}}</ref> A 2007 literature synthesis found good evidence supporting SMT for low back pain and exercise for chronic low back pain; it also found fair evidence supporting customizable exercise programs for subacute low back pain, and supporting assurance and advice to stay active for subacute and chronic low back pain.<ref name=Meeker-2007>{{cite web |title= Chiropractic management of low back pain and low back related leg complaints |author= Meeker W, Branson R, Bronfort G ''et al.'' |url=http://ccgpp.org/lowbackliterature.pdf |format=PDF |date=2007 |accessdate=2008-03-13 |publisher= Council on Chiropractic Guidelines and Practice Parameters}}</ref> Of four systematic reviews published between 2000 and May 2005, only one recommended SMT, and a 2004 [[Cochrane Collaboration|Cochrane]] review (<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Cochrane Database Syst Rev |date=2004 |issue=1 |pages=CD000447 |title= Spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain |author= Assendelft WJJ, Morton SC, Yu EI, Suttorp MJ, Shekelle PG |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000447.pub2 |pmid=14973958}}</ref>) stated that SMT or mobilization is no more or less effective than other standard interventions for back pain.<ref name=Ernst-Canter/>


* '''[[Whiplash (medicine)|Whiplash]] and other [[neck pain]]'''. There is no overall consensus on manual therapies for neck pain.<ref name=Vernon>{{cite journal |journal= Eura Medicophys |date=2007 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=91–118 |title= Manual therapy for neck pain: an overview of randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews |author= Vernon H, Humphreys BK |pmid=17369783 |url=http://www.minervamedica.it/pdf/R33Y2007/R33Y2007N01A0091.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> A 2008 review found evidence that educational videos, mobilization, and exercises appear more beneficial for whiplash than alternatives; that SMT, mobilization, supervised exercise, low-level laser therapy and perhaps [[acupuncture]] are more effective for non-whiplash neck pain than alternatives but none of these treatments is clearly superior; and that there is no evidence that any intervention improves [[prognosis]].<ref name=Hurwitz-2008/> A 2007 review found that SMT and mobilization are effective for neck pain.<ref name=Vernon/> Of three systematic reviews of SMT published between 2000 and May 2005, one reached a positive conclusion, and a 2004 Cochrane review (<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Cochrane Database Syst Rev |date=2004 |issue=1 |pages=CD004249 |title= Manipulation and mobilisation for mechanical neck disorders |author= Gross AR, Hoving JL, Haines TA ''et al.'' |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004249.pub2 |pmid=14974063}}</ref>) found that SMT and mobilization are beneficial only when combined with exercise, the benefits being pain relief, functional improvement, and global perceived effect for subacute/chronic mechanical neck disorder.<ref name=Ernst-Canter/> A 2005 review found limited evidence supporting SMT for whiplash.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Pain Res Manag |date=2005 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=21–32 |title= Treatment of whiplash-associated disorders—part I: non-invasive interventions |author= Conlin A, Bhogal S, Sequeira K, Teasell R |pmid=15782244}}</ref>
* '''[[Whiplash (medicine)|Whiplash]] and other [[neck pain]]'''. There is no overall consensus on manual therapies for neck pain.<ref name=Vernon>{{cite journal |journal= Eura Medicophys |date=2007 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=91–118 |title= Manual therapy for neck pain: an overview of randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews |author= Vernon H, Humphreys BK |pmid=17369783 |url=http://www.minervamedica.it/pdf/R33Y2007/R33Y2007N01A0091.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> A 2008 review found evidence that educational videos, mobilization, and exercises appear more beneficial for whiplash than alternatives; that SMT, mobilization, supervised exercise, low-level laser therapy and perhaps [[acupuncture]] are more effective for non-whiplash neck pain than alternatives but none of these treatments is clearly superior; and that there is no evidence that any intervention improves [[prognosis]].<ref name=Hurwitz-2008>{{cite journal |journal=Spine |year=2008 |volume=33 |issue= 4 Suppl |pages=S123–52 |title= Treatment of neck pain: noninvasive interventions: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders |author= Hurwitz EL, Carragee EJ, van der Velde G ''et al.'' |doi=10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181644b1d |pmid=18204386}}</ref> A 2007 review found that SMT and mobilization are effective for neck pain.<ref name=Vernon/> Of three systematic reviews of SMT published between 2000 and May 2005, one reached a positive conclusion, and a 2004 Cochrane review (<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Cochrane Database Syst Rev |date=2004 |issue=1 |pages=CD004249 |title= Manipulation and mobilisation for mechanical neck disorders |author= Gross AR, Hoving JL, Haines TA ''et al.'' |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004249.pub2 |pmid=14974063}}</ref>) found that SMT and mobilization are beneficial only when combined with exercise, the benefits being pain relief, functional improvement, and global perceived effect for subacute/chronic mechanical neck disorder.<ref name=Ernst-Canter/> A 2005 review found limited evidence supporting SMT for whiplash.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Pain Res Manag |date=2005 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=21–32 |title= Treatment of whiplash-associated disorders—part I: non-invasive interventions |author= Conlin A, Bhogal S, Sequeira K, Teasell R |pmid=15782244}}</ref>


* '''[[Headache]]'''. A 2006 review found no rigorous evidence supporting SMT or other manual therapies for [[tension headache]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Clin J Pain |date=2006 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=278–85 |title= Are manual therapies effective in reducing pain from tension-type headache?: a systematic review |author= Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Cuadrado ML, Miangolarra JC, Barriga FJ, Pareja JA |doi=10.1097/01.ajp.0000173017.64741.86 |pmid=16514329}}</ref> A 2005 review found that the evidence was weak for effectiveness of chiropractic manipulation for tension headache, and that it was probably more effective for tension headache than for [[migraine]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Headache |date=2005 |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=738–46 |title= Physical treatments for headache: a structured review |doi=10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05141.x |author= Biondi DM |pmid=15953306}}</ref> A 2004 review found that SMT may be effective for migraine and tension headache, and SMT and neck exercises may be effective for cervicogenic headache.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Cochrane Database Syst Rev |date=2004 |issue=3 |pages=CD001878 |title= Non-invasive physical treatments for chronic/recurrent headache |author= Bronfort G, Nilsson N, Haas M ''et al.'' |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001878.pub2 |pmid=15266458}}</ref> Two other systematic reviews published between 2000 and May 2005 did not find conclusive evidence in favor of SMT.<ref name=Ernst-Canter/>
* '''[[Headache]]'''. A 2006 review found no rigorous evidence supporting SMT or other manual therapies for [[tension headache]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Clin J Pain |date=2006 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=278–85 |title= Are manual therapies effective in reducing pain from tension-type headache?: a systematic review |author= Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Cuadrado ML, Miangolarra JC, Barriga FJ, Pareja JA |doi=10.1097/01.ajp.0000173017.64741.86 |pmid=16514329}}</ref> A 2005 review found that the evidence was weak for effectiveness of chiropractic manipulation for tension headache, and that it was probably more effective for tension headache than for [[migraine]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Headache |date=2005 |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=738–46 |title= Physical treatments for headache: a structured review |doi=10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05141.x |author= Biondi DM |pmid=15953306}}</ref> A 2004 review found that SMT may be effective for migraine and tension headache, and SMT and neck exercises may be effective for cervicogenic headache.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Cochrane Database Syst Rev |date=2004 |issue=3 |pages=CD001878 |title= Non-invasive physical treatments for chronic/recurrent headache |author= Bronfort G, Nilsson N, Haas M ''et al.'' |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001878.pub2 |pmid=15266458}}</ref> Two other systematic reviews published between 2000 and May 2005 did not find conclusive evidence in favor of SMT.<ref name=Ernst-Canter/>

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Template:Alternative medical systems Chiropractic (from Greek chiro- χειρο- "hand-" + praktikós πρακτικός "concerned with action") is a complementary and alternative medicine health care profession that focuses on diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system and the effects of these disorders on the functions of the nervous system and general health. It emphasizes manual therapy including spinal adjustment and other joint and soft-tissue manipulation.[1] Today, according to the mainstream of the profession, it is based on the premise that spinal joint dysfunction can interfere with the nervous system and result in many different conditions of diminished health. The concept of what was called vertebral subluxation is now adhered to by a small minority and generally relegated to history. The term was defined quite differently by the chiropractic vs the medical professions, and thus incited much misunderstanding. Thus, this alternative form of therapy examines the relationship between structure and function and its impact on neurological mechanisms in both health and disease.

Education

(See also Chiropractic - Education) Doctors of Chiropractic usually obtain one of the following equivalent first professional degrees in chiropractic medicine: D.C., D.C.M., B.Chiro or M.Chiro.[2][3][4] These programs are taken in specialized, accredited Chiropractic Colleges, some of which are in Universities, and in the US, are post-college, 10 semester (5 academic year) courses, including clinical practice (approx. PGY 1 - taken before receipt of the degree).

Treatment

(See also Chiropractic - Treatment Methods) In treating patients, chiropractors may develop a comprehensive treatment plan based on the patient's individual needs. Such a plan may include spinal adjustments, soft tissue therapy, prescription of exercises, and health and lifestyle counseling.[5]

Historical overview

(See also Chiropractic - History) Chiropractic was founded in 1895 by D. D. Palmer in the USA, and is practiced in more than 100 countries.[6] Since its inception, chiropractic has been controversial, both within the profession and in the medical and scientific community, particularly regarding the metaphysical approach espoused by its founders and advocated by the small, but vocal minority which historically were known as "straight" chiropractors. [7][8] This same criticism may have been the catalyst that allowed some within the profession to emphasize primarily a neuromusculoskeletal approach in their educational curriculum, leading them away from the original metaphysical explanations of their predecessors towards more scientific ones. [9][10]

Popularity, and utilization

(See also Chiropractic - Economics) The utilization of chiropractic has increased in popularity. [11] The profession has remained unified with a continuous commitment to clinical care. Chiropractic's greatest contribution to health care may be its patient-physician relationship and hands-on treatment. Patients are usually satisfied with the treatment they received. [12]

Research, Evidence Based Practice

(See also Chiropractic - Research) The principles of evidence-based medicine has grown in prominence and have been used to review research studies and generate practice guidelines.[13] The efficacy of chiropractic treatment has not been rigorously proven.[14] Chiropractic care is generally safe when employed skillfully and appropriately.[15] The cost-effectiveness of maintenance chiropractic care is unknown.[16] Vaccination remains controversial within the chiropractic community. [17]

Scope of practice

(See also Chiropractic - Scope) Chiropractors are primary-contact health care practitioners who emphasize the conservative management of the neuromusculoskeletal system without the use of medicines or surgery. [15] Although chiropractors have many attributes of primary care providers, chiropractic has more of the attributes of a medical specialty like dentistry.[18] The practice of chiropractic medicine involves a range of diagnostic methods including skeletal imaging, observational and tactile assessments, orthopedic and neurological evaluation, laboratory tests,[15] and specialized tests.[1] A chiropractor may also refer a patient to an appropriate specialist, or co-manage with another health care provider.[18] Common patient management involves:

  • spinal manipulation and other manual therapies to the joints and soft tissues
  • rehabilitative exercises
  • health promotion
  • electrical modalities
  • conservative and complementary procedures
  • lifestyle counseling.[19]
  • Nutritional medicine

In Some States, Chiropractic includes:

  • Naturopathy, and Homeopathy

Since the profession never desired inclusion of legend drugs or surgery, the laws in the various States were not written to allow medical prescriptions for legend drugs; a 2003 survey of North American chiropractors found that a slight majority favored allowing them to write prescriptions for over-the-counter drugs.[20] A notable exception is the state of Oregon which is considered to have an "expansive" scope of practice of chiropractic, which allows chiropractors to prescribe over-the-counter substances and perform minor surgery.[21] In some locations chiropractors (DCs) and veterinarians (DVMs) with additional training and certification can practice veterinary chiropractic which includes the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of injured animals.[22][23] However, the official position of the American Chiropractic Association is that applying manipulative techniques to animals does not constitute chiropractic and that veterinary chiropractic is a misnomer.[24]

Global Distribution

Chiropractic medicine is established in the U.S., Canada, Australia, Switzerland, Great Britain, France, and Scandinavia, and is present to a lesser extent in more than 90 other countries.[25] Similar to other primary contact health providers, chiropractors can specialize in different areas of chiropractic medicine. The most common post-graduate diplomate programs include neurology, sports sciences, clinical sciences, rehabilitation sciences, orthopedics and radiology which generally require 2–3 additional years of additional post graduate study and passing competency examinations.[26] Chiropractors may further specialize in fields such as Chiropractic Orthopedics (DABCO), Chiropractic Radiology (DABCR), and Chiropractic Sports Physician (DABCSP) by completing additional study and passing the specified boards that are separate and distinctly different than medical boards.[27]

Chiropractic - Positions

The Chiropractic profession, working through its International and national associations has formulated certain positions statements on various controversial and non-controversial topics. Please see Chiropractic - Positions

Safety

(See also Chiropractic - Safety)

There have been allegations that certain Chiropractic techniques were associated with vertebral artery or carotid dissections / or strokes post-manipulation. Several in depth major meta-surveys have now vindicated Chiropractic from that idea. All evidence now demonstrates clearly that the extremely rare event is statistically the same risk as a patient experiences from seeing a medical general practitioner, suggesting that such patients are seeing primary care providers because of symptoms which present in pre-stroke syndrome and not being damaged in some way by the ministrations of either kind of physician.

Effectiveness

The effectiveness of chiropractic treatment depends on the medical condition and the type of chiropractic treatment. Opinions differ as to the efficacy of chiropractic treatment; many other medical procedures also lack rigorous proof of effectiveness.[14] Chiropractic care, like all medical treatment, benefits from the placebo response.[28] The efficacy of maintenance care in chiropractic is unknown.[16]

Research has focused on spinal manipulation therapy (SMT) in general,[29] rather than specifically on chiropractic SMT.[13] There is little consensus as to who should administer the SMT, raising concerns by chiropractors that orthodox medical physicians could "steal" SMT procedures from chiropractors; the focus on SMT has also raised concerns that the resulting practice guidelines could limit the scope of chiropractic practice to treating backs and necks.[13] Many controlled clinical studies of SMT are available, but their results disagree,[30] and they are typically of low quality.[31] It is hard to construct a trustworthy placebo for clinical trials of SMT, as experts often disagree whether a proposed placebo actually has no effect.[32] Although a 2008 critical review found that with the possible exception of back pain, chiropractic SMT has not been shown to be effective for any medical condition, and suggested that many guidelines recommend chiropractic care for low back pain because no therapy has been shown to make a real difference,[33] a 2008 supportive review found serious flaws in the critical approach, and found that SMT and mobilization are at least as effective for chronic low back pain as other efficacious and commonly used treatments.[34]

Available evidence covers the following conditions:

  • Low back pain. There is continuing conflict of opinion on the efficacy of SMT for nonspecific (i.e., unknown cause) low back pain; methods for formulating treatment guidelines differ significantly between countries, casting some doubt on the guidelines' reliability.[35] A 2007 U.S. guideline weakly recommended SMT as one alternative therapy for spinal low back pain in nonpregnant adults when ordinary treatments fail,[36] whereas the Swedish guideline for low back pain was updated in 2002 to no longer suggest considering SMT for acute low back pain for patients needing additional help, possibly because the guideline's recommendations were based on a high evidence level.[35] A 2008 review found strong evidence that SMT is similar in effect to medical care with exercise, and moderate evidence that SMT is similar to physical therapy and other forms of conventional care.[34] A 2007 literature synthesis found good evidence supporting SMT for low back pain and exercise for chronic low back pain; it also found fair evidence supporting customizable exercise programs for subacute low back pain, and supporting assurance and advice to stay active for subacute and chronic low back pain.[37] Of four systematic reviews published between 2000 and May 2005, only one recommended SMT, and a 2004 Cochrane review ([38]) stated that SMT or mobilization is no more or less effective than other standard interventions for back pain.[30]
  • Whiplash and other neck pain. There is no overall consensus on manual therapies for neck pain.[39] A 2008 review found evidence that educational videos, mobilization, and exercises appear more beneficial for whiplash than alternatives; that SMT, mobilization, supervised exercise, low-level laser therapy and perhaps acupuncture are more effective for non-whiplash neck pain than alternatives but none of these treatments is clearly superior; and that there is no evidence that any intervention improves prognosis.[40] A 2007 review found that SMT and mobilization are effective for neck pain.[39] Of three systematic reviews of SMT published between 2000 and May 2005, one reached a positive conclusion, and a 2004 Cochrane review ([41]) found that SMT and mobilization are beneficial only when combined with exercise, the benefits being pain relief, functional improvement, and global perceived effect for subacute/chronic mechanical neck disorder.[30] A 2005 review found limited evidence supporting SMT for whiplash.[42]
  • Headache. A 2006 review found no rigorous evidence supporting SMT or other manual therapies for tension headache.[43] A 2005 review found that the evidence was weak for effectiveness of chiropractic manipulation for tension headache, and that it was probably more effective for tension headache than for migraine.[44] A 2004 review found that SMT may be effective for migraine and tension headache, and SMT and neck exercises may be effective for cervicogenic headache.[45] Two other systematic reviews published between 2000 and May 2005 did not find conclusive evidence in favor of SMT.[30]
  • Other. There is a small amount of research into the efficacy of chiropractic treatment for upper limbs,[46] and a lack of higher-quality publications supporting chiropractic management of leg conditions.[47] A 2007 literature synthesis found fair evidence supporting assurance and advice to stay active for sciatica and radicular pain in the leg.[37] There is very weak evidence for chiropractic care for adult scoliosis (curved or rotated spine)[48] and no scientific data for idiopathic adolescent scoliosis.[49] A 2007 systematic review found that few studies of chiropractic care for nonmusculoskeletal conditions are available, and they are typically not of high quality; it also found that the entire clinical encounter of chiropractic care (as opposed to just SMT) provides benefit to patients with asthma, cervicogenic dizziness, and baby colic, and that the evidence from reviews is negative, or too weak to draw conclusions, for a wide variety of other nonmusculoskeletal conditions, including ADHD/learning disabilities, dizzinesss, and vision conditions.[50] Other reviews have found no evidence of benefit for baby colic,[51] bedwetting,[52] fibromyalgia,[53] or menstrual cramps.[54]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Council on Chiropractic Education (2007). "Standards for Doctor of Chiropractic programs and requirements for institutional status" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-02-14.
  2. ↑ National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2007). "An introduction to chiropractic". Retrieved 2008-02-14.
  3. ↑ American Chiropractic Association. "A history of chiropractic care". Retrieved 2008-02-14.
  4. ↑ "Chiropractic Care and Back Pain". WebMD. WebMD LLC. 2008-02-24. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  5. ↑ "What is chiropractic?". Ontario Chiropractic Association. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
  6. ↑ Tetrault M (2005). "Country support groups". Chiropractic Diplomatic Corps. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
  7. ↑ Keating JC Jr, Charlton KH, Grod JP, Perle SM, Sikorski D, Winterstein JF (2005). "Subluxation: dogma or science?". Chiropr Osteopat. 13: 17. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-13-17.
  8. ↑ Jaroff, Leon (February 27, 2002). "Back Off, Chiropractors!". CNN. Time magazine. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  9. ↑ "The Wilk case" (PDF). The Chiropractic Resource Organization. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
  10. ↑ Mirtz TA, Long P, Dinehart A; et al. (2002). "NACM and its argument with mainstream chiropractic health care". J Controv Med Claims. 9 (1): 11–8.
  11. ↑ Lawrence DJ, Meeker WC (2007). "Chiropractic and CAM utilization: a descriptive review". Chiropr Osteopat. 15: 2. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-15-2. PMC 1784103. PMID 17241465.
  12. ↑ Kaptchuk TJ, Eisenberg DM (1998). "Chiropractic: origins, controversies, and contributions". Arch Intern Med. 158 (20): 2215–24. doi:10.1001/archinte.158.20.2215. PMID 9818801.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Villanueva-Russell Y (2005). "Evidence-based medicine and its implications for the profession of chiropractic". Soc Sci Med. 60 (3): 545–61. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.05.017. PMID 15550303.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 DeVocht JW (2006). "History and overview of theories and methods of chiropractic: a counterpoint". Clin Orthop Relat Res. 444: 243–9. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000203460.89887.8d. PMID 16523145.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 World Health Organization (2005). "WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic" (PDF). ISBN 92-4-159371-7. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Leboeuf-Yde C, Hestbæk L (2008). "Maintenance care in chiropractic - what do we know?" (PDF). Chiropr Osteopat. 16 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-16-3. PMID 18466623.
  17. ↑ Busse JW, Morgan L, Campbell JB (2005). "Chiropractic antivaccination arguments". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 28 (5): 367–73. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.04.011. PMID 15965414.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Meeker WC, Haldeman S (2002). "Chiropractic: a profession at the crossroads of mainstream and alternative medicine" (PDF). Ann Intern Med. 136 (3): 216–27. PMID 11827498.
  19. ↑ Haldeman, Scott. Guidelines for Chiropractic Quality and Practice Parameters. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. pp. 111–3. ISBN 0-7437-2921-3 Check |isbn= value: checksum (help). Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ McDonald WP, Durkin KF, Pfefer M; et al. (2003). How Chiropractors Think and Practice: The Survey of North American Chiropractors. Ada, OH: Institute for Social Research, Ohio Northern University. ISBN 0972805559. Summarized in: McDonald WP, Durkin KF, Pfefer M (2004). "How chiropractors think and practice: the survey of North American chiropractors". Semin Integr Med. 2 (3): 92–8. doi:10.1016/j.sigm.2004.07.002. Lay summary – Dyn Chiropr (2003-06-02).
  21. ↑ "Chapter 684 — Chiropractors". Oregon State Legislature. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  22. ↑ "Canadian Animal Chiropractic Certification Program frequently asked questions". Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  23. ↑ "RMIT - Animal Chiropractic – Master of Chiropractic Science incorporating Graduate Diploma". RMIT University. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  24. ↑ ACA House of Delegates (1994). "'Veterinary' chiropractic". American Chiropractic Association.
  25. ↑ Tetrault M (2004). "Global professional strategy for chiropractic" (PDF). Chiropractic Diplomatic Corps. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
  26. ↑ Chiropractic training:
    • Pybus, Beverly, E. A Guide to AHP Credentialing. C. hcPro. pp. 241–3. ISBN 1-57839-478-3. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
    • Coulter ID, Adams AH, Sandefur R (1997). "Chiropractic training". In Cherkin DC, Mootz RD (eds.). Chiropractic in the United States: Training, Practice, and Research (PDF). AHCPR Pub No. 98-N002. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. pp. 9–16. OCLC 39856366. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
    • Mestan MA, Taylor JA, Blackshaw GL, McDonald JC (2006). "Commentary: establishing an accredited Master of Science in Diagnostic Imaging degree at a chiropractic college". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 29 (5): 410–3.
  27. ↑ "Approved Chiropractic Specialty Programs" (PDF). American Chiropractic Association.
  28. ↑ Kaptchuk TJ (2002). "The placebo effect in alternative medicine: can the performance of a healing ritual have clinical significance?" (PDF). Ann Intern Med. 136 (11): 817–25. PMID 12044130.
  29. ↑ Meeker WC, Haldeman S (2002). "Chiropractic: in response" (PDF). Ann Intern Med. 137 (8): 702.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Ernst E, Canter PH (2006). "A systematic review of systematic reviews of spinal manipulation". J R Soc Med. 99 (4): 192–6. doi:10.1258/jrsm.99.4.192. PMID 16574972.
  31. ↑ Quality of SMT studies:
    • Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Alonso-Blanco C, San-Roman J, Miangolarra-Page JC (2006). "Methodological quality of randomized controlled trials of spinal manipulation and mobilization in tension-type headache, migraine, and cervicogenic headache". J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 36 (3): 160–9. PMID 16596892.
    • Johnston BC, da Costa BR, Devereaux PJ, Akl EA, Busse JW; Expertise-Based RCT Working Group (2008). "The use of expertise-based randomized controlled trials to assess spinal manipulation and acupuncture for low back pain: a systematic review". Spine. 33 (8): 914–8. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31816b4be4. PMID 18404113.
  32. ↑ Hancock MJ, Maher CG, Latimer J, McAuley JH (2006). "Selecting an appropriate placebo for a trial of spinal manipulative therapy" (PDF). Aust J Physiother. 52 (2): 135–8. PMID 16764551.
  33. ↑ Ernst E (2008). "Chiropractic: a critical evaluation". J Pain Symptom Manage. 35 (5): 544–62. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.07.004. PMID 18280103.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Bronfort G, Haas M, Evans R, Kawchuk G, Dagenais S (2008). "Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with spinal manipulation and mobilization". Spine J. 8 (1): 213–25. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2007.10.023. PMID 18164469.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Murphy AYMT, van Teijlingen ER, Gobbi MO (2006). "Inconsistent grading of evidence across countries: a review of low back pain guidelines". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 29 (7): 576–81, 581.e1–2. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2006.07.005. PMID 16949948.
  36. ↑ Chou R, Huffman LH; American Pain Society; American College of Physicians (2007). "Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline". Ann Intern Med. 147 (7): 492–504. PMID 17909210.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Meeker W, Branson R, Bronfort G; et al. (2007). "Chiropractic management of low back pain and low back related leg complaints" (PDF). Council on Chiropractic Guidelines and Practice Parameters. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
  38. ↑ Assendelft WJJ, Morton SC, Yu EI, Suttorp MJ, Shekelle PG (2004). "Spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD000447. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000447.pub2. PMID 14973958.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Vernon H, Humphreys BK (2007). "Manual therapy for neck pain: an overview of randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews" (PDF). Eura Medicophys. 43 (1): 91–118. PMID 17369783.
  40. ↑ Hurwitz EL, Carragee EJ, van der Velde G; et al. (2008). "Treatment of neck pain: noninvasive interventions: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders". Spine. 33 (4 Suppl): S123–52. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181644b1d. PMID 18204386.
  41. ↑ Gross AR, Hoving JL, Haines TA; et al. (2004). "Manipulation and mobilisation for mechanical neck disorders". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD004249. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004249.pub2. PMID 14974063.
  42. ↑ Conlin A, Bhogal S, Sequeira K, Teasell R (2005). "Treatment of whiplash-associated disorders—part I: non-invasive interventions". Pain Res Manag. 10 (1): 21–32. PMID 15782244.
  43. ↑ Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Cuadrado ML, Miangolarra JC, Barriga FJ, Pareja JA (2006). "Are manual therapies effective in reducing pain from tension-type headache?: a systematic review". Clin J Pain. 22 (3): 278–85. doi:10.1097/01.ajp.0000173017.64741.86. PMID 16514329.
  44. ↑ Biondi DM (2005). "Physical treatments for headache: a structured review". Headache. 45 (6): 738–46. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05141.x. PMID 15953306.
  45. ↑ Bronfort G, Nilsson N, Haas M; et al. (2004). "Non-invasive physical treatments for chronic/recurrent headache". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD001878. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001878.pub2. PMID 15266458.
  46. ↑ McHardy A, Hoskins W, Pollard H, Onley R, Windsham R (2008). "Chiropractic treatment of upper extremity conditions: a systematic review". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 31 (2): 146–59. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2007.12.004. PMID 18328941.
  47. ↑ Hoskins W, McHardy A, Pollard H, Windsham R, Onley R (2006). "Chiropractic treatment of lower extremity conditions: a literature review". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 29 (8): 658–71. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2006.08.004. PMID 17045100.
  48. ↑ Everett CR, Patel RK (2007). "A systematic literature review of nonsurgical treatment in adult scoliosis". Spine. 32 (19 Suppl): S130–4. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e318134ea88. PMID 17728680.
  49. ↑ Romano M, Negrini S (2008). "Manual therapy as a conservative treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review". Scoliosis. 3: 2. doi:10.1186/1748-7161-3-2. PMID 18211702.
  50. ↑ Hawk C, Khorsan R, Lisi AJ, Ferrance RJ, Evans MW (2007). "Chiropractic care for nonmusculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review with implications for whole systems research". J Altern Complement Med. 13 (5): 491–512. doi:10.1089/acm.2007.7088. PMID 17604553.
  51. ↑ Kingston H (2007). "Effectiveness of chiropractic treatment for infantile colic". Paediatr Nurs. 19 (8): 26. PMID 17970361.
  52. ↑ Glazener CM, Evans JH, Cheuk DK (2005). "Complementary and miscellaneous interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD005230. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005230. PMID 15846744.
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  54. ↑ Proctor ML, Hing W, Johnson TC, Murphy PA (2006). "Spinal manipulation for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD002119. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002119.pub3. PMID 16855988.

External links


da:Kiropraktik de:Chiropraktik eo:Kiropraktiko fa:کایروپرکتیک it:Chiropratica he:כירופרקטיקה nl:Chiropractie no:Kiropraktor fi:Kiropraktiikka sv:Kiropraktik ur:معالجہ بالید


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