Cardiology overview electrophysiology: Difference between revisions
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* A patient should wear a defibrillator vest while awaiting AICD implantation | * A patient should wear a defibrillator vest while awaiting AICD implantation | ||
* [[Amiodarone]] improves CV survival but not all cause survival in patients with an LVEF of <40% | * [[Amiodarone]] improves CV survival but not all cause survival in patients with an LVEF of <40% | ||
* If someone with an ICD has refractory arrhythmias then radiofrequency ablation of the VT focus can be attempted | |||
* [[Sotalol]] also reduces the frequency of shocks in patients with CAD | |||
==Atrial Fibrillation== | ==Atrial Fibrillation== | ||
===Anticoagulation=== | |||
* Patients with a [[CHADS2 score]] of two or higher should be anticoagulated with [[warfarin]]. Some clinicians believe that any patient with [[congestive heart failure]] should also be anticoagulated with [[warfarin]]. | |||
==Anticoagulation based on the CHADS<sub>2</sub> score == | |||
The following treatment strategies are recommended in the table below entitled Anticoagulation based on the CHADS2 score:<ref name="pmid15477396 " /><ref name=Gage2001 /> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
! Score | |||
! Risk | |||
! Anticoagulation Therapy | |||
! Considerations | |||
|- | |||
| '''0''' | |||
| Low | |||
| [[Aspirin]] | |||
| Aspirin daily | |||
|- | |||
| '''1''' | |||
| Moderate | |||
| Aspirin or Warfarin | |||
| Aspirin daily or [[International normalized ratio|INR]] to 2.0-3.0, depending on factors such as patient preference | |||
|- | |||
| '''2 or greater''' | |||
| Moderate or High | |||
| [[Warfarin]] | |||
| [[International normalized ratio|INR]] to 2.0-3.0, unless contraindicated (e.g. clinically significant GI bleeding, inability to obtain regular INR screening) | |||
|} | |||
{{clr}} | |||
===Rate Control vs Rhythm Control=== | ===Rate Control vs Rhythm Control=== | ||
* Rhythm control offers no benefit over rate control in survival | * Rhythm control offers no benefit over rate control in survival | ||
* Rate control is very important in preventing the [[tachycardia cardiomyopathy]] syndrome | * Rate control is very important in preventing the [[tachycardia cardiomyopathy]] syndrome. Patients who are hyperthyroid should be treated with Lopressor until they are euthyroid. | ||
* [[Dronedarone]] reduces hospitalization for atrial fibrillation by about a quarter | |||
===Radiofrequency Ablation=== | |||
* A complication of radio frequency ablation is left atrial tachycardia or flutter. This complication may itself require treatment. | |||
* Anticoagulation should be continued after radiofrequency ablation. | |||
* In patients who have a rapid ventricular response rate in atrial fibrillation and who develop a [[tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy]], AV junctional ablation can be undertaken with permanent pacemaker placement. | |||
==QT prolongation== | |||
* QT prolongation can be treated with metoprolol | |||
==WPW== | |||
===Complications=== | |||
These patients are at risk of rapid conduction of atrial fibrillation and VT / VF | |||
===Treatment=== | |||
* EP study and RF ablation of the bypass tract | |||
* Do not use drugs that might block [[AV node]] and send conduction down accessory pathway | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 01:06, 4 November 2011
|
Cardiology Overview |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
STEMI and Arrhythmias
Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator
- Should not be implanted within 40 days of STEMI
- A patient should wear a defibrillator vest while awaiting AICD implantation
- Amiodarone improves CV survival but not all cause survival in patients with an LVEF of <40%
- If someone with an ICD has refractory arrhythmias then radiofrequency ablation of the VT focus can be attempted
- Sotalol also reduces the frequency of shocks in patients with CAD
Atrial Fibrillation
Anticoagulation
- Patients with a CHADS2 score of two or higher should be anticoagulated with warfarin. Some clinicians believe that any patient with congestive heart failure should also be anticoagulated with warfarin.
Anticoagulation based on the CHADS2 score
The following treatment strategies are recommended in the table below entitled Anticoagulation based on the CHADS2 score:[1][2]
| Score | Risk | Anticoagulation Therapy | Considerations |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Low | Aspirin | Aspirin daily |
| 1 | Moderate | Aspirin or Warfarin | Aspirin daily or INR to 2.0-3.0, depending on factors such as patient preference |
| 2 or greater | Moderate or High | Warfarin | INR to 2.0-3.0, unless contraindicated (e.g. clinically significant GI bleeding, inability to obtain regular INR screening) |
Rate Control vs Rhythm Control
- Rhythm control offers no benefit over rate control in survival
- Rate control is very important in preventing the tachycardia cardiomyopathy syndrome. Patients who are hyperthyroid should be treated with Lopressor until they are euthyroid.
- Dronedarone reduces hospitalization for atrial fibrillation by about a quarter
Radiofrequency Ablation
- A complication of radio frequency ablation is left atrial tachycardia or flutter. This complication may itself require treatment.
- Anticoagulation should be continued after radiofrequency ablation.
- In patients who have a rapid ventricular response rate in atrial fibrillation and who develop a tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy, AV junctional ablation can be undertaken with permanent pacemaker placement.
QT prolongation
- QT prolongation can be treated with metoprolol
WPW
Complications
These patients are at risk of rapid conduction of atrial fibrillation and VT / VF
Treatment
- EP study and RF ablation of the bypass tract
- Do not use drugs that might block AV node and send conduction down accessory pathway