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| [[Image:HIV-budding.jpg|right|thumbnail|300px|[[Scanning electron microscope|Scanning electron micrograph]] of HIV-1 budding from cultured [[lymphocyte]].]] | | #REDIRECT [[AIDS historical perspective]] |
| {{AIDS}}
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| {{CMG}}
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| ==Overview==
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| [[HIV]], the infectious agent of [[Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome|AIDS]], is thought to have originated in non-human [[primate]]s in sub-Saharan Africa and transferred to humans during the 20th century. The epidemic officially began on 5 June 1981.
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| Two species of HIV infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-2 may have originated from the [[Sooty Mangabey]] (''Cercocebus atys''), an Old World monkey of [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Gabon]], and [[Cameroon]].<ref name=Reeves>{{cite journal
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| | author=Reeves, J. D. and Doms, R. W
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| | title=Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2
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| | journal=J. Gen. Virol. | year=2002 | pages=1253-1265 | volume=83 | issue=Pt 6
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| | id= PMID 12029140
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| }}</ref> HIV-1 is more virulent. It is easily transmitted and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. HIV-2 is less transmittable and is largely confined to [[West Africa]]. HIV-1 is the species described below.
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| == Identification of the virus ==
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| ===May 1983: LAV===
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| In May [[1983]], doctors from Dr. [[Luc Montagnier]]'s team at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in [[France]], reported that they had isolated a new [[retrovirus]] from [[lymph node|lymphoid ganglions]] that they believed was the cause of AIDS. <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=6189183&query_hl=26 Barre-Sinoussi et al., 1983]</ref> The virus was later named lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) and a sample was sent to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, which was later passed to the [[National Cancer Institute]] (NCI).<ref>Connor and Kingman, 1988 (ISBN 0-14-011397-5)</ref>
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| <ref name=Barre>{{cite journal
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| | author=Barré-Sinoussi, F., Chermann, J. C., Rey, F., Nugeyre, M. T., Chamaret, S., Gruest, J., Dauguet, C., Axler-Blin, C., Vezinet-Brun, F., Rouzioux, C., Rozenbaum, W. and Montagnier, L.
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| | title=Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | journal=Science
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| | year=1983
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| | pages=868-871
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| | volume=220
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| | issue=4599
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| | id= PMID 6189183
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| | format=
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| }}</ref>
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| ===May 1984: HTLV-III===
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| In May [[1984]] a team led by [[Robert Gallo]] of the [[United States]] confirmed the discovery of the virus, but they renamed it human T lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III).<ref name=Popovic>{{cite journal
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| | author=Popovic, M., Sarngadharan, M. G., Read, E. and Gallo, R. C.
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| | title=Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS
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| | journal=Science
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| | year=1984
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| | pages=497-500
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| | volume=224
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| | issue=4648
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| | id= PMID 6200935
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| | format=
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| }}</ref> <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=6200935&query_hl=28 Popovic et al., 1984]</ref> The dual discovery led to considerable scientific disagreement, and it was not until [[François Mitterrand|President Mitterrand]] of France and [[Ronald Reagan|President Reagan]] of the USA met that the major issues were resolved.
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| ===Jan 1985: both found to be the same===
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| In January [[1985]] a number of more detailed reports were published concerning LAV and HTLV-III, and by March it was clear that the viruses were the same, from the same source, and was the etiological agent of AIDS <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2983427&query_hl=30 Marx, 1985]</ref> <ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v363/n6428/abs/363466a0.html;jsessionid=558F640A131E25D5A6DF08F63367BBA8 Chang et al., 1993]</ref>
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| ===May 1986: the name HIV===
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| In May [[1986]], the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] ruled that both names should be dropped and a new name, HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), be used. <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3010128&query_hl=34 Coffin et al., 1986]</ref>
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| ===Also see===
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| *[[CCR5]]
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| ==Reference==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:AIDS origin hypotheses]]
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| [[fr:Origine du sida]]
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