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| {{SI}}
| | #redirect:[[Compulsive overeating]] |
| {{CMG}}
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| {{SK}} Food addiction
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| '''Compulsive overeating''', also sometimes called '''food addiction''', is characterized by an [[obsessive-compulsive disorder|obsessive/compulsive]] relationship to food. Professionals address this with either a behavior-modification model or a food-addiction model.<ref>[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112413421/abstract International Journal of Eating Disorders]</ref> An individual suffering from compulsive overeating disorder engages in frequent episodes of uncontrolled eating, or [[binge eating]], during which they may feel frenzied or out of control, often consuming food past the point of being comfortably full. Binging in this way is generally followed by feelings of guilt and depression. Unlike individuals with [[bulimia]], compulsive overeaters do not attempt to compensate for their binging with purging behaviors such as fasting, laxative use or vomiting. Compulsive overeaters will typically eat when they are not hungry. Their obsession is demonstrated in that they spend excessive amounts of time and thought devoted to food, and secretly plan or fantasize about eating alone. Compulsive overeating usually leads to weight gain and [[obesity]], but not everyone who is obese is also a compulsive overeater. While compulsive overeaters tend to be [[overweight]] or obese, persons of normal or average weight can also be affected.
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| In addition to binge eating, compulsive overeaters can also engage in grazing behavior, during which they return to pick at food throughout the day. These things result in a large overall number of calories consumed even if the quantities eaten at any one time may be small. When a compulsive eater overeats primarily through binging, he or she can be said to have [[binge eating disorder]].
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| Left untreated, compulsive overeating can lead to serious medical conditions including [[high cholesterol]], [[diabetes]], [[heart disease]], [[hypertension]], sleep apnea, and [[major depressive disorder|major depression]]. Additional long-term side effects of the condition also include [[kidney disease]], [[arthritis]], bone deterioration and [[stroke]]. Other negative effects may include the amount of money that is wasted on food and the feelings of low self esteem that comes as a result of binging.
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| ==Signs and symptoms==
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| * Binge eating, or eating uncontrollably even when not physically hungry
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| * Eating much more rapidly than normal
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| * Eating alone due to shame and embarrassment
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| * Feelings of guilt due to overeating
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| * Preoccupation with body weight
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| * Depression or mood swings
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| * Awareness that eating patterns are abnormal
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| * Rapid weight gain or sudden onset of obesity
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| * Significantly decreased mobility due to weight gain
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| * History of weight fluctuations
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| * Withdrawal from activities because of embarrassment about weight
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| * History of many different unsuccessful diets
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| * Eating little in public, but maintaining a high body weight
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| * Very low self esteem and feeling need to eat greater and greater amounts.
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| === Addiction ===
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| During binges, compulsive overeaters may consume from 5000 to 15,000 [[food calorie]]s daily, resulting in a temporary release from psychological stress through an addictive high not unlike that experienced through drug abuse. In bulimics, this high may be intensified by the act of [[purging]]. Researchers have speculated there is an abnormality of [[endorphin]] metabolism in the brain of binge eaters that triggers the addictive process. This is in line with other theories of addiction that attribute it not to avoidance of withdrawal symptoms, but to a primary problem in the reward centers of the brain. For the Compulsive Overeater, the ingestion of trigger foods causes release of the neurotransmitter, [[serotonin]]. This could be another sign of neurobiological factors contributing to the addictive process. Abstinence from addictive food and food eating processes causes withdrawal symptoms in those with eating disorders. There may be higher levels of depression and anxiety due to the decreased levels of serotonin in the individual.<ref name="KRIZ2002">{{cite book |last=Kriz |first=Kerri-Lynn Murphy |title=The Efficacy of Overeaters Anonymous in Fostering Abstinence in Binge-Eating Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa |year=2002 |month=May |publisher=[[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |url=http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05092002-143548/}}</ref>
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| There are complexities with the biology of compulsive eating that separate it from a pure substance abuse analogy. Food is a complex mixture of chemicals that can affect the body in multiple ways, which is magnified by stomach-brain communication. In some ways, it may be much more difficult for compulsive overeaters to recover than drug addicts. There is an anecdotal saying among [[Overeaters Anonymous]] members that "when you are addicted to drugs you put the tiger in the cage to recover; when you are addicted to food you put the tiger in the cage, but take it out three times a day for a walk."<ref name="KRIZ2002"/>
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| The physical explanation of compulsive overeating may be attributed to an overeaters' increased tendency to secrete [[insulin]] at the sight and smell of food, though medical evidence supporting this is controversial.<ref name="WEINER1998">{{cite journal |last=Weiner |first=Sydell |title=The Addiction of Overeating: Self-Help Groups as Treatment Models |year=1998 |volume=54 |pages=163–167 |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199802)54:2<163::AID-JCLP5>3.0.CO;2-T |pmid=9467760 |issue=2}}</ref> Some researchers{{Who|date=October 2009}}{{Weasel-inline|date=October 2009}} also attribute it to excessive neurological sensitivity in taste and/or smell.
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| Fatty foods may cause cocaine-like addiction. Taking drugs such as cocaine and eating too much junk food both gradually overload the so-called pleasure centers in the brain, according to Paul J. Kenny, Ph.D., an associate professor of molecular therapeutics at the Scripps Research Institute, in Jupiter, Florida. Eventually the pleasure centers "crash," and achieving the same pleasure—or even just feeling normal—requires increasing amounts of the drug or food, says Kenny, the lead author of the study.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/03/28/fatty.foods.brain/index.html?hpt=C2 | work=CNN | title=Fatty foods may cause cocaine-like addiction | date=March 30, 2010}}</ref>
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| ==Management==
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| Compulsive overeating is treatable with counselling and therapy. Approximately 80% {{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} of sufferers who seek professional help recover completely or experience significant reduction in their symptoms. According to Dr. Gregg Jantz of The Center for Counseling and Health Resources in Edmonds, WA; less than 2% of morbidly obese clients ever recover{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}. Many eating disorders are thought to be behavioral patterns stemming from emotional struggles that need to be resolved in order for the sufferer to develop lasting results and a healthy relationship with food. Compulsive overeating (along with [[anorexia nervosa|anorexia]]) is a serious problem and can result in death. However, with treatment, which should include [[talk therapy]], medical and nutritional counseling, it can be overcome. Several [[Twelve-step program|Twelve Step programs]] designed to help members recover from compulsive overeating and food addiction exist today.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Binge eating disorder]]
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| *[[Bulimia nervosa]]
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| *[[Eating disorder]]
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| *[[Eating disorder not otherwise specified]]
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| *[[Food Addicts in Recovery Anonymous]]
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| *[[Food Addicts Anonymous]]
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| *[[Hyperalimentation]]
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| *[[Overeaters Anonymous]]
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| *[[Gluttony]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| * "Eating Awareness Training" Molly Groger, copyright 1983 "...reclaim (your) 'birthright', the right to eat without compulsion, obsession, or suffering. ...what the body wants, as much as it wants, whenever it wants." from the Preface by Thomas Lebherz, M.D.
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| * C. Brownlee, "Food Fix: Neurobiology highlights similarities between obesity and drug addiction", Science News, Vol. 68, No. 10, 9/3/2005
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| * [http://thefoodfarce.com The Food Farce] [http://thefoodfarce.com/2010/06/16/food-addiction-the-perils-of-processed-foods-in-america%E2%80%99s-diet/ "FOOD ADDICTION | The Perils of Processed Foods in America’s Diet"]
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| {{Addiction}}
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| [[Category:Obesity]]
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| [[Category:Eating disorders]]
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| [[Category:Behavioral addiction]]
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| [[Category:Disease]]
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| [[cs:Emoční jedlík]]
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| [[nl:Eetverslaving]]
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| [[sv:Matmissbruk]]
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