Organocatalysis: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Kogando (talk | contribs)
nocaptcha
7,761 edits
WikiBot (talk | contribs)
Bots, Bureaucrats, bureaucrats, interwiki, nocaptcha, Administrators
57,550 edits
m Robot: Automated text replacement (-{{WikiDoc Cardiology Network Infobox}} +, -<references /> +{{reflist|2}}, -{{reflist}} +{{reflist|2}})
 
(13 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{SI}}
{{SI}}
{{EH}}
 


==Overview==
==Overview==
Line 20: Line 20:


==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Regular achiral organocatalysts are based on nitrogen such as [[pyridine]] used in the [[Doebner modification]] of the Aldol condensation,  [[4-dimethylaminopyridine|DMAP]] used in [[esterfication]]s and [[DABCO]] used in the [[Baylis-Hillman reaction]]. [[Thiazolium salt]]s are employed in the [[Stetter reaction]]. These catalysts and reactions have a long history but current interest in organocatalysis is focused on asymmetric catalysis with chiral catalysts and this particular branch is called '''asymmetric organocatalysis''' or '''enantioselective organocatalysis '''. A pioneering reaction developed in the 1970s by teams of [[Hoffmann-La Roche]]<ref> '' Z. G. Hajos, D. R. Parrish, German Patent DE 2102623 1971 ''</ref> <ref> ''Asymmetric synthesis of bicyclic intermediates of natural product chemistry Zoltan G. Hajos, David R. Parrish J. Org. Chem.; 1974; 39(12); 1615-1621. doi:10.1021/jo00925a003 ''
Regular achiral organocatalysts are based on nitrogen such as [[pyridine]] used in the [[Doebner modification]] of the Aldol condensation,  DMAP used in esterfications and [[DABCO]] used in the [[Baylis-Hillman reaction]]. Thiazolium salts are employed in the [[Stetter reaction]]. These catalysts and reactions have a long history but current interest in organocatalysis is focused on asymmetric catalysis with chiral catalysts and this particular branch is called '''asymmetric organocatalysis''' or '''enantioselective organocatalysis '''. A pioneering reaction developed in the 1970s by teams of [[Hoffmann-La Roche]]<ref> '' Z. G. Hajos, D. R. Parrish, German Patent DE 2102623 1971 ''</ref> <ref> ''Asymmetric synthesis of bicyclic intermediates of natural product chemistry Zoltan G. Hajos, David R. Parrish J. Org. Chem.; 1974; 39(12); 1615-1621. doi:10.1021/jo00925a003 ''
  </ref> and [[Schering AG]]<ref> '' New Type of Asymmetric Cyclization to Optically Active Steroid CD Partial Structures Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English Volume 10, Issue 7, Date: July 1971, Pages: 496-497 Ulrich Eder, Gerhard Sauer, Rudolf Wiechert doi:10.1002/anie.197104961''</ref> that sums it all up is the [[Hajos-Parrish-Eder-Sauer-Wiechert reaction]]:
  </ref> and [[Schering AG]]<ref> '' New Type of Asymmetric Cyclization to Optically Active Steroid CD Partial Structures Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English Volume 10, Issue 7, Date: July 1971, Pages: 496-497 Ulrich Eder, Gerhard Sauer, Rudolf Wiechert doi:10.1002/anie.197104961''</ref> that sums it all up is the Hajos-Parrish-Eder-Sauer-Wiechert reaction:


:[[Image:Organocatalytic1.gif|The original reaction]]   
:[[Image:Organocatalytic1.gif|The original reaction]]   


In this reaction, naturally occurring chiral [[proline]] is the chiral catalyst in an [[Aldol reaction]]. The starting material is an achiral [[ketone|triketone]] and it requires just 3% of proline to obtain the reaction product, a ketol in 93% [[enantiomeric excess]]. Discovered in the 1970's the original [[Hajos-Parrish]] catalytic procedure shown in the reaction equation leading to the optically active bicyclic ketol as well as the [[Eder-Sauer-Wiechert]] modification leading to the optically active dione paved the way of asymmetric organocatalysis.
In this reaction, naturally occurring chiral [[proline]] is the chiral catalyst in an [[Aldol reaction]]. The starting material is an achiral [[ketone|triketone]] and it requires just 3% of proline to obtain the reaction product, a ketol in 93% [[enantiomeric excess]]. Discovered in the 1970's the original Hajos-Parrish catalytic procedure shown in the reaction equation leading to the optically active bicyclic ketol as well as the Eder-Sauer-Wiechert modification leading to the optically active dione paved the way of asymmetric organocatalysis.


[[Hajos]] and [[Parrish]] worked at ambient temperature using a catalytic amount (3% molar equiv.) of (S)-(-)-proline enabling them to isolate the optically active intermediate bicyclic ketol shown above. [[The Schering group]] used non biological conditions using (S)-Proline (47 mol%), 1N perchloric acid, in acetonitrile at 80 °C. Hence, they could not isolate the Hajos, Parrish intermediate bicyclic ketols but instead the enedione condensation product.
Hajos and Parrish worked at ambient temperature using a catalytic amount (3% molar equiv.) of (S)-(-)-proline enabling them to isolate the optically active intermediate bicyclic ketol shown above. The Schering group used non biological conditions using (S)-Proline (47 mol%), 1N perchloric acid, in acetonitrile at 80 °C. Hence, they could not isolate the Hajos, Parrish intermediate bicyclic ketols but instead the enedione condensation product.


The asymmetric synthesis of the [[Wieland-Miescher ketone]] (1985) is also based on proline and another early application was one of the transformations in the [[total synthesis]] of [[Erythromycin]] by [[Robert B. Woodward]] (1981) <ref>''Asymmetric total synthesis of erythromcin. 1. Synthesis of an erythronolide A secoacid derivative via asymmetric induction'' R. B. Woodward, E. Logusch, K. P. Nambiar, K. Sakan, D. E. Ward, B. W. Au-Yeung, P. Balaram, L. J. Browne, P. J. Card, C. H. Chen [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]]; '''1981'''; 103(11); 3210-3213. {{DOI|10.1021/ja00401a049}}</ref>.  
The asymmetric synthesis of the [[Wieland-Miescher ketone]] (1985) is also based on proline and another early application was one of the transformations in the [[total synthesis]] of [[Erythromycin]] by Robert B. Woodward (1981) <ref>''Asymmetric total synthesis of erythromcin. 1. Synthesis of an erythronolide A secoacid derivative via asymmetric induction'' R. B. Woodward, E. Logusch, K. P. Nambiar, K. Sakan, D. E. Ward, B. W. Au-Yeung, P. Balaram, L. J. Browne, P. J. Card, C. H. Chen [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]]; '''1981'''; 103(11); 3210-3213. {{DOI|10.1021/ja00401a049}}</ref>.  




Line 36: Line 36:
==Organocatalyst classes==
==Organocatalyst classes==
Organocatalysts for asymmetric synthesis can be grouped in several classes:
Organocatalysts for asymmetric synthesis can be grouped in several classes:
* [[Biomolecule]]s: notably [[proline]], [[phenylalanine]], the [[cinchona alkaloid]]s, certain [[oligopeptide]]s.
* [[Biomolecule]]s: notably [[proline]], [[phenylalanine]], the cinchona alkaloids, certain [[oligopeptide]]s.
* Synthetic catalysts derived from biomolecules. Examples of proline derivatives are MacMillan Imidazolidinones and the [[CBS catalyst]]
* Synthetic catalysts derived from biomolecules. Examples of proline derivatives are MacMillan Imidazolidinones and the [[CBS catalyst]]
* [[TADDOL|TADDOLS]]
* TADDOLS
* Derivatives of [[BINOL]] such as [[NOBIN]]
* Derivatives of BINOL such as [[NOBIN]]
* Triazolium salts as next-generation [[Stetter reaction]] catalysts
* Triazolium salts as next-generation [[Stetter reaction]] catalysts
* Organocatalysts based on [[thiourea]]s
* Organocatalysts based on [[thiourea]]s


Examples of asymmetric reactions involving organocatalysts are:
Examples of asymmetric reactions involving organocatalysts are:
* [[Asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction]]s
* Asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions
* [[Asymmetric Michael reaction]]s
* Asymmetric Michael reactions
* [[Asymmetric Mannich reaction]]s
* Asymmetric Mannich reactions
* [[Shi epoxidation]]
* [[Shi epoxidation]]
* [[Organocatalytic transfer hydrogenation]]
* Organocatalytic transfer hydrogenation


==Imidazolidinone organocatalysis==
==Imidazolidinone organocatalysis==
[[Image:ImidazolidinoneCatalysts.svg|right|400px|Imidazolidinone Catalysts]]A certain class of [[imidazolidinone]] compounds (also called '''MacMillan organocatalysts''') are suitable catalysts for many [[asymmetric reaction]]s such as [[Diels-Alder reaction#Asymmetric DA reactions|asymmetric DA reactions]]. The original such compound was derived from the [[biomolecule]] [[phenylalanine]] in two chemical steps ([[amidation]] with [[methylamine]] followed by [[condensation reaction]] with [[acetone]]) which leave the chirality intact <ref>New Strategies for Organic Catalysis: The First Highly Enantioselective Organocatalytic Diels-Alder Reaction Ahrendt, K. A.; Borths, C. J.; MacMillan, D. W. C. [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]]; (Communication); '''2000'''; 122(17); 4243-4244. {{DOI|10.1021/ja000092s}} </ref>:
[[Image:ImidazolidinoneCatalysts.png|left|400px|Imidazolidinone Catalysts]]A certain class of imidazolidinone compounds (also called '''MacMillan organocatalysts''') are suitable catalysts for many asymmetric reactions such as [[Diels-Alder reaction#Asymmetric DA reactions|asymmetric DA reactions]]. The original such compound was derived from the [[biomolecule]] [[phenylalanine]] in two chemical steps ([[amidation]] with [[methylamine]] followed by [[condensation reaction]] with [[acetone]]) which leave the chirality intact <ref>New Strategies for Organic Catalysis: The First Highly Enantioselective Organocatalytic Diels-Alder Reaction Ahrendt, K. A.; Borths, C. J.; MacMillan, D. W. C. [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]]; (Communication); '''2000'''; 122(17); 4243-4244. {{DOI|10.1021/ja000092s}} </ref>:


:[[Image:ImidazolidinoneSynthesis.svg|600px|McMillan catalysts synthesis, bn stands for the benzyl group]]
:[[Image:ImidazolidinoneSynthesis.png|600px|McMillan catalysts synthesis, bn stands for the benzyl group]]


This catalyst works by forming a [[iminium ion]] with [[carbonyl]] groups of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes ([[enal]]s) and [[enone]]s in a rapid [[chemical equilibrium]]. This '''iminium activation''' is similar to activation of carbonyl groups by a [[Lewis acid]] and both catalysts lower the substrates [[LUMO]] <ref>''Modern Strategies in Organic Catalysis: The Advent and Development of Iminium Activation'' Gérald Lelais and David W. C. MacMillan VOL. 39, NO. 3, 79 • '''2006''' Aldrichimica Acta http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/aldrich/brochure/al_acta_39_3.pdf</ref>:
This catalyst works by forming a iminium ion with [[carbonyl]] groups of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (enals) and [[enone]]s in a rapid [[chemical equilibrium]]. This '''iminium activation''' is similar to activation of carbonyl groups by a [[Lewis acid]] and both catalysts lower the substrates [[LUMO]] <ref>''Modern Strategies in Organic Catalysis: The Advent and Development of Iminium Activation'' Gérald Lelais and David W. C. MacMillan VOL. 39, NO. 3, 79 • '''2006''' Aldrichimica Acta http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/aldrich/brochure/al_acta_39_3.pdf</ref>:


:[[Image:IminiumActivation.svg|500px|Iminium ion activation]]
:[[Image:IminiumActivation.png|500px|Iminium ion activation]]


The transient iminium intermediate is chiral which is transferred to the reaction product via [[chiral induction]]. The catalysts have been used in [[Diels-Alder reaction]]s, [[Michael addition]]s, [[Friedel-Crafts alkylation]]s, [[transfer hydrogenation]]s and [[epoxidation]]s.   
The transient iminium intermediate is chiral which is transferred to the reaction product via chiral induction. The catalysts have been used in [[Diels-Alder reaction]]s, [[Michael addition]]s, [[Friedel-Crafts alkylation]]s, [[transfer hydrogenation]]s and [[epoxidation]]s.   


One example is the asymmetric synthesis of the drug [[warfarin]] (in equilibrium with the [[hemiketal]]) in a [[Michael addition]] of [[4-hydroxycoumarin]] and [[benzylideneacetone]] <ref>''Organocatalytic Asymmetric Michael Reaction of Cyclic 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds and ,-Unsaturated Ketones - A Highly Atom-Economic Catalytic One-Step Formation of Optically Active Warfarin Anticoagulant'' [[Angewandte Chemie International Edition]]Volume 42, Issue 40, Date: October 20, '''2003''', Pages: 4955-4957 Nis Halland, Tore Hansen, Karl Anker Jørgensen {{DOI|10.1002/anie.200352136}}</ref>:  
One example is the asymmetric synthesis of the drug [[warfarin]] (in equilibrium with the [[hemiketal]]) in a [[Michael addition]] of 4-hydroxycoumarin and [[benzylideneacetone]] <ref>''Organocatalytic Asymmetric Michael Reaction of Cyclic 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds and ,-Unsaturated Ketones - A Highly Atom-Economic Catalytic One-Step Formation of Optically Active Warfarin Anticoagulant'' [[Angewandte Chemie International Edition]]Volume 42, Issue 40, Date: October 20, '''2003''', Pages: 4955-4957 Nis Halland, Tore Hansen, Karl Anker Jørgensen {{DOI|10.1002/anie.200352136}}</ref>:  


:[[Image:AsymmetricWarfarinSynthesis.svg|650px|Asymmetric warfarin synthesis Jørgensen 2003]]
:[[Image:AsymmetricWarfarinSynthesis.png|650px|Asymmetric warfarin synthesis Jørgensen 2003]]


A recent exploit is the [[vinyl]] alkylation of [[crotonaldehyde]] with an [[organotrifluoroborate salt]] <ref>''Organocatalytic Vinyl and Friedel-Crafts Alkylations with Trifluoroborate Salts'' Sandra Lee and David W. C. MacMillan [[J. AM. CHEM. SOC.]] '''2007''', 129, 15438-15439 {{DOI|10.1021/ja0767480}}</ref>:
A recent exploit is the [[vinyl]] alkylation of [[crotonaldehyde]] with an organotrifluoroborate salt <ref>''Organocatalytic Vinyl and Friedel-Crafts Alkylations with Trifluoroborate Salts'' Sandra Lee and David W. C. MacMillan [[J. AM. CHEM. SOC.]] '''2007''', 129, 15438-15439 {{DOI|10.1021/ja0767480}}</ref>:


:[[Image:AsymmetricVinylAlkylationLee2007.svg|600px|Asymmetric Vinyl Alkylation Lee 2007]]
:[[Image:AsymmetricVinylAlkylationLee2007.png|600px|Asymmetric Vinyl Alkylation Lee 2007]]


For other examples of its use: see [[organocatalytic transfer hydrogenation]] and [[Diels-Alder reaction#Asymmetric DA reactions|asymmetric DA reactions]].
For other examples of its use: see organocatalytic transfer hydrogenation and [[Diels-Alder reaction#Asymmetric DA reactions|asymmetric DA reactions]].


== Thiourea organocatalysis==
== Thiourea organocatalysis==
In nature noncovalent interactions such as [[hydrogen bonding]] ("partial protonation") play a crucial role in [[enzyme]] [[catalysis]] that is characterized by selective substrate recognition (molecular recognition), substrate activation, and enormous acceleration of organic transformations.
In nature noncovalent interactions such as [[hydrogen bonding]] ("partial protonation") play a crucial role in [[enzyme]] [[catalysis]] that is characterized by selective substrate recognition (molecular recognition), substrate activation, and enormous acceleration of organic transformations.
Based on the pioneering examinations by Kelly, Etter, Jorgensen, Hine, Curran, Göbel, and De Mendoza (see review articles cited below) on [[hydrogen bonding]] interactions of small, metal-free compounds with electron-rich binding sites Schreiner and co-workers performed series of theoretical and experimental systematic investigations towards the hydrogen-bonding ability of various [[thiourea]] derivatives <ref>Alexander Wittkopp, Peter R. Schreiner, ''"Diels-Alder Reactions in Water and in Hydrogen-Bonding Environments"'', book chapter in "The Chemistry of Dienes and Polyenes" Zvi Rappoport (Ed.), Volume 2, John Wiley & Sons Inc.; Chichester, '''2000''', 1029-1088. ISBN 0-471-72054-2.</ref> <ref>Alexander Wittkopp, ''"Organocatalysis of Diels-Alder Reactions by Neutral Hydrogen Bond Donors in Organic and Aqueous Solvents"'', dissertation written in German, Universität Göttingen, '''2001'''. english abstract/download: [http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2001/wittkopp/index.html]</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = P. R. Schreiner and A. Wittkopp | title = H-Bonding Additives Act Like Lewis Acid Catalysts | year = 2002 | journal = [[Org. Lett.]] | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–220 | doi = 10.1021/ol017117s}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = A. Wittkopp and P. R. Schreiner | title = Metal-Free, Noncovalent Catalysis of Diels-Alder Reactions by ''Neutral'' Hydrogen Bond Donors in Organic Solvents and in Water | year = 2003 | journal = [[Chemistry - A European Journal]] | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 407–414 | doi = 10.1002/chem.200390042}}</ref> <ref>Peter R. Schreiner, review: ''"Metal-free organocatalysis through explicit hydrogen bonding interactions"'', ''Chem. Soc. Rev.'' '''2003''', ''32'', 289-296. abstract/download:[http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/CS/article.asp?doi=b107298f]</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = M. Kotke and P. R. Schreiner | title = Acid-free, organocatalytic acetalization | year = 2006 | journal = [[Tetrahedron]] | volume = 62 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 434–439 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6THR-4HDG975-4/2/d9db0fc4379cd0c124c20885ec23e566 | doi = 10.1016/j.tet.2005.09.079}}</ref> <ref>Christian M. Kleiner, Peter R. Schreiner, ''"Hydrophobic amplification of noncovalent organocatalysis"'', ''Chem. Commun.''''' 2006''', 4315-4017.abstract/download:[http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/CC/article.asp?doi=b605850g]</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = M. Kotke and P. Schreiner | title = Generally Applicable Organocatalytic Tetrahydropyranylation of Hydroxy Functionalities with Very Low Catalyst Loading | year = 2007 | journal = [[Synthesis (magazine)|Synthesis]] | volume = 2007| issue = 5 | pages = 779–790 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-965917}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = L. Wanka and C. Cabrele | title =γ-Aminoadamantanecarboxylic Acids Through Direct C-H Bond Amidations | year = 2007 | journal = [[European Journal of Organic Chemistry]] | volume = 2007 | issue = 9 | pages = 1474–1490 | doi = 10.1002/ejoc.200600975}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = Z. Zhang and P. R. Schreiner | title = Thiourea-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Aldimines | year = 2007 | journal = [[Synlett]] | volume = 2007| issue = 9 | pages = 1455–1457 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-980349}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = M. P. Petri | title = Activation of Carbonyl Compounds by Double Hydrogen Bonding: An Emerging Tool in Asymmetric Catalysis | year = 2004 | journal = [[Angewandte Chemie International Edition]] | volume = 43 | issue = 16 | pages = 2062–2064 | doi = 10.1002/anie.200301732}}</ref> <ref>Yoshiji Takemoto, review: ''"Recognition and activation by ureas and thioureas: stereoselective reactions using ureas and thioureas as hydrogen-bonding donors"'', ''Org. Biomol. Chem.'' '''2005''', ''3'', 4299-4306. abstract/download: [http://rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/OB/article.asp?doi=b511216h]</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal | volume = 45 | issue = 10 | pages = 1520–1543 | author = Mark S. Taylor, Eric N. Jacobsen | title = Asymmetric Catalysis by Chiral Hydrogen-Bond Donors | journal = Angewandte Chemie International Edition | date = 2006 | doi = 10.1002/anie.200503132}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = J. C. Stephen | title = Organocatalysis Mediated by (Thio)urea Derivatives | year = 2006 | journal = [[Chemistry - A European Journal]] | volume = 12 | issue = 21 | pages = 5418–5427 | doi = 10.1002/chem.200501076}}</ref>. This purely organic compounds revealed effective acceleration of simple [[Diels-Alder reaction]], act like weak [[Lewis acid]] catalyst, but act through explicit double hydrogen bonding instead of covalent binding known from traditional metal-ion mediated catalysis.
Based on the pioneering examinations by Kelly, Etter, Jorgensen, Hine, Curran, Göbel, and De Mendoza (see review articles cited below) on [[hydrogen bonding]] interactions of small, metal-free compounds with electron-rich binding sites Schreiner and co-workers performed series of theoretical and experimental systematic investigations towards the hydrogen-bonding ability of various [[thiourea]] derivatives <ref>Alexander Wittkopp, Peter R. Schreiner, ''"Diels-Alder Reactions in Water and in Hydrogen-Bonding Environments"'', book chapter in "The Chemistry of Dienes and Polyenes" Zvi Rappoport (Ed.), Volume 2, John Wiley & Sons Inc.; Chichester, '''2000''', 1029-1088. ISBN 0-471-72054-2.</ref> <ref>Alexander Wittkopp, ''"Organocatalysis of Diels-Alder Reactions by Neutral Hydrogen Bond Donors in Organic and Aqueous Solvents"'', dissertation written in German, Universität Göttingen, '''2001'''. english abstract/download: [http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2001/wittkopp/index.html]</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = P. R. Schreiner and A. Wittkopp | title = H-Bonding Additives Act Like Lewis Acid Catalysts | year = 2002 | journal = [[Org. Lett.]] | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–220 | doi = 10.1021/ol017117s}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = A. Wittkopp and P. R. Schreiner | title = Metal-Free, Noncovalent Catalysis of Diels-Alder Reactions by ''Neutral'' Hydrogen Bond Donors in Organic Solvents and in Water | year = 2003 | journal = [[Chemistry - A European Journal]] | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 407–414 | doi = 10.1002/chem.200390042}}</ref> <ref>Peter R. Schreiner, review: ''"Metal-free organocatalysis through explicit hydrogen bonding interactions"'', ''Chem. Soc. Rev.'' '''2003''', ''32'', 289-296. abstract/download:[http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/CS/article.asp?doi=b107298f]</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = M. Kotke and P. R. Schreiner | title = Acid-free, organocatalytic acetalization | year = 2006 | journal = [[Tetrahedron]] | volume = 62 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 434–439 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6THR-4HDG975-4/2/d9db0fc4379cd0c124c20885ec23e566 | doi = 10.1016/j.tet.2005.09.079}}</ref> <ref>Christian M. Kleiner, Peter R. Schreiner, ''"Hydrophobic amplification of noncovalent organocatalysis"'', ''Chem. Commun.''''' 2006''', 4315-4017.abstract/download:[http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/CC/article.asp?doi=b605850g]</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = M. Kotke and P. Schreiner | title = Generally Applicable Organocatalytic Tetrahydropyranylation of Hydroxy Functionalities with Very Low Catalyst Loading | year = 2007 | journal = [[Synthesis (magazine)|Synthesis]] | volume = 2007| issue = 5 | pages = 779–790 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-965917}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = L. Wanka and C. Cabrele | title =γ-Aminoadamantanecarboxylic Acids Through Direct C-H Bond Amidations | year = 2007 | journal = [[European Journal of Organic Chemistry]] | volume = 2007 | issue = 9 | pages = 1474–1490 | doi = 10.1002/ejoc.200600975}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = Z. Zhang and P. R. Schreiner | title = Thiourea-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Aldimines | year = 2007 | journal = [[Synlett]] | volume = 2007| issue = 9 | pages = 1455–1457 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-980349}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = M. P. Petri | title = Activation of Carbonyl Compounds by Double Hydrogen Bonding: An Emerging Tool in Asymmetric Catalysis | year = 2004 | journal = [[Angewandte Chemie International Edition]] | volume = 43 | issue = 16 | pages = 2062–2064 | doi = 10.1002/anie.200301732}}</ref> <ref>Yoshiji Takemoto, review: ''"Recognition and activation by ureas and thioureas: stereoselective reactions using ureas and thioureas as hydrogen-bonding donors"'', ''Org. Biomol. Chem.'' '''2005''', ''3'', 4299-4306. abstract/download: [http://rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/OB/article.asp?doi=b511216h]</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal | volume = 45 | issue = 10 | pages = 1520–1543 | author = Mark S. Taylor, Eric N. Jacobsen | title = Asymmetric Catalysis by Chiral Hydrogen-Bond Donors | journal = Angewandte Chemie International Edition | date = 2006 | doi = 10.1002/anie.200503132}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = J. C. Stephen | title = Organocatalysis Mediated by (Thio)urea Derivatives | year = 2006 | journal = Chemistry - A European Journal | volume = 12 | issue = 21 | pages = 5418–5427 | doi = 10.1002/chem.200501076}}</ref>. This purely organic compounds revealed effective acceleration of simple [[Diels-Alder reaction]], act like weak [[Lewis acid]] catalyst, but act through explicit double hydrogen bonding instead of covalent binding known from traditional metal-ion mediated catalysis.
Schreiner and co-workers identified and indroduced electron-poor thiourea derivatives as hydrogen-bonding organocatalysts. ''N,N'''-bis[[3,5-bis(trifluormethyl)phenyl thiourea is to date the most effective [[Chirality (chemistry)|achiral]] thiourea derivative and combines all typical structural features for double H-bonding mediated organocatalysis:
Schreiner and co-workers identified and indroduced electron-poor thiourea derivatives as hydrogen-bonding organocatalysts. ''N,N'''-bis[[3,5-bis(trifluormethyl)phenyl thiourea is to date the most effective [[Chirality (chemistry)|achiral]] thiourea derivative and combines all typical structural features for double H-bonding mediated organocatalysis:
* electron-poor
* electron-poor
Line 82: Line 82:
'''Advantages of thiourea derivatives:'''
'''Advantages of thiourea derivatives:'''
* no product inhibition due to weak [[Enthalpy|enthalpic]] binding, but specific binding-“recognition“
* no product inhibition due to weak [[Enthalpy|enthalpic]] binding, but specific binding-“recognition“
* low catalyst-loading (down to 0.001 mol%){{Fact|date=September 2007}}
* low catalyst-loading (down to 0.001 mol%)
* high [[Time-of-flight|TOF]] values (up to 2,000 h<sup>–1</sup>){{Fact|date=September 2007}}
* high [[Time-of-flight|TOF]] values (up to 2,000 h<sup>–1</sup>)
* simple and inexpensive synthesis
* simple and inexpensive synthesis
* easily to modulate and to handle, no inert atmosphere necessary
* easily to modulate and to handle, no inert atmosphere necessary
* [[immobilization on solid phase]] (polymer-bound organocatalysts), catalyst recovery and reusability
* immobilization on solid phase (polymer-bound organocatalysts), catalyst recovery and reusability
* catalysis under almost neutral conditions (pk<sub>a</sub> thiourea 21.0), acid-sensitive substrates are tolerated
* catalysis under almost neutral conditions (pk<sub>a</sub> thiourea 21.0), acid-sensitive substrates are tolerated
* metal-free, not toxic (compare traditional metal-containing Lewis-acid catalysts
* metal-free, not toxic (compare traditional metal-containing Lewis-acid catalysts
* water-tolerant, even catalytically effective in water or aqueous media
* water-tolerant, even catalytically effective in water or aqueous media
* environmentally benign ("[[Green Chemistry]]")
* environmentally benign ("Green Chemistry")


To date various organic transformations are organocatalyzed through hydrogen-bonding ''N,N'''-bis[[3,5-bis(trifluormethyl)phenyl thiourea at low catalyst loadings and in good to excellent product yields. This electron-poor thiourea derivative has proven to be the benchmark for noncovalent organocatalysis utilizing explicit hydrogen-bonding as well as to be the basis for development of a wide range of catalytically active derivatives.
To date various organic transformations are organocatalyzed through hydrogen-bonding ''N,N'''-bis[[3,5-bis(trifluormethyl)phenyl thiourea at low catalyst loadings and in good to excellent product yields. This electron-poor thiourea derivative has proven to be the benchmark for noncovalent organocatalysis utilizing explicit hydrogen-bonding as well as to be the basis for development of a wide range of catalytically active derivatives.
Line 97: Line 97:


{|align="center" bgcolor="white"
{|align="center" bgcolor="white"
|valign="top"| [[Image:wikipedia jacobsen2 polymer thiourea.png|thumb|'''1998''': Jacobsen's chiral (polymer-bound) Schiff base thiourea derivative for asymmetric [[Strecker_reaction|Strecker]] reactions. ''J. Am. Chem. Soc.'' '''1998''', ''120'', 4901-4902; ''Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.'' '''2000''', ''39'', 1279-1281]]
|valign="top"| [[Image:wikipedia jacobsen2 polymer thiourea.png|thumb|'''1998''': Jacobsen's chiral (polymer-bound) Schiff base thiourea derivative for asymmetric Strecker reactions. ''J. Am. Chem. Soc.'' '''1998''', ''120'', 4901-4902; ''Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.'' '''2000''', ''39'', 1279-1281]]
|valign="top" align="center"| [[Image:thioureaT1coor.png|thumb|'''2001''': Schreiner's N,N'-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl thiourea: complexation of substrate through explicit double hydrogen-bonding, clamplike binding motif. [1], [2], ''Org. Lett.'' '''2002''', ''4'', 217-220; ''Chem. Eur. J.'' '''2003''', ''9'', 407-414]]
|valign="top" align="center"| [[Image:thioureaT1coor.png|thumb|'''2001''': Schreiner's N,N'-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl thiourea: complexation of substrate through explicit double hydrogen-bonding, clamplike binding motif. [1], [2], ''Org. Lett.'' '''2002''', ''4'', 217-220; ''Chem. Eur. J.'' '''2003''', ''9'', 407-414]]
|valign="top" align="center"| [[Image:wikipedia Takemoto2.png|thumb|'''2003''': Takemoto's bifunctional chiral [[thiourea]] derivative, catalysis of asymmetric [[Michael reaction|Michael]]- and [[Aza-Henry reaction]]s. ''J. Am. Chem. Soc.'' '''2003''', ''125'', 12672-12673]]
|valign="top" align="center"| [[Image:wikipedia Takemoto2.png|thumb|'''2003''': Takemoto's bifunctional chiral [[thiourea]] derivative, catalysis of asymmetric [[Michael reaction|Michael]]- and Aza-Henry reactions. ''J. Am. Chem. Soc.'' '''2003''', ''125'', 12672-12673]]
|valign="top"| [[Image:Wikipedia Nagasawa2.png|thumb|'''2004''': Nagasawa's chiral bis-thiourea organocatalyst, catalysis of asymmetric [[Baylis-Hillman reaction]]s. ''Tetrahedron Letters'' '''2004''', ''45'', 5589–5592]]
|valign="top"| [[Image:Wikipedia Nagasawa2.png|thumb|'''2004''': Nagasawa's chiral bis-thiourea organocatalyst, catalysis of asymmetric [[Baylis-Hillman reaction]]s. ''Tetrahedron Letters'' '''2004''', ''45'', 5589–5592]]
|-
|-
|valign="top"| [[Image:wikipedia Nagasawa guanidine.png|thumb|'''2005''': Nagasawa's bifunctional thiourea functionalized guanidine , asymmetric catalysis of [[Henry reaction|Henry(Nitroaldol)reactions]]. ''Adv. Synth. Catal.'' '''2005''', ''347'', 1643–1648]]
|valign="top"| [[Image:wikipedia Nagasawa guanidine.png|thumb|'''2005''': Nagasawa's bifunctional thiourea functionalized guanidine , asymmetric catalysis of [[Henry reaction|Henry(Nitroaldol)reactions]]. ''Adv. Synth. Catal.'' '''2005''', ''347'', 1643–1648]]
|valign="top"| [[Image:wikipedia Ricci alcohol thiourea.png|thumb|'''2005''': Ricci's chiral thiourea derivative with additional hydroxy-group, enantioselective [[Friedel-Crafts alkylation]] of [[indol]]s with nitroalkenes. ''Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.'' '''2005''', ''44'', 6576–6579]]
|valign="top"| [[Image:wikipedia Ricci alcohol thiourea.png|thumb|'''2005''': Ricci's chiral thiourea derivative with additional hydroxy-group, enantioselective [[Friedel-Crafts alkylation]] of [[indol]]s with nitroalkenes. ''Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.'' '''2005''', ''44'', 6576–6579]]
|valign="top"|[[Image:Wang binapthol thioharnstoff.png|thumb|'''2005''': Wei Wang's bifunctional binaphthyl-thiourea derivative, asymmetric catalysis of [[Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction]]s. ''Org. Lett.'' '''2005''', ''7'', 4293-4296]]
|valign="top"|[[Image:Wang binapthol thioharnstoff.png|thumb|'''2005''': Wei Wang's bifunctional binaphthyl-thiourea derivative, asymmetric catalysis of Morita-Baylis-Hillman reactions. ''Org. Lett.'' '''2005''', ''7'', 4293-4296]]
|valign="top"|[[Image:wikipedia Connon2 alkaloid thioharnstoff.png|thumb|'''2005''': Soos's and Connon's bifunctional thiourea funtionalized [[Cinchona alkaloid]], asymmetric additions of nitroalkanes to chalcones (''Org. Lett.'' '''2005''', ''7'', 1967-1969) as well as [[malonate]]s to nitroalkenes (''Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.'' '''2005''', ''44'', 6367–6370)]]
|valign="top"|[[Image:wikipedia Connon2 alkaloid thioharnstoff.png|thumb|'''2005''': Soos's and Connon's bifunctional thiourea funtionalized Cinchona alkaloid, asymmetric additions of nitroalkanes to chalcones (''Org. Lett.'' '''2005''', ''7'', 1967-1969) as well as [[malonate]]s to nitroalkenes (''Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.'' '''2005''', ''44'', 6367–6370)]]
|-
|-
|valign="top"|[[Image:wikipedia Yong Tang pyrrolidine Thioharnstoff.png|thumb|'''2006''': Yong Tang's chiral bifunctional pyrrolidine-thiourea, [[enantioselective]] [[Michael addition]]s of [[cyclohexanone]] to nitroolefins. ''Org. Lett.'' '''2006''', ''8'', 2901-2904]]
|valign="top"|[[Image:wikipedia Yong Tang pyrrolidine Thioharnstoff.png|thumb|'''2006''': Yong Tang's chiral bifunctional pyrrolidine-thiourea, [[enantioselective]] [[Michael addition]]s of [[cyclohexanone]] to nitroolefins. ''Org. Lett.'' '''2006''', ''8'', 2901-2904]]
Line 121: Line 121:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|2}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 129: Line 129:
{{chiral synthesis}}
{{chiral synthesis}}


[[Category:Catalysis]]
[[Category:Organic chemistry]]
[[Category:Organic chemistry]]
{{SIB}}
 
[[de:Organokatalyse]]
[[de:Organokatalyse]]
[[es:Organocatálisis]]
[[es:Organocatálisis]]

Latest revision as of 20:27, 4 September 2012

WikiDoc Resources for Organocatalysis

Articles

Most recent articles on Organocatalysis

Most cited articles on Organocatalysis

Review articles on Organocatalysis

Articles on Organocatalysis in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Organocatalysis

Images of Organocatalysis

Photos of Organocatalysis

Podcasts & MP3s on Organocatalysis

Videos on Organocatalysis

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Organocatalysis

Bandolier on Organocatalysis

TRIP on Organocatalysis

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Organocatalysis at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Organocatalysis

Clinical Trials on Organocatalysis at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Organocatalysis

NICE Guidance on Organocatalysis

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Organocatalysis

CDC on Organocatalysis

Books

Books on Organocatalysis

News

Organocatalysis in the news

Be alerted to news on Organocatalysis

News trends on Organocatalysis

Commentary

Blogs on Organocatalysis

Definitions

Definitions of Organocatalysis

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Organocatalysis

Discussion groups on Organocatalysis

Patient Handouts on Organocatalysis

Directions to Hospitals Treating Organocatalysis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Organocatalysis

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Organocatalysis

Causes & Risk Factors for Organocatalysis

Diagnostic studies for Organocatalysis

Treatment of Organocatalysis

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Organocatalysis

International

Organocatalysis en Espanol

Organocatalysis en Francais

Business

Organocatalysis in the Marketplace

Patents on Organocatalysis

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Organocatalysis


Overview

Justus von Liebig's synthesis of oxamide from dicyan and water represents the first organocatalytic reaction, with acetaldehyde further identified as the first discovered pure "organocatalyst", which act similarly to the then-named "ferments", now known as enzymes. [1][2]

In organic chemistry, the term Organocatalysis (a concatenation of the terms "organic" and "catalyst") refers to a form of catalysis, whereby the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by an organic catalyst referred to as an "organocatalyst" consisting of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and other nonmetal elements found in organic compounds [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]. Because of their similarity in composition and description, they are often mistaken as a misnomer for enzymes due to their comparable effects on reaction rates and forms of catalysis involved.

The term "organocatalysis" was created by David MacMillan in 2000 from the old and well known concept of "organic catalysis" introduced by the German chemist Wolfgang Langenbeck; "organocatalysis" is nothing more than a new name for an old methodology, but thus gives fresh impulses for intensive research in the following years.

Organocatalysts which display secondary amine functionality can be described as performing either enamine catalysis (by forming catalytic quantities of an active enamine nucleophile) or iminium catalysis (by forming catalytic quantities of an activated iminium electrophile). This mechanism is typical for covalent organocatalysis. Covalent binding of substrate normally requires high catalyst loading (for proline-catalysis typically 20-30 mol%). Noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen-bonding facilitates low catalyst loadings (down to 0.001 mol%).

Two main advantages of organocatalysis are:

  • there is no need for metal-based catalysis thus making a contribution to green chemistry. In this context, simple organic acids have been used as catalyst for the modification of cellulose in water on multi-ton scale.[9]
  • when the organocatalyst is chiral an avenue is opened to asymmetric catalysis, for example the use of proline in aldol reactions,

Introduction

Regular achiral organocatalysts are based on nitrogen such as pyridine used in the Doebner modification of the Aldol condensation, DMAP used in esterfications and DABCO used in the Baylis-Hillman reaction. Thiazolium salts are employed in the Stetter reaction. These catalysts and reactions have a long history but current interest in organocatalysis is focused on asymmetric catalysis with chiral catalysts and this particular branch is called asymmetric organocatalysis or enantioselective organocatalysis . A pioneering reaction developed in the 1970s by teams of Hoffmann-La Roche[10] [11] and Schering AG[12] that sums it all up is the Hajos-Parrish-Eder-Sauer-Wiechert reaction:

The original reaction

In this reaction, naturally occurring chiral proline is the chiral catalyst in an Aldol reaction. The starting material is an achiral triketone and it requires just 3% of proline to obtain the reaction product, a ketol in 93% enantiomeric excess. Discovered in the 1970's the original Hajos-Parrish catalytic procedure shown in the reaction equation leading to the optically active bicyclic ketol as well as the Eder-Sauer-Wiechert modification leading to the optically active dione paved the way of asymmetric organocatalysis.

Hajos and Parrish worked at ambient temperature using a catalytic amount (3% molar equiv.) of (S)-(-)-proline enabling them to isolate the optically active intermediate bicyclic ketol shown above. The Schering group used non biological conditions using (S)-Proline (47 mol%), 1N perchloric acid, in acetonitrile at 80 °C. Hence, they could not isolate the Hajos, Parrish intermediate bicyclic ketols but instead the enedione condensation product.

The asymmetric synthesis of the Wieland-Miescher ketone (1985) is also based on proline and another early application was one of the transformations in the total synthesis of Erythromycin by Robert B. Woodward (1981) [13].


Many chiral organocatalysts are an adaptation of chiral ligands (which together with a metal center also catalyze asymmetric reactions) and both concepts overlap to some degree.

Organocatalyst classes

Organocatalysts for asymmetric synthesis can be grouped in several classes:

Examples of asymmetric reactions involving organocatalysts are:

  • Asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions
  • Asymmetric Michael reactions
  • Asymmetric Mannich reactions
  • Shi epoxidation
  • Organocatalytic transfer hydrogenation

Imidazolidinone organocatalysis

Imidazolidinone Catalysts
Imidazolidinone Catalysts

A certain class of imidazolidinone compounds (also called MacMillan organocatalysts) are suitable catalysts for many asymmetric reactions such as asymmetric DA reactions. The original such compound was derived from the biomolecule phenylalanine in two chemical steps (amidation with methylamine followed by condensation reaction with acetone) which leave the chirality intact [14]:

McMillan catalysts synthesis, bn stands for the benzyl group

This catalyst works by forming a iminium ion with carbonyl groups of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (enals) and enones in a rapid chemical equilibrium. This iminium activation is similar to activation of carbonyl groups by a Lewis acid and both catalysts lower the substrates LUMO [15]:

Iminium ion activation

The transient iminium intermediate is chiral which is transferred to the reaction product via chiral induction. The catalysts have been used in Diels-Alder reactions, Michael additions, Friedel-Crafts alkylations, transfer hydrogenations and epoxidations.

One example is the asymmetric synthesis of the drug warfarin (in equilibrium with the hemiketal) in a Michael addition of 4-hydroxycoumarin and benzylideneacetone [16]:

Asymmetric warfarin synthesis Jørgensen 2003

A recent exploit is the vinyl alkylation of crotonaldehyde with an organotrifluoroborate salt [17]:

Asymmetric Vinyl Alkylation Lee 2007

For other examples of its use: see organocatalytic transfer hydrogenation and asymmetric DA reactions.

Thiourea organocatalysis

In nature noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding ("partial protonation") play a crucial role in enzyme catalysis that is characterized by selective substrate recognition (molecular recognition), substrate activation, and enormous acceleration of organic transformations. Based on the pioneering examinations by Kelly, Etter, Jorgensen, Hine, Curran, Göbel, and De Mendoza (see review articles cited below) on hydrogen bonding interactions of small, metal-free compounds with electron-rich binding sites Schreiner and co-workers performed series of theoretical and experimental systematic investigations towards the hydrogen-bonding ability of various thiourea derivatives [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31]. This purely organic compounds revealed effective acceleration of simple Diels-Alder reaction, act like weak Lewis acid catalyst, but act through explicit double hydrogen bonding instead of covalent binding known from traditional metal-ion mediated catalysis. Schreiner and co-workers identified and indroduced electron-poor thiourea derivatives as hydrogen-bonding organocatalysts. N,N'-bis[[3,5-bis(trifluormethyl)phenyl thiourea is to date the most effective achiral thiourea derivative and combines all typical structural features for double H-bonding mediated organocatalysis:

Advantages of thiourea derivatives:

  • no product inhibition due to weak enthalpic binding, but specific binding-“recognition“
  • low catalyst-loading (down to 0.001 mol%)
  • high TOF values (up to 2,000 h–1)
  • simple and inexpensive synthesis
  • easily to modulate and to handle, no inert atmosphere necessary
  • immobilization on solid phase (polymer-bound organocatalysts), catalyst recovery and reusability
  • catalysis under almost neutral conditions (pka thiourea 21.0), acid-sensitive substrates are tolerated
  • metal-free, not toxic (compare traditional metal-containing Lewis-acid catalysts
  • water-tolerant, even catalytically effective in water or aqueous media
  • environmentally benign ("Green Chemistry")

To date various organic transformations are organocatalyzed through hydrogen-bonding N,N'-bis[[3,5-bis(trifluormethyl)phenyl thiourea at low catalyst loadings and in good to excellent product yields. This electron-poor thiourea derivative has proven to be the benchmark for noncovalent organocatalysis utilizing explicit hydrogen-bonding as well as to be the basis for development of a wide range of catalytically active derivatives.

Since 2001 research groups world-wide (e.g., Berkessel, Connon, Jacobsen, Nagaswa, Takemoto) have realized the potential of thiourea derivatives and developed various achiral/chiral mono- and bifunctional derivatives incorporating the electron-poor 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substrate-"anchor" functionality. Meanwhile a broad spectrum of organic transformations are performed through hydrogen-bonding organocatalysis and the research ist still in the focus of interest.

1998: Jacobsen's chiral (polymer-bound) Schiff base thiourea derivative for asymmetric Strecker reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4901-4902; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 1279-1281
2001: Schreiner's N,N'-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl thiourea: complexation of substrate through explicit double hydrogen-bonding, clamplike binding motif. [1], [2], Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 217-220; Chem. Eur. J. 2003, 9, 407-414
2003: Takemoto's bifunctional chiral thiourea derivative, catalysis of asymmetric Michael- and Aza-Henry reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 12672-12673
2004: Nagasawa's chiral bis-thiourea organocatalyst, catalysis of asymmetric Baylis-Hillman reactions. Tetrahedron Letters 2004, 45, 5589–5592
2005: Nagasawa's bifunctional thiourea functionalized guanidine , asymmetric catalysis of Henry(Nitroaldol)reactions. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2005, 347, 1643–1648
2005: Ricci's chiral thiourea derivative with additional hydroxy-group, enantioselective Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indols with nitroalkenes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 6576–6579
2005: Wei Wang's bifunctional binaphthyl-thiourea derivative, asymmetric catalysis of Morita-Baylis-Hillman reactions. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 4293-4296
2005: Soos's and Connon's bifunctional thiourea funtionalized Cinchona alkaloid, asymmetric additions of nitroalkanes to chalcones (Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 1967-1969) as well as malonates to nitroalkenes (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 6367–6370)
2006: Yong Tang's chiral bifunctional pyrrolidine-thiourea, enantioselective Michael additions of cyclohexanone to nitroolefins. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 2901-2904
2006: Berkessel's chiral isophoronediamine-derived bisthiourea derivative, catalysis of asymmetric Morita-Baylis-Hillman reactions. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 4195-4198
2006: Takemoto's PEG-bound chiral thiourea, asymmetric catalysis of (tandem-) Michael reactions of trans-β-nitrostyrene, aza-Henry reactions. Synthesis 2006, 19 ,3295-3300
2007: Kotke/Schreiner, polystyrene-bound, recoverable and reusable thiourea derivative for organocatalytic tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols. Synthesis 2007, 5, 779-790
2007: Wanka/Schreiner, chiral peptidic adamantane-based thiourea, catalysis of Morita-Baylis-Hillman reactions. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 1474-1490
2007: Takemoto's chelating bifunctional hydroxy-thiourea for enantioselective Petasis-type reaction of quinolines. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 6686-6687

References

  1. ↑ Justus von Liebig (1860). "Ueber die Bildung des Oxamids aus Cyan". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 113 (2): 246–247. doi:10.1002/jlac.18601130213.
  2. ↑ W. Langenbeck, Liebigs Ann. 1929, 469, 16.
  3. ↑ Berkessel, A., Groeger, H. (2005). Asymmetric Organocatalysis. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3-527-30517-3.
  4. ↑ Special Issue: List, Benjamin (2007). "Organocatalysis". Chem. Rev. 107 (12): 5413–5883. doi:10.1021/cr078412e.
  5. ↑ Peter I. Dalko, Lionel Moisan, review: "In the Golden Age of Organocatalysis", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 5138–5175
  6. ↑ Matthew J. Gaunt, Carin C.C. Johansson, Andy McNally, Ngoc T. Vo, review: "Enantioselective organocatalysis" Drug Discovery Today, 2007, 12(1/2), 8-27
  7. ↑ Dieter Enders, Christoph Grondal, Matthias R. M. Hüttl, review: "Asymmetric Organocatalytic Domino Reactions", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 1570–1581
  8. ↑ Enantioselective Organocatalysis Peter I. Dalko and Lionel Moisan Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 3726 ± 3748
  9. ↑ International Patent WO 2006068611 A1 20060629 “ Direct Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Organic Acid and Amino Acid-Catalyzed Modification of Amines and Alcohols” Inventors: Armando Córdova, Stockholm, Sweden; Jonas Hafrén, Stockholm, Sweden.
  10. ↑ Z. G. Hajos, D. R. Parrish, German Patent DE 2102623 1971
  11. ↑ Asymmetric synthesis of bicyclic intermediates of natural product chemistry Zoltan G. Hajos, David R. Parrish J. Org. Chem.; 1974; 39(12); 1615-1621. doi:10.1021/jo00925a003
  12. ↑ New Type of Asymmetric Cyclization to Optically Active Steroid CD Partial Structures Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English Volume 10, Issue 7, Date: July 1971, Pages: 496-497 Ulrich Eder, Gerhard Sauer, Rudolf Wiechert doi:10.1002/anie.197104961
  13. ↑ Asymmetric total synthesis of erythromcin. 1. Synthesis of an erythronolide A secoacid derivative via asymmetric induction R. B. Woodward, E. Logusch, K. P. Nambiar, K. Sakan, D. E. Ward, B. W. Au-Yeung, P. Balaram, L. J. Browne, P. J. Card, C. H. Chen J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1981; 103(11); 3210-3213. doi:10.1021/ja00401a049
  14. ↑ New Strategies for Organic Catalysis: The First Highly Enantioselective Organocatalytic Diels-Alder Reaction Ahrendt, K. A.; Borths, C. J.; MacMillan, D. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc.; (Communication); 2000; 122(17); 4243-4244. doi:10.1021/ja000092s
  15. ↑ Modern Strategies in Organic Catalysis: The Advent and Development of Iminium Activation Gérald Lelais and David W. C. MacMillan VOL. 39, NO. 3, 79 • 2006 Aldrichimica Acta http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/aldrich/brochure/al_acta_39_3.pdf
  16. ↑ Organocatalytic Asymmetric Michael Reaction of Cyclic 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds and ,-Unsaturated Ketones - A Highly Atom-Economic Catalytic One-Step Formation of Optically Active Warfarin Anticoagulant Angewandte Chemie International EditionVolume 42, Issue 40, Date: October 20, 2003, Pages: 4955-4957 Nis Halland, Tore Hansen, Karl Anker Jørgensen doi:10.1002/anie.200352136
  17. ↑ Organocatalytic Vinyl and Friedel-Crafts Alkylations with Trifluoroborate Salts Sandra Lee and David W. C. MacMillan J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 2007, 129, 15438-15439 doi:10.1021/ja0767480
  18. ↑ Alexander Wittkopp, Peter R. Schreiner, "Diels-Alder Reactions in Water and in Hydrogen-Bonding Environments", book chapter in "The Chemistry of Dienes and Polyenes" Zvi Rappoport (Ed.), Volume 2, John Wiley & Sons Inc.; Chichester, 2000, 1029-1088. ISBN 0-471-72054-2.
  19. ↑ Alexander Wittkopp, "Organocatalysis of Diels-Alder Reactions by Neutral Hydrogen Bond Donors in Organic and Aqueous Solvents", dissertation written in German, Universität Göttingen, 2001. english abstract/download: [1]
  20. ↑ P. R. Schreiner and A. Wittkopp (2002). "H-Bonding Additives Act Like Lewis Acid Catalysts". Org. Lett. 4 (2): 217–220. doi:10.1021/ol017117s.
  21. ↑ A. Wittkopp and P. R. Schreiner (2003). "Metal-Free, Noncovalent Catalysis of Diels-Alder Reactions by Neutral Hydrogen Bond Donors in Organic Solvents and in Water". Chemistry - A European Journal. 9 (2): 407–414. doi:10.1002/chem.200390042.
  22. ↑ Peter R. Schreiner, review: "Metal-free organocatalysis through explicit hydrogen bonding interactions", Chem. Soc. Rev. 2003, 32, 289-296. abstract/download:[2]
  23. ↑ M. Kotke and P. R. Schreiner (2006). "Acid-free, organocatalytic acetalization". Tetrahedron. 62 (2–3): 434–439. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2005.09.079.
  24. ↑ Christian M. Kleiner, Peter R. Schreiner, "Hydrophobic amplification of noncovalent organocatalysis", Chem. Commun. 2006, 4315-4017.abstract/download:[3]
  25. ↑ M. Kotke and P. Schreiner (2007). "Generally Applicable Organocatalytic Tetrahydropyranylation of Hydroxy Functionalities with Very Low Catalyst Loading". Synthesis. 2007 (5): 779–790. doi:10.1055/s-2007-965917.
  26. ↑ L. Wanka and C. Cabrele (2007). "γ-Aminoadamantanecarboxylic Acids Through Direct C-H Bond Amidations". European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2007 (9): 1474–1490. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200600975.
  27. ↑ Z. Zhang and P. R. Schreiner (2007). "Thiourea-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Aldimines". Synlett. 2007 (9): 1455–1457. doi:10.1055/s-2007-980349.
  28. ↑ M. P. Petri (2004). "Activation of Carbonyl Compounds by Double Hydrogen Bonding: An Emerging Tool in Asymmetric Catalysis". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 43 (16): 2062–2064. doi:10.1002/anie.200301732.
  29. ↑ Yoshiji Takemoto, review: "Recognition and activation by ureas and thioureas: stereoselective reactions using ureas and thioureas as hydrogen-bonding donors", Org. Biomol. Chem. 2005, 3, 4299-4306. abstract/download: [4]
  30. ↑ Mark S. Taylor, Eric N. Jacobsen (2006). "Asymmetric Catalysis by Chiral Hydrogen-Bond Donors". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45 (10): 1520–1543. doi:10.1002/anie.200503132.
  31. ↑ J. C. Stephen (2006). "Organocatalysis Mediated by (Thio)urea Derivatives". Chemistry - A European Journal. 12 (21): 5418–5427. doi:10.1002/chem.200501076.

External links


Template:Chiral synthesis

de:Organokatalyse

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Organocatalysis&oldid=720655"