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| '''For the WikiPatient page for this topic, click [[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) (patient information)|here]]''' | | '''For the WikiPatient page for this topic, click [[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| '''Editor-In-Chief:''' [[User:Mohammed Sbeih|Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D.]] [mailto:msbeih@perfuse.org] | | '''Editor-In-Chief:''' [[User:Mohammed Sbeih|Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D.]] [mailto:moh_sbeih@hotmail.com]Phone: 617-849-2629; '''Assistant Editor-In-Chief:''' [[Kristin Feeney|Kristin Feeney, B.S.]] [mailto:kfeeney@elon.edu] |
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| '''Related Key Words and Synonyms:''' Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery, Single Incision Laparoscopic Surgery, Minimally Invasive Surgery, Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery, Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research. | | '''''Synonyms and keywords:''''' Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery, Single incision laparoscopic surgery, Minimally invasive surgery, Transanal endoscopic microsurgery, Natural orifice surgery consortium for assessment and research, Society of american gastrointestinal and endoscopic surgeons. |
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) overview|Overview]]== | | ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) overview|Overview]]== |
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) future directions|Future Directions]]== | | ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) future directions|Future Directions]]== |
| Operating on intensive care unit patients may be the future progression in NOTES procedures and may offer many benefits. Transgastric placement of diaphragm pacing for weaning the ICU patients from the ventilator may lead to several potential benefits over other methods of pacing <ref name="pmid17177078">{{cite journal |author=Onders R, McGee MF, Marks J, Chak A, Schilz R, Rosen MJ, Ignagni A, Faulx A, Elmo MJ, Schomisch S, Ponsky J |title=Diaphragm pacing with natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: potential for difficult-to-wean intensive care unit patients |journal=Surg Endosc |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=475–9 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17177078 |doi=10.1007/s00464-006-9125-4 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-006-9125-4 |accessdate=2012-02-22}}</ref>. This procedure could be performed at the bedside.
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| NOTES may become the preferred method to operate on selected patients (specific population). Morbidly obese patients and those with severe intra abdominal adhesions are good candidates for NOTES.
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| More studies should be conducted to find clear clarifications for the following issues <ref name="pmid18362621">{{cite journal |author=Flora ED, Wilson TG, Martin IJ, O'Rourke NA, Maddern GJ |title=A review of natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) for intra-abdominal surgery: experimental models, techniques, and applicability to the clinical setting |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=247 |issue=4 |pages=583–602 |year=2008 |month=April |pmid=18362621 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181656ce9 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?doi=10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181656ce9 |accessdate=2012-02-29}}</ref>:
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| *The best and the safest way to traverse the wall of the lumen in order to get access to the organ.
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| *Controlling the complications of every single NOTES procedure.
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| *Improving spatial orientation to perform the procedure.
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| *The best closure for the translumenal incisional site. Methods of reliable full thickness, watertight closure for the puncture sites in different organs should be developed.
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| *Specific ways for organ extraction through the natural orifices.
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| *Methods to prevent infections during NOTES procedures.
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| *Anesthesia level requirement for every NOTES procedure.
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| *Optimal instrumentation and devices for every NOTES procedure.
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) current technological developments|Current Technological Developments]]== | | ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) current technological developments|Current Technological Developments]]== |
| The development of NOTES instruments is emerging to make these procedures feasible and safe. These instruments include platforms and many other tools, such as suturing devices and anastomotic (nonsuturing) devices <ref name="pmid18381169">{{cite journal |author=Mummadi RR, Pasricha PJ |title=The eagle or the snake: platforms for NOTES and radical endoscopic therapy |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=279–89; viii |year=2008 |month=April |pmid=18381169 |doi=10.1016/j.giec.2008.01.005 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1052-5157(08)00006-8 |accessdate=2012-02-23}}</ref>. The new platform permits the performance of a large intraabdominal procedure in a faster and more accurate fashion.
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| University of California San Diego and Novare Endosurgical developed a new grasper that can be used in NOTES procedures through the same port of the endoscopes <ref name="pmid19343435">{{cite journal |author=Horgan S, Cullen JP, Talamini MA, Mintz Y, Ferreres A, Jacobsen GR, Sandler B, Bosia J, Savides T, Easter DW, Savu MK, Ramamoorthy SL, Whitcomb E, Agarwal S, Lukacz E, Dominguez G, Ferraina P |title=Natural orifice surgery: initial clinical experience |journal=Surg Endosc |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1512–8 |year=2009 |month=July |pmid=19343435 |pmc=2695868 |doi=10.1007/s00464-009-0428-0 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-009-0428-0 |accessdate=2012-03-05}}</ref>. The grasper is long (around 75 cm) and can be articulated for flexible retraction even. In the same time, it is rigid enough to provide a stronger retraction than the endoscopic grasper <ref name="pmid19343435">{{cite journal |author=Horgan S, Cullen JP, Talamini MA, Mintz Y, Ferreres A, Jacobsen GR, Sandler B, Bosia J, Savides T, Easter DW, Savu MK, Ramamoorthy SL, Whitcomb E, Agarwal S, Lukacz E, Dominguez G, Ferraina P |title=Natural orifice surgery: initial clinical experience |journal=Surg Endosc |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1512–8 |year=2009 |month=July |pmid=19343435 |pmc=2695868 |doi=10.1007/s00464-009-0428-0 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-009-0428-0 |accessdate=2012-03-05}}</ref>.
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| The preferred way to gain access to the peritoneal cavity via a hollow viscus (lumen) is a very small incision (minimal) followed by a balloon expansion and dilatation. A tiny incision can be made using a sphincterotome or a needle knife.
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| Although a direct insertion of an endoscope and the NOTES instruments is possible, Overtube is usually used to permit multiple entries to the field the procedure and to perform complex maneuvers.
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| Current, there are many research studies by engineers which focuse on computer assisted imaging systems that provide additional 3-D information of the intervention site. Virtual off-axis view assists surgeons with a better visual depth perception during the intervention <ref>^ Hoeller, Kurt (2010). Novel Techniques for Spatial Orientation in Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) (Ph.D.). Central Institute of Healthcare Engineering (ZiMT) at Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU). ISBN 978-3-8322-9766-4</ref>. Video images can be rectified using the impact of gravity on a 3-axis accelerometer integrated in the tip of the endoscope <ref>^ WO application 2010105946, Gutiérrez Boronat, Javier; Jahn, Jasper; Schneider, Armin; Hoeller, Kurt, "Endoscope and Imaging Device", published 2010-09-23, assigned to Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der angewandten Forschung e.V.</ref>.
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| ==[[Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR)|Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR)]]== | | ==[[Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR)|Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR)]]== |
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| Senior leadership from the [[American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy]] (ASGE) and the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Suregons (SAGES) organized a working group of surgeons and gastroenterologists who met in New York City on July 22 and 23, 2005 to develop standards for the practice of this emerging technique. This group is known as the Natural Orifice Surgery Consortion for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR). A White Paper on NOTES was released by NOSCAR simultaneously in two medical journals in May 2006 <ref name="pmid16427920">{{cite journal |author= |title=ASGE/SAGES Working Group on Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery White Paper October 2005 |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=199–203 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16427920 |doi=10.1016/j.gie.2005.12.007 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016-5107(05)03412-7 |accessdate=2012-02-22}}</ref>. This paper identified the major areas of research needed to be addressed before NOTES can become a viable clinical application for patients. These areas included development of a reliable closure technique for the internal incision, prevention of infection, and creation of advanced endoscopic surgical tools <ref>[http://www.noscar.org/faq.php Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
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| NOSCAR tasks include the following:
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| *Producing White Papers which focus on the challenges that need thought and research.
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| *Tracking the groups of similar research projects that address the previous challenges.
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| *Organizing the research projects, enhance collaboration and attract funding to key areas of study.
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| *Building a robust outcomes database by collecting submission of data.
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| *Fostering collaborative clinical trials.
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| The White Paper on NOTES and the guidlines for participation in NOSCAR can be found in the external links below <ref>
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| D. Rattner, A. Kalloo, and the SAGES/ASGE Working Group on Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery</ref>.
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) conclusions|Conclusions]]== | | ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) conclusions|Conclusions]]== |
| Natural orifice transluminal surgery (NOTES) is a rapidly evolving field which may shift the minimally invasive surgery world from laparoscopic and video assisted thoracic surgery to procedures that can be done via the natural body orifices without any abdominal or thoracic incisions. NOTES may be a feasible, safe, and reasonable option for abdominal surgery. It may provide many advantages and lessen many surgical complications. New NOTES procedures should be experimental at the beginning, and they should be performed only in research labs in advanced institutions before applying NOTES clinically.
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| We are on the way for routine clinical applications of NOTES by the steady progression of the field. Patient safety and the research trials that ensure this safety is paramount. Innovative instruments are needed for the surgeons and gastroenterologists to perform safe NOTES procedures. The development of such therapeutic techniques and advanced endoscopic devices will allow the endoscopists to perform various procedures more easily, such as resection of large and deep mucosal lesions and taking full thickness biopsies <ref name="pmid19806084">{{cite journal |author=Jay Pasricha P, Krummel TM |title=NOTES and other emerging trends in gastrointestinal endoscopy and surgery: the change that we need and the change that is real |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=104 |issue=10 |pages=2384–6 |year=2009 |month=October |pmid=19806084 |doi=10.1038/ajg.2009.150 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2009.150 |accessdate=2012-02-27}}</ref>.
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| International NOTES research groups, such as NOSCAR, EURO-NOTES, ASIA-NOTES, NOSLA (Natural Orifice Surgery Latin America), EATS (European Association of Translumenal Surgery) and others currently work to improve NOTES field and aim to provide registries for NOTES procedures worldwide.
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| Finally, enthusiasm and conducting laboratory studies and clinical trials are required for further improvements in the field in order to provide the best possible patient care for our patients.
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) published trials|Published Trials]]== | | ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) published trials|Published Trials]]== |
| *A transgastric debridement of necrotizing pancreatitis was performed using flexible endoscope in 2000 by Seifert et al <ref name="pmid10968442">{{cite journal |author=Seifert H, Wehrmann T, Schmitt T, Zeuzem S, Caspary WF |title=Retroperitoneal endoscopic debridement for infected peripancreatic necrosis |journal=Lancet |volume=356 |issue=9230 |pages=653–5 |year=2000 |month=August |pmid=10968442 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02611-8 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(00)02611-8 |accessdate=2012-03-05}}</ref>. This was initial description for the transgastric access to perform procedures.
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| *In 2002, Gettman et al published a transvaginal nephrectomy in a porcine model <ref>Gettman MT, Lotan Y, Napper CA, Cadeddu JA. Transvaginal laparoscopic nephrectomy: development and feasibility in the porcine model. Urology 2002; 59: 446-450</ref>.
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| *A novel endoscopic peroral transgastric approach to the peritoneal cavity was tested in a porcine model in acute and long-term survival experiments at Johns Hopkins Medical Center in 2004 by Kalloo et al <ref name="pmid15229442">{{cite journal |author=Kalloo AN, Singh VK, Jagannath SB, Niiyama H, Hill SL, Vaughn CA, Magee CA, Kantsevoy SV |title=Flexible transgastric peritoneoscopy: a novel approach to diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the peritoneal cavity |journal=[[Gastrointest. Endosc.]] |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=114–7 |year=2004 |month=July |pmid=15229442 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016510704013094 |accessdate=2012-02-16}}</ref>. He demonstrated the feasibility and safety of this approach to be an alternative to laparoscopy and laparotomy. The peritoneal cavity was examined, and a liver biopsy specimen was obtained. The gastric wall incision was closed with clips <ref name="pmid15229442">{{cite journal |author=Kalloo AN, Singh VK, Jagannath SB, Niiyama H, Hill SL, Vaughn CA, Magee CA, Kantsevoy SV |title=Flexible transgastric peritoneoscopy: a novel approach to diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the peritoneal cavity |journal=[[Gastrointest. Endosc.]] |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=114–7 |year=2004 |month=July |pmid=15229442 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016510704013094 |accessdate=2012-02-16}}</ref>.
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| *A transgastric lymphadenectomy has been performed in a survival porcine model by Fritscher-Ravens et al and reported in 2004 <ref name="pmid16427939">{{cite journal |author=Fritscher-Ravens A, Mosse CA, Ikeda K, Swain P |title=Endoscopic transgastric lymphadenectomy by using EUS for selection and guidance |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=302–6 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16427939 |doi=10.1016/j.gie.2005.10.026 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016-5107(05)03148-2 |accessdate=2012-03-01}}</ref>. This study showed that EUS (Endoscopic Ultrasonography) guided transgastric approach for lymph node selection and lymphadenectomy is feasible.
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| *A transgastric fallopian tube ligation has been reported in a porcine survival model in 2005 by Jagannath et al <ref name="pmid15758923">{{cite journal |author=Jagannath SB, Kantsevoy SV, Vaughn CA, Chung SS, Cotton PB, Gostout CJ, Hawes RH, Pasricha PJ, Scorpio DG, Magee CA, Pipitone LJ, Kalloo AN |title=Peroral transgastric endoscopic ligation of fallopian tubes with long-term survival in a porcine model |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=449–53 |year=2005 |month=March |pmid=15758923 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016510704028287 |accessdate=2012-02-29}}</ref>.
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| *A transgastric partial hysterectomy and oophorectomy in a porcine survival model has been reported in 2005 by Wagh et al <ref name="pmid16234027">{{cite journal |author=Wagh MS, Merrifield BF, Thompson CC |title=Endoscopic transgastric abdominal exploration and organ resection: initial experience in a porcine model |journal=Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=892–6 |year=2005 |month=September |pmid=16234027 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1542-3565(05)00296-X |accessdate=2012-02-29}}</ref>.
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| *A transgastric cholecystectomy and cholecystogastric anastomosis in a nonsurvival model has been reported in 2005 by Park et al <ref name="pmid15812420">{{cite journal |author=Park PO, Bergström M, Ikeda K, Fritscher-Ravens A, Swain P |title=Experimental studies of transgastric gallbladder surgery: cholecystectomy and cholecystogastric anastomosis (videos) |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=601–6 |year=2005 |month=April |pmid=15812420 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016510704027749 |accessdate=2012-02-29}}</ref>.
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| *A transgastric gastrojejunostomy procedure in a porcine survival model has been reported in 2005 by Kantsevoy et al <ref name="pmid16046997">{{cite journal |author=Kantsevoy SV, Jagannath SB, Niiyama H, Chung SS, Cotton PB, Gostout CJ, Hawes RH, Pasricha PJ, Magee CA, Vaughn CA, Barlow D, Shimonaka H, Kalloo AN |title=Endoscopic gastrojejunostomy with survival in a porcine model |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=287–92 |year=2005 |month=August |pmid=16046997 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016510705015658 |accessdate=2012-03-01}}</ref>.
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| *A transvesical liver biopsy has been performed on pigs (survival and nonsurvival models) and reported in 2006 by Lima et al <ref name="pmid">{{cite journal |author=Lima E, Rolanda C, Pêgo JM, Henriques-Coelho T, Silva D, Carvalho JL, Correia-Pinto J |title=Transvesical endoscopic peritoneoscopy: a novel 5 mm port for intra-abdominal scarless surgery |journal=J. Urol. |volume=176 |issue=2 |pages=802–5 |year=2006 |month=August |pmid= |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2006.03.075 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022-5347(06)00816-0 |accessdate=2012-03-01}}</ref>. This study provided encouragement for additional preclinical studies of transvesical surgery to design new intra-abdominal scarless procedures in what seems to be third generation surgery.
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| *A transgastric splenectomy has been performed in a nonsurvival porcine model and reported in 2006 by Kantsevoy et al <ref name="pmid16432652">{{cite journal |author=Kantsevoy SV, Hu B, Jagannath SB, Vaughn CA, Beitler DM, Chung SS, Cotton PB, Gostout CJ, Hawes RH, Pasricha PJ, Magee CA, Pipitone LJ, Talamini MA, Kalloo AN |title=Transgastric endoscopic splenectomy: is it possible? |journal=Surg Endosc |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=522–5 |year=2006 |month=March |pmid=16432652 |doi=10.1007/s00464-005-0263-x |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-005-0263-x |accessdate=2012-03-01}}</ref>.
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| *A new transgastric closure method for stomach incisions has been compared to other closure methods in 2007 by Ryou et al <ref name="pmid17160493">{{cite journal |author=Ryou M, Pai RD, Pai R, Sauer JS, Sauer J, Rattner DW, Rattner D, Thompson CC, Thompson C |title=Evaluating an optimal gastric closure method for transgastric surgery |journal=Surg Endosc |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=677–80 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17160493 |doi=10.1007/s00464-006-9075-x |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-006-9075-x |accessdate=2012-03-01}}</ref>. The study showed by using ex vivo porcine stomach model that prototype gastrotomy device yields the highest median air leak pressure (most leak-resistant gastrotomy closure) compared to the QuickClip closure method and the hand-sewn closure. This method also dramatically diminishes the time for incision and gastrotomy closure to approximately 5 min <ref name="pmid17160493">{{cite journal |author=Ryou M, Pai RD, Pai R, Sauer JS, Sauer J, Rattner DW, Rattner D, Thompson CC, Thompson C |title=Evaluating an optimal gastric closure method for transgastric surgery |journal=Surg Endosc |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=677–80 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17160493 |doi=10.1007/s00464-006-9075-x |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-006-9075-x |accessdate=2012-03-01}}</ref>.
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| *A transcolonic abdominal exploration in a swine survival model has been performed by Fong et al and reported in 2007 <ref name="pmid17173916">{{cite journal |author=Fong DG, Pai RD, Thompson CC |title=Transcolonic endoscopic abdominal exploration: a NOTES survival study in a porcine model |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=312–8 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17173916 |doi=10.1016/j.gie.2006.08.005 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016-5107(06)02665-4 |accessdate=2012-03-01}}</ref>. In contrast to the transgastric method, a transcolonic approach provides more consistent identification of structures in the upper abdomen and provides better en face orientation and scope stability.
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| *A transgastric diaphragmatic pacing and peritoneal exploration procedure in a nonsurvival porcine model has been performed by Onders et al and reported in 2007 <ref name="pmid17177078">{{cite journal |author=Onders R, McGee MF, Marks J, Chak A, Schilz R, Rosen MJ, Ignagni A, Faulx A, Elmo MJ, Schomisch S, Ponsky J |title=Diaphragm pacing with natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: potential for difficult-to-wean intensive care unit patients |journal=Surg Endosc |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=475–9 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17177078 |doi=10.1007/s00464-006-9125-4 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-006-9125-4 |accessdate=2012-03-01}}</ref>. This study demonstrated the feasibility of transgastric mapping of the diaphragm and implantation of a percutaneous electrode for therapeutic diaphragmatic stimulation.
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| *A transgastric intraperitoneal pressure measurement procedure has been performed in a nonsurvival porcine model and reported in 2007 by Meirless et al <ref name="pmid17404796">{{cite journal |author=Meireles O, Kantsevoy SV, Kalloo AN, Jagannath SB, Giday SA, Magno P, Shih SP, Hanly EJ, Ko CW, Beitler DM, Marohn MR |title=Comparison of intraabdominal pressures using the gastroscope and laparoscope for transgastric surgery |journal=Surg Endosc |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=998–1001 |year=2007 |month=June |pmid=17404796 |doi=10.1007/s00464-006-9167-7 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-006-9167-7 |accessdate=2012-03-01}}</ref>. This study demonstrated that the use of an on-demand unregulated endoscopic insufflator for translumenal surgery can cause large variation in intraperitoneal pressures, which may lead to hemodynamic compromise. Well-controlled intraabdominal pressures that is achieved with a standard autoregulated laparoscopic insufflator maybe much safer.
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| *Radical sigmoidectomy using a pure NOTES transanal approach was first described in 3 human cadavers in 2007 by Whiteford et al <ref name="pmid17705068">{{cite journal |author=Whiteford MH, Denk PM, Swanström LL |title=Feasibility of radical sigmoid colectomy performed as natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) using transanal endoscopic microsurgery |journal=Surg Endosc |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=1870–4 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17705068 |doi=10.1007/s00464-007-9552-x |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-007-9552-x |accessdate=2012-02-15}}</ref>. They used TEM as an endoscopic platform to perform the procedure without the need of any abdominal incisions <ref name="pmid17705068">{{cite journal |author=Whiteford MH, Denk PM, Swanström LL |title=Feasibility of radical sigmoid colectomy performed as natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) using transanal endoscopic microsurgery |journal=Surg Endosc |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=1870–4 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17705068 |doi=10.1007/s00464-007-9552-x |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-007-9552-x |accessdate=2012-02-15}}</ref>. This showed that NOTES sigmoid colon resection with en bloc lymphadenectomy and primary anastomosis can be performed successfully, and it is possible to complete the critical steps of NOTES sigmoid resection, en bloc lymphadenectomy, primary anastomosis, and retrieval of an intact specimen without any incisions by using transanal endoscopic microsurgery instrumentation.
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| *Completely NOTES transvaginal cholecystectomy has been reported by a team of surgeons in Philadelphia (USA). The patient was discharged on the day of surgery and has not suffered any complication after 1 month of follow-up. Pure NOTES transvaginal cholecystectomy without aid of laparoscopic or needleoscopic instruments is feasible and safe in humans <ref name="pmid19474690">{{cite journal |author=Gumbs AA, Fowler D, Milone L, Evanko JC, Ude AO, Stevens P, Bessler M |title=Transvaginal natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery cholecystectomy: early evolution of the technique |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=249 |issue=6 |pages=908–12 |year=2009 |month=June |pmid=19474690 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181a802e2 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?doi=10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181a802e2 |accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref>.
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| *The first series of transvaginal NOTES cholecystectomy has been performed by the NOTES Research Group in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in 2007, based in previous experimental studies. The first human transvaginal endoscopic cholecystectomy case was reported in 2007 <ref name="pmid17875836">{{cite journal |author=Marescaux J, Dallemagne B, Perretta S, Wattiez A, Mutter D, Coumaros D |title=Surgery without scars: report of transluminal cholecystectomy in a human being |journal=Arch Surg |volume=142 |issue=9 |pages=823–6; discussion 826–7 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17875836 |doi=10.1001/archsurg.142.9.823 |url=http://archsurg.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17875836 |accessdate=2012-02-15}}</ref>.
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| *A transvaginal laparoscopically assisted endoscopic cholecystectomy has been reported by Marc Bessler <ref name="pmid17892873">{{cite journal |author=Bessler M, Stevens PD, Milone L, Parikh M, Fowler D |title=Transvaginal laparoscopically assisted endoscopic cholecystectomy: a hybrid approach to natural orifice surgery |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=1243–5 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=17892873 |doi=10.1016/j.gie.2007.08.017 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016-5107(07)02553-9 |accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref>.
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| *Transgastric appendectomy has been performed by Santiago Horgan in 2008 <ref name="pmid19343435">{{cite journal |author=Horgan S, Cullen JP, Talamini MA, Mintz Y, Ferreres A, Jacobsen GR, Sandler B, Bosia J, Savides T, Easter DW, Savu MK, Ramamoorthy SL, Whitcomb E, Agarwal S, Lukacz E, Dominguez G, Ferraina P |title=Natural orifice surgery: initial clinical experience |journal=Surg Endosc |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1512–8 |year=2009 |month=July |pmid=19343435 |pmc=2695868 |doi=10.1007/s00464-009-0428-0 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-009-0428-0 |accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref>. The patient's appendix was removed through the mouth. Dr. Horgan also applied the EndoSurgical Operating System (EOS) on pigs to perform the entire operation through the stomach without laparoscopic assistance or any abdominal incision.
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| *In late 2008, surgeons from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine removed a healthy kidney from a woman donor using NOTES. The surgery was called transvaginal donor kidney extraction.
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| *The first case of robotic-assisted laparoscopic live-donor transvaginal nephrectomy with the uterus in place has been performed by a multidisciplinary team of surgeons at University of Pavia (Italy) in 2010 <ref name="pmid21114647">{{cite journal |author=Pietrabissa A, Abelli M, Spinillo A, Alessiani M, Zonta S, Ticozzelli E, Peri A, Dal Canton A, Dionigi P |title=Robotic-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy with transvaginal extraction of the kidney |journal=Am. J. Transplant. |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=2708–11 |year=2010 |month=December |pmid=21114647 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03305.x |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03305.x |accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref>. The initial experience with the combination of robotic surgery and transvaginal extraction of the donated organ has opened a new opportunity to minimize trauma in transplant surgery.
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| *A NOTES transanal resection for rectal cancer using TEM and laparoscopic assistance has been performed in a 76-year-old woman at the Hospital Clinic in Barcelona by a team of surgeons from the Hospital Clinic in Barcelona and Massachusetts General Hospital/Boston in November 2009 <ref name="pmid20186432">{{cite journal |author=Sylla P, Rattner DW, Delgado S, Lacy AM |title=NOTES transanal rectal cancer resection using transanal endoscopic microsurgery and laparoscopic assistance |journal=Surg Endosc |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=1205–10 |year=2010 |month=May |pmid=20186432 |doi=10.1007/s00464-010-0965-6 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-010-0965-6 |accessdate=2012-02-15}}</ref>.
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| *Transvaginal purely endoscopic appendectomies were reported in 2008 by investigators from Germany and by another group of investigators from India <ref name="pmid18256848">{{cite journal |author=Bernhardt J, Gerber B, Schober HC, Kähler G, Ludwig K |title=NOTES--case report of a unidirectional flexible appendectomy |journal=Int J Colorectal Dis |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=547–50 |year=2008 |month=May |pmid=18256848 |doi=10.1007/s00384-007-0427-3 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00384-007-0427-3 |accessdate=2012-02-29}}</ref><ref name="pmid18347865">{{cite journal |author=Palanivelu C, Rajan PS, Rangarajan M, Parthasarathi R, Senthilnathan P, Prasad M |title=Transvaginal endoscopic appendectomy in humans: a unique approach to NOTES--world's first report |journal=Surg Endosc |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=1343–7 |year=2008 |month=May |pmid=18347865 |doi=10.1007/s00464-008-9811-5 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-008-9811-5 |accessdate=2012-02-29}}</ref>.
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) videos|Videos]]== | | ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) videos|Videos]]== |
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) external links|External Links]]== | | ==External Links== |
| *http://www.noscar.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/NOTES_White_Paper_Feb06.pdf | | *http://www.noscar.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/NOTES_White_Paper_Feb06.pdf |
| *http://www.noscar.org/ | | *http://www.noscar.org/ |
| *http://www.noscar.org/outcomes.php
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| *http://www.dgav.de/english/notes.html | | *http://www.dgav.de/english/notes.html |
| *http://www.euronotes.world.it/ | | *http://www.euronotes.world.it/ |
| *http://www.japan-medical-tourism.com/content/natural-orifice-translumenal-endoscopic-surgery-notes-japan | | *http://www.japan-medical-tourism.com/content/natural-orifice-translumenal-endoscopic-surgery-notes-japan |
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| ==References== | | ==Acknowledgments== |
| {{Reflist|2}}
| | Person who first created this page was '''Editor-In-Chief:''' [[User:Mohammed Sbeih|Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D.]] [mailto:moh_sbeih@hotmail.com] |
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| [[Category:Surgery]] | | [[Category:Surgery]] |
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| [[Category:For review]] | | [[Category:For review]] |
| [[Category:General surgery]] | | [[Category:General surgery]] |
| | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] |
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