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| == Screening for activity against H. nana==
| | #redirect[[Hymenolepis infection]] |
| H. nana in mice
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| Used because
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| - Human infection—easily maintained in mice
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| - Armed scolex similar to other pathogenic tapeworms
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| - Corresponds to other tapeworms in its sensitivity to standard anthelmintics
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| Methods
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| Mature worms collected from infected mice
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| Terminal gravid proglottids removed, crushed under coverslip—eggs removed
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| Eggs containing hooklets (mature) counted
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| 0.2 ml stock soln. containing 1000 eggs/ml given to each mouse.
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| Adult worm develops- 15-17 days.
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| Test drug given orally – autopsied on 3rd day
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| Std. drug given
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| Intestine examined under dissecting microscope for worms/ scolex
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| Response – no. of mice cleared.
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| ==Symptoms==
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| It is not clear that hymenolepiasis necessarily have any symptoms. The symptoms of hymenolepiasis are traditionally described as abdominal pain, loss of appetite ([[anorexia (symptom)|anorexia]]), itching around the anus, irritability and [[diarrhea]]. However, in one study of 25 patients conducted in Peru, successful treatment of the infection made no significant difference to symptoms.<ref name="Chero2007">{{cite journal | author=Chero JC, Saito M, Bustos JA, ''et al.'' | title=''Hymenolepis nana'' infection: symptoms and response to nitazoxanide in field conditions. | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | year=2007 | volume=101 | issue=2 | pages=203–5 | doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.04.004 }}</ref> Some authorities report that heavily infected cases are more likely to be symptomatic.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Chitchang S, Plamjinda T, Yodmani B, Radomyos P. | year=1985 | title=Relationship between severity of the symptom and the number of ''Hymenolepis nana'' after treatment. | journal=J Med Assoc Thai | volume=68 | pages=423–26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Schantz PM. | year=1996 | title=Tapeworm (cestodiasis). | journal=Gastroenterol Clin North Am | volume=25 | pages=637–53 }}</ref>
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| ==Signs and tests==
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| Examination of the stool for eggs and parasites confirms the diagnosis. The eggs and [[proglottid]]s of ''H. nana'' are smaller than ''H. diminuta.'' Proglottids of both are relatively wide and have three [[testes]]. Identifying the parasites to the species level is often unnecessary from a medical perspective, as the treatment is the same for both.
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| ==Treatment==
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| [[Praziquantel]] as a single dose (25 mg/kg) is the current treatment of choice for hymenolepiasis and has an efficacy of 96%. Single dose [[albendazole]] (400 mg) is also very efficacious (>95%). [[Niclosamide]] has also been used.
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| A three-day course of [[nitazoxanide]] is 75–93% efficacious. The dose is 1g daily for adults and children over 12; 400mg daily for children aged 4 to 11 years; and 200mg daily for children aged 3 years or younger.<ref name="Chero2007"/><ref>{{cite journal | author=Ortiz JJ, Favennec L, Chegne NL, Gargala G. | year=2002 | title=Comparative clinical studis of nitazoxanide, albendazole and praziquantel in the treatment of ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hymenolepiasis in children from Peru | journal=Trans R Soc Trop med Hyg | volume=96 | pages=193–96 | id=PMID 12055813 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Reomero-Cabello R, Guerro LR, Munez-Gracia MR, Geyne Cruz A. | year=1997 | title=Nitazoxanide for the treatment of intestinal protozoan and helminthic infections in México. | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | volume=91 | pages=701–3 }}</ref>
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| ==Prognosis==
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| Cure rates are extremely good with modern treatments, but it is unclear that successful cure results in any symptomatic benefit to patients.<ref name="Chero2007"/>
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| ==Complications==
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| * [[abdominal discomfort]]
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| * [[dehydration]] from prolonged diarrhea
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| ==Prevention ==
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| Good hygiene, public health and sanitation programs, and elimination of rats help prevent the spread of hymenolepiasis.
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| ==Source==
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| * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001378.htm Hymenolepiasis]. Medline Plus.
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| {{Helminthiases}}
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| [[Category:Parasitic diseases]]
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| [[fr:Hymenolepis nana]]
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| [[it:Hymenolepis nana]]
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| [[pl:Hymenolepioza]]
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| {{WikiDoc Sources}}
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