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| {{Infobox_Disease |
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| Name = {{}} |
| | {{Bronchospasm}} |
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| | '''For patient information, click [[Bronchospasm (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| {{SI}}
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| {{CMG}}
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| {{AE}} Areej Tariq | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[Prashanth Saddala M.B.B.S.]]; Areej Tariq. |
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| == Overview == | | ==[[Bronchospasm overview|Overview]]== |
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| '''Bronchospasm''' is a difficulty in breathing caused by a sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchioles. It is caused by the release ([[degranulation]]) of substances from [[mast cells]] or [[basophil]]s under the influence of [[anaphylatoxin]]s.
| | ==[[Bronchospasm historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| Bronchospasm appears as the feature of [[asthma]], chronic [[bronchitis]], [[anaphylaxis]], and as a possible side-effect of the drug [[Pilocarpine]] (which is used to treat illness resulting from the ingestion of deadly nightshade as well as other things). The overactivity of the bronchioles' muscle is a result of exposure to a stimulus which under normal circumstances would cause little or no response. The resulting constriction and inflammation causes a narrowing of the airways and an increase in [[mucous]] production; this reduces the amount of [[oxygen]] that is available to the individual causing breathlessness, coughing and [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] (that can cause [[cyanosis]]).
| | ==[[Bronchospasm classification|Classification]]== |
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| == Causes == | | ==[[Bronchospasm pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| === Common Causes === | | ==[[Bronchospasm causes|Causes]]== |
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| === Causes by Organ System === | | ==[[Bronchospasm differential diagnosis|Differentiating Bronchospasm from other Diseases]]== |
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| === Causes in Alphabetical Order === | | ==[[Bronchospasm epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| {{MultiCol}}
| | ==[[Bronchospasm risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| *[[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid]]
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| *[[Abciximab]]
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| *[[Acetylcysteine]]
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| *[[Acetylsalicylic acid]]
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| *[[Adenosine]]
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| *[[Alanycarb]]
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| *[[Aldicarb]]
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| *[[Aldoxycarb]]
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| *[[Alemtuzumab]]
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| *[[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]]
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| *[[Allyxycarb]]
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| *[[Amidithion]]
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| *[[Aminocarb]]
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| *[[Amiton]]
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| *[[Analgesic asthma syndrome]]
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| *[[Anaphylactic shock]]
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| *[[Anaphylatoxin]]
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| *[[Anaphylaxis]]
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| *[[Aspiration]]
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| *[[Aspirin]]
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| *[[Asthma]]
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| *[[Atenolol]]
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| *[[Athyl-Gusathion]]
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| *[[Atracurium]]
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| *[[Azinfosethyl]]
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| *[[Azinfos-methyl]]
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| *[[Azinophos-methyl]]
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| *[[Azinphos]]
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| *[[Azinphos-ethyl]]
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| *[[Azinphos-methyl]]
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| *[[Azinphosmetile]]
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| *[[Azothoate]]
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| *[[Bendiocarb]]
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| *[[Benfuracarb]]
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| *[[Benoxafos]]
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| *[[Benzonatate]]
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| *[[Beta-blockers]]
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| *[[Betahistine]]
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| *[[Betaxolol]]
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| *[[Bethanechol]]
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| *[[Blood transfusion]]
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| *[[Bromophos]]
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| *[[Bromophos-ethyl]]
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| *[[Bronchial challenge test]]
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| *[[Bronchiolitis]]
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| *[[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]]
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| *[[Bufencarb]]
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| *[[Butacarb]]
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| *[[Butocarboxim]]
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| *[[Butoxcarboxim]]
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| *[[Byssinosis]]
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| *[[Cadusafos]]
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| *[[Carbamates]]
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| *[[Carbanolate]]
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| *[[Carbaryl]]
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| *[[Carbofuran]]
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| *[[Carbophenothion]]
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| *[[Carbosulfan]]
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| *[[Carcinoid syndrome]]
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| *[[Carcinoid tumour ]]
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| *[[Caterpillar poisoning]]
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| *[[Chlorfenvinphos]]
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| *[[Chlorine Dioxide]]
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| *[[Chloroacetophenone]]
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| *[[Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile]]
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| *[[Chloropyrifos]]
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| *[[Chlorpyrifos methyl]]
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| *[[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]
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| *[[Cloethocarb]]
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| *[[Clove cigarette smoking]]
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| *[[Cocaine]]
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| *[[Colistin]]
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| *[[CS gas]]
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| *[[Cyanthoate]]
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| *[[Cyclizine]]
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| *[[Decarbofuran]]
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| {{ColBreak}}
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| *[[Demeton]]
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| *[[Demeton-methyl]]
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| *[[Demeton-O]]
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| *[[Demeton-O-methyl]]
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| *[[Demeton-S-methyl]]
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| *[[Demeton-S-methylsulphon]]
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| *[[Dialifos]]
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| *[[Diazinon]]
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| *[[Dichlorvos]]
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| *[[Diclofenac]]
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| *[[Dicresyl]]
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| *[[Dicrotophos]]
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| *[[Dimetan]]
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| *[[Dimethoate]]
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| *[[Dimetilan]]
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| *[[Dioxacarb]]
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| *[[Dioxathion]]
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| *[[Disulfoton]]
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| *[[EMPC]]
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| *[[Emphysema]]
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| *[[Endothion]]
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| *[[Ethiofencarb]]
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| *[[Ethion]]
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| *[[Ethoate-methyl]]
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| *[[Ethoprophos]]
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| *[[Ethyl-guthion]]
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| *[[Etrimfos]]
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| *[[Eucalyptus oil ]]
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| *[[Exercise induced bronchospasm]]
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| *[[Exercise stress testing]]
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| *[[Felbinac]]
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| *[[Fenchlorphos]]
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| *[[Fenethacarb]]
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| *[[Fenitrothion]]
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| *[[Fenobucarb]]
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| *[[Fensulfothion]]
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| *[[Fenthion]]
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| *[[Fonophos]]
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| *[[Food allergy]]
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| *[[Formothion]]
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| *[[Furathiocarb]]
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| *[[Gonionemus poisoning]]
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| *[[Guthion (ethyl)]]
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| *[[Heptenophos]]
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| *[[Hydrogen sulfide]]
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| *[[Hydroxyethyl starch]]
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| *[[Hypereosinophilic syndrome]]
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| *[[Hyquincarb]]
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| *[[Ibritumomab tiuxetan]]
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| *[[Ibuprofen]]
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| *[[Indometacin]]
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| *[[Iodofenphos]]
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| *[[Isofenphos]]
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| *[[Isoprocarb]]
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| *[[Ketamine]]
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| *[[Ketorolac]]
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| *[[Labetalol]]
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| *[[Latex allergy]]
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| *[[Malathion]]
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| *[[Mastocytosis]]
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| *[[Mecarbam]]
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| *[[Methacrifos]]
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| *[[Methamidophos]]
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| *[[Methidathion]]
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| *[[Methiocarb]]
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| *[[Methomyl]]
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| *[[Methylene Diisocyanate]]
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| *[[Metiltriazotion]]
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| *[[Metolcarb]]
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| *[[Mevinphos]]
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| *[[Mexacarbate]]
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| *[[Monocrotophos]]
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| *[[Monosodium glutamate]]
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| *[[Nadolol]]
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| *[[Near-drowning]]
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| *[[Nitrazepam]]
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| {{ColBreak}}
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| *[[Nitrilacarb]]
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| *[[Nitrogen dioxide]]
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| *[[Nitromethane]]
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| *[[NSAIDs]]
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| *[[Omethoate]]
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| *[[Organophosphates]]
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| *[[Oxamyl]]
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| *[[Oxydeprofos]]
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| *[[Oxydisulfoton]]
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| *[[Parathion]]
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| *[[Parathion Methyl]]
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| *[[Peanut allergies]]
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| *[[Penicillin]]
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| *[[Pentamidine]]
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| *[[Pfiesteria piscicida ]]
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| *[[Phenkapton]]
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| *[[Phorate]]
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| *[[Phosalone]]
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| *[[Phosdrin]]
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| *[[Phosmet]]
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| *[[Phosphamidon]]
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| *[[Phoxim]]
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| *[[Pilocarpine]]
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| *[[Pirimicarb]]
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| *[[Pirimiphos-methyl]]
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| *[[Platinum salts]]
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| *[[Pneumonia]]
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| *[[Pollen allergy]]
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| *[[Primiphos methyl]]
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| *[[Profenofos]]
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| *[[Promacyl]]
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| *[[Promecarb]]
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| *[[Propafenone]]
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| *[[Propoxur]]
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| *[[Propranolol]]
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| *[[Prothidathion]]
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| *[[Prothoate]]
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| *[[Pulmonary eosinophilia]]
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| *[[Pulmonary strongyloidiasis]]
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| *[[Pyrimitate]]
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| *[[Quinalphos]]
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| *[[Quintiofos]]
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| *[[Radiocontrast]]
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| *[[Rapacuronium]]
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| *[[Schistosomiasis]]
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| *[[Scombroid]]
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| *[[Shaver's disease]]
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| *[[Smoke inhalation]]
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| *[[Snake bite]]
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| *[[Sophamide]]
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| *[[Streptokinase]]
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| *[[Sulfotep]]
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| *[[Sulfur Trioxide]]
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| *[[Tazimcarb]]
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| *[[Terbufos]]
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| *[[Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate]]
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| *[[Tetrodotoxin]]
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| *[[Thiocarboxime]]
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| *[[Thiodicarb]]
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| *[[Thiofanox]]
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| *[[Thiometon]]
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| *[[Timolol]]
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| *[[Tolclofos methyl]]
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| *[[Toluene Diisocyanate]]
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| *[[Triazophos]]
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| *[[Triazotion]]
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| *[[Trifenfos]]
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| *[[Trimethacarb]]
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| *[[Vamidothion]]
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| *[[Viral illness]]
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| *[[Visceral larva migrans]]
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| *[[XMC]]
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| *[[Xylylcarb]]
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| *[[Zanamivir]]
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| {{EndMultiCol}}
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| == References == | | ==[[Bronchospasm natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| {{reflist|2}}
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| | ==Diagnosis== |
| | [[Bronchospasm history and symptoms| History and Symptoms]] | [[Bronchospasm physical examination | Physical Examination]] | [[Bronchospasm laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Bronchospasm chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Bronchospasm CT|CT]] | [[Bronchospasm MRI|MRI]] | [[Bronchospasm other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Bronchospasm other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| | ==Treatment== |
| | [[Bronchospasm medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Bronchospasm surgery|Surgery]] | [[Bronchospasm primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Bronchospasm secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Bronchospasm cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Bronchospasm future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Bronchospasm case study one|Case#1]] |
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| [[Category:Pulmonology]] | | [[Category:Pulmonology]] |
| [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] | | [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] |
| | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] |
| | [[Category:Intensive care medicine]] |