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| {{SI}} | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[Prashanth Saddala M.B.B.S.]]; Areej Tariq
| | {{Bronchospasm}} |
| | '''For patient information, click [[Bronchospasm (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| == Overview ==
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[Prashanth Saddala M.B.B.S.]]; Areej Tariq. |
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| '''Bronchospasm''' is a difficulty in breathing caused by a sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchioles. It is caused by the release ([[degranulation]]) of substances from [[mast cells]] or [[basophil]]s under the influence of [[anaphylatoxin]]s.
| | ==[[Bronchospasm overview|Overview]]== |
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| Bronchospasm appears as the feature of [[asthma]], chronic [[bronchitis]], [[anaphylaxis]], and as a possible side-effect of the drug [[Pilocarpine]] (which is used to treat illness resulting from the ingestion of deadly nightshade as well as other things) and also as a side effect for [[beta blocker]]s (used to treat hypertension) and other drugs. It can present as a sign of [[giardiasis]].
| | ==[[Bronchospasm historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| Bronchospasms are one of several conditions associated with cold housing.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/02673030050009258 |title=Housing Deprivation and Health: A Longitudinal Analysis |year=2000 |last1=Marsh |first1=Alex |last2=Gordon |first2=David |last3=Heslop |first3=Pauline |last4=Pantazis |first4=Christina |journal=Housing Studies |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=411}}</ref>
| | ==[[Bronchospasm classification|Classification]]== |
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| Some of the things that can cause bronchospasms are consuming foods, taking medicines, getting insect bites or stings when one is allergic to them, and fluctuating hormone levels, particularly in women.<ref name=Haggerty2003>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61794-2 |title=The impact of estrogen and progesterone on asthma |year=2003 |last1=Haggerty |first1=Catherine L. |last2=Ness |first2=Roberta B. |last3=Kelsey |first3=Sheryl |last4=Waterer |first4=Grant W. |journal=Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=284}}</ref>
| | ==[[Bronchospasm pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| A few of the more common allergens are foods such as eggs, milk, peanuts, walnuts, tree and other nuts, fish, especially shellfish, soy and wheat; insect bites and stings, especially bee stings; and other medicines, especially penicillin and its derivatives.
| | ==[[Bronchospasm causes|Causes]]== |
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| The overactivity of the bronchioles' muscle is a result of exposure to a stimulus which under normal circumstances would cause little or no response. The resulting constriction and inflammation causes a narrowing of the airways and an increase in [[mucus]] production; this reduces the amount of [[oxygen]] that is available to the individual causing breathlessness, coughing and [[hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]].
| | ==[[Bronchospasm differential diagnosis|Differentiating Bronchospasm from other Diseases]]== |
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| Bronchospasms are a serious potential complication of placing a [[Tracheal tube|breathing tube]] during [[general anesthesia]]. When the airways spasm or constrict in response to the irritating stimulus of the breathing tube, it is difficult to maintain the airway and the patient can become [[apneic]].
| | ==[[Bronchospasm epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| [[Image:Bb.png|thumb|center|470px|'''Inflamed airways and bronchoconstriction in asthma'''. Airways narrowed as a result of the inflammatory response cause wheezing.]] | | ==[[Bronchospasm risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| == Causes == | | ==[[Bronchospasm natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| === Common Causes === | | ==Diagnosis== |
| | | [[Bronchospasm history and symptoms| History and Symptoms]] | [[Bronchospasm physical examination | Physical Examination]] | [[Bronchospasm laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Bronchospasm chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Bronchospasm CT|CT]] | [[Bronchospasm MRI|MRI]] | [[Bronchospasm other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Bronchospasm other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| *[[Anaphylaxis]]
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| *[[Asthma]]
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| *[[Beta-blockers]]
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| *[[Bronchiolitis]]
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| *[[COPD]]
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| *[[Decongestants]]
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| *[[LRTI]]
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| *[[URTI]]
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| | |
| === Causes by Organ System ===
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| | |
| {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| |
| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Churg-Strauss syndrome]], [[Anaphylactic shock]]
| |
| |- | |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid]], [[Alanycarb]], [[Aldicarb]], [[Aldoxycarb]], [[Allyxycarb]], [[Amidithion]], [[Aminocarb]], [[Amiton]], [[Anaphylatoxin]], [[Athyl-Gusathion]], [[Azinfosethyl]], [[Azinfos-methyl]], [[Azinophos-methyl]], [[Azinphos]], [[Azinphos-ethyl]], [[Azinphos-methyl]], [[Azinphosmetile]], [[Azothoate]], [[Bendiocarb]], [[Benfuracarb]], [[Benoxafos]], [[Bromophos]], [[Bromophos-ethyl]], [[Snake bite]], [[Bufencarb]], [[Butacarb]], [[Butocarboxim]], [[Butoxcarboxim]], [[Cadusafos]], [[Carbamates]], [[Carbaryl]], [[Carbofuran]], [[Carbophenothion]], [[Carbosulfan]], [[Caterpillar poisoning]], [[Chlorfenvinphos]], [[Chlorine Dioxide]], [[Chloroacetophenone]], [[Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile]], [[Chloropyrifos]], [[Chlorpyrifos methyl]], [[Cloethocarb]], [[CS gas]], [[Cyanthoate]], [[Decarbofuran]], [[Demeton]], [[Demeton-methyl]], [[Demeton-O]], [[Demeton-O-methyl]], [[Demeton-S-methyl]], [[Demeton-S-methylsulphon]], [[Dialifos]], [[Diazinon]], [[Dichlorvos]], [[Dicresyl]], [[Dicrotophos]], [[Dimetan]], [[Dimethoate]], [[Dimetilan]], [[Dioxacarb]], [[Dioxathion]], [[Disulfoton]], [[EMPC]], [[Endothion]], [[Ethiofencarb]], [[Ethion]], [[Ethoate-methyl]], [[Ethoprophos]], [[Ethyl-guthion]], [[Etrimfos]], [[Eucalyptus oil ]], [[Fenchlorphos]], [[Fenethacarb]], [[Fenitrothion]], [[Fenobucarb]], [[Fensulfothion]], [[Fenthion]], [[Fonophos]], [[Formothion]], [[Furathiocarb]], [[Gonionemus poisoning]], [[Guthion (ethyl)]], [[Heptenophos]], [[Hydrogen sulfide]], [[Hyquincarb]], [[Iodofenphos]], [[Isofenphos]], [[Isoprocarb]], [[Latex allergy]], [[Malathion]], [[Mecarbam]], [[Methacrifos]], [[Methamidophos]], [[Methidathion]], [[Methiocarb]], [[Methomyl]], [[Methylene Diisocyanate]], [[Metiltriazotion]], [[Metolcarb]], [[Mevinphos]], [[Mexacarbate]], [[Monocrotophos]], [[Monosodium glutamate]], [[Nitrilacarb]], [[Nitrogen dioxide]], [[Nitromethane]], [[Omethoate]], [[Organophosphates]], [[Oxamyl]], [[Oxydeprofos]], [[Oxydisulfoton]], [[Parathion]], [[Parathion Methyl]], [[Phenkapton]], [[Phorate]], [[Phosalone]], [[Phosdrin]], [[Phosmet]], [[Phosphamidon]], [[Phoxim]], [[Pirimicarb]], [[Pirimiphos-methyl]], [[Platinosis|Platinum salts]], [[Primiphos methyl]], [[Profenofos]], [[Promacyl]], [[Promecarb]], [[Propoxur]], [[Prothidathion]], [[Prothoate]], [[Pyrimitate]], [[Quinalphos]], [[Quintiofos]], [[Radiocontrast]], [[Scombroid]], [[Smoke inhalation]], [[Sophamide]], [[Sulfotep]], [[Sulfur Trioxide]], [[Tazimcarb]], [[Terbufos]], [[Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate]], [[Tetrodotoxin]], [[Thiocarboxime]], [[Thiodicarb]], [[Thiofanox]], [[Thiometon]], [[Tolclofos methyl]], [[Toluene Diisocyanate]], [[Triazophos]], [[Triazotion]], [[Trifenfos]], [[Trimethacarb]], [[Vamidothion]], [[XMC]], [[Xylylcarb]], [[Analgesic asthma syndrome]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dermatologic''' | |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abciximab]], [[Acetylcysteine]], [[Acetylsalicylic acid]], [[Adenosine]], [[Alemtuzumab]], [[Aspirin]], [[Atenolol]], [[Atracurium]], [[Benzonatate]], [[Beta-blockers]], [[Betahistine]], [[Betaxolol]], [[Bethanechol]], [[Cocaine]], [[Colistin]], [[Cyclizine]], [[Diclofenac]], [[Felbinac]], [[Hydroxyethyl starch]], [[Ibritumomab tiuxetan]], [[Ibuprofen]], [[Indometacin]], [[Ketamine]], [[Ketorolac]], [[Labetalol]], [[Nadolol]], [[Nitrazepam]], [[NSAIDs]], [[Penicillin]], [[Pentamidine]], [[Pilocarpine]], [[Propafenone]], [[Propranolol]], [[Rapacuronium]], [[Streptokinase]], [[Timolol]], [[Zanamivir]], [[Decongestants]], [[Oxymetazoline]], [[Phenylephrine]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Endocrine'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Environmental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Byssinosis]], [[Pollen allergy]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Genetic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Hematologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypereosinophilic syndrome]], [[Mastocytosis]]
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| |- | |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Iatrogenic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Blood transfusion]], [[Bronchial challenge test]], [[Exercise stress testing]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Infectious Disease'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pfiesteria piscicida ]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Schistosomiasis]], [[Pulmonary eosinophilia]], [[Pulmonary strongyloidiasis]], [[Viral illness]], [[Visceral larva migrans]], [[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]], [[Bronchiolitis]], [[LRTI]], [[URTI]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Neurologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Oncologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carcinoid tumour ]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Opthalmologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abciximab]], [[Acetylcysteine]], [[Acetylsalicylic acid]], [[Adenosine]], [[Alemtuzumab]], [[Aspirin]], [[Atenolol]], [[Atracurium]], [[Benzonatate]], [[Beta-blockers]], [[Betahistine]], [[Betaxolol]], [[Bethanechol]], [[Cocaine]], [[Colistin]], [[Cyclizine]], [[Diclofenac]], [[Felbinac]], [[Hydroxyethyl starch]], [[Ibritumomab tiuxetan]], [[Ibuprofen]], [[Indometacin]], [[Ketamine]], [[Ketorolac]], [[Labetalol]], [[Nadolol]], [[Nitrazepam]], [[NSAIDs]], [[Penicillin]], [[Pentamidine]], [[Pilocarpine]], [[Propafenone]], [[Propranolol]], [[Rapacuronium]], [[Streptokinase]], [[Timolol]], [[Zanamivir]], [[Decongestants]], [[Oxymetazoline]], [[Phenylephrine]] | |
| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Psychiatric''' | |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Pulmonary'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Shaver's disease]], [[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]], [[Asthma]], [[Bronchiolitis]], [[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]], [[Emphysema]], [[Churg-Strauss syndrome]], [[Analgesic asthma syndrome]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Pulmonary strongyloidiasis]], [[Aspiration]], [[Byssinosis]], [[COPD]], [[LRTI]], [[URTI]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anaphylaxis]], [[Food allergy]], [[Peanut allergy]], [[Pollen allergy]], [[Latex allergy]], [[Anaphylactic shock]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Sexual'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |
| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Trauma'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Urologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Miscellaneous'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anaphylaxis]], [[Anaphylactic shock]], [[Aspiration]], [[Exercise induced bronchospasm]], [[Food allergy]], [[Clove cigarette smoking]], [[Near-drowning]], [[Peanut allergies]], [[Carcinoid syndrome]], [[Snake bite]], [[Latex allergy]], [[Pollen allergy]], [[Cocaine]]
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| |- | |
| |}
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| === Causes in Alphabetical Order ===
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| {{MultiCol}}
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| *[[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid]]
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| *[[Abciximab]]
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| *[[Acetylcysteine]]
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| *[[Acetylsalicylic acid]]
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| *[[Adenosine]]
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| *[[Alanycarb]]
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| *[[Aldicarb]]
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| *[[Aldoxycarb]]
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| *[[Alemtuzumab]]
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| *[[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]]
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| *[[Allyxycarb]]
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| *[[Amidithion]]
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| *[[Aminocarb]]
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| *[[Amiton]]
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| *[[Analgesic asthma syndrome]]
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| *[[Anaphylactic shock]]
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| *[[Anaphylatoxin]]
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| *[[Anaphylaxis]]
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| *[[Aspiration]]
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| *[[Aspirin]]
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| *[[Asthma]]
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| *[[Atenolol]]
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| *[[Athyl-Gusathion]]
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| *[[Atracurium]]
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| *[[Azinfosethyl]]
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| *[[Azinfos-methyl]]
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| *[[Azinophos-methyl]]
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| *[[Azinphos]]
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| *[[Azinphos-ethyl]]
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| *[[Azinphos-methyl]]
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| *[[Azinphosmetile]]
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| *[[Azothoate]]
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| *[[Bendiocarb]]
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| *[[Benfuracarb]]
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| *[[Benoxafos]]
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| *[[Benzonatate]]
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| *[[Beta-blockers]]
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| *[[Betahistine]]
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| *[[Betaxolol]]
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| *[[Bethanechol]]
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| *[[Blood transfusion]]
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| *[[Bromophos]]
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| *[[Bromophos-ethyl]]
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| *[[Bronchial challenge test]]
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| *[[Bronchiolitis]]
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| *[[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]]
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| *[[Bufencarb]]
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| *[[Butacarb]]
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| *[[Butocarboxim]]
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| *[[Butoxcarboxim]]
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| *[[Byssinosis]]
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| *[[Cadusafos]]
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| *[[Carbamates]]
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| *[[Carbaryl]]
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| *[[Carbofuran]]
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| *[[Carbophenothion]]
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| *[[Carbosulfan]]
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| *[[Carcinoid syndrome]]
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| *[[Carcinoid tumour ]]
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| *[[Caterpillar poisoning]]
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| *[[Chlorfenvinphos]]
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| *[[Chlorine Dioxide]]
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| *[[Chloroacetophenone]]
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| *[[Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile]]
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| *[[Chloropyrifos]]
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| *[[Chlorpyrifos methyl]]
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| *[[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]
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| *[[Cloethocarb]]
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| *[[Clove cigarette smoking]]
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| *[[Cocaine]]
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| *[[Colistin]]
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| *[[COPD]]
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| *[[CS gas]]
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| *[[Cyanthoate]]
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| *[[Cyclizine]]
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| *[[Decarbofuran]]
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| *[[Decongestants]]
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| {{ColBreak}}
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| *[[Demeton]]
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| *[[Demeton-methyl]]
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| *[[Demeton-O]]
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| *[[Demeton-O-methyl]]
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| *[[Demeton-S-methyl]]
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| *[[Demeton-S-methylsulphon]]
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| *[[Dialifos]]
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| *[[Diazinon]]
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| *[[Dichlorvos]]
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| *[[Diclofenac]]
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| *[[Dicresyl]]
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| *[[Dicrotophos]]
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| *[[Dimetan]]
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| *[[Dimethoate]]
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| *[[Dimetilan]]
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| *[[Dioxacarb]]
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| *[[Dioxathion]]
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| *[[Disulfoton]]
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| *[[EMPC]]
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| *[[Emphysema]]
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| *[[Endothion]]
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| *[[Ethiofencarb]]
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| *[[Ethion]]
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| *[[Ethoate-methyl]]
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| *[[Ethoprophos]]
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| *[[Ethyl-guthion]]
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| *[[Etrimfos]]
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| *[[Eucalyptus oil ]]
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| *[[Exercise induced bronchospasm]]
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| *[[Exercise stress testing]]
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| *[[Felbinac]]
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| *[[Fenchlorphos]]
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| *[[Fenethacarb]]
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| *[[Fenitrothion]]
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| *[[Fenobucarb]]
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| *[[Fensulfothion]]
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| *[[Fenthion]]
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| *[[Fonophos]]
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| *[[Food allergy]]
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| *[[Formothion]]
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| *[[Furathiocarb]]
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| *[[Gonionemus poisoning]]
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| *[[Guthion (ethyl)]]
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| *[[Heptenophos]]
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| *[[Hydrogen sulfide]]
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| *[[Hydroxyethyl starch]]
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| *[[Hypereosinophilic syndrome]]
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| *[[Hyquincarb]]
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| *[[Ibritumomab tiuxetan]]
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| *[[Ibuprofen]]
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| *[[Indometacin]]
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| *[[Iodofenphos]]
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| *[[Isofenphos]]
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| *[[Isoprocarb]]
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| *[[Ketamine]]
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| *[[Ketorolac]]
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| *[[Labetalol]]
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| *[[Latex allergy]]
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| *[[LRTI]]
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| *[[Malathion]]
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| *[[Mastocytosis]]
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| *[[Mecarbam]]
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| *[[Methacrifos]]
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| *[[Methamidophos]]
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| *[[Methidathion]]
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| *[[Methiocarb]]
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| *[[Methomyl]]
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| *[[Methylene Diisocyanate]]
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| *[[Metiltriazotion]]
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| *[[Metolcarb]]
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| *[[Mevinphos]]
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| *[[Mexacarbate]]
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| *[[Monocrotophos]]
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| *[[Monosodium glutamate]]
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| *[[Nadolol]]
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| *[[Near-drowning]]
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| *[[Nitrazepam]]
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| {{ColBreak}}
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| *[[Nitrilacarb]]
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| *[[Nitrogen dioxide]]
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| *[[Nitromethane]]
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| *[[NSAIDs]]
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| *[[Omethoate]]
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| *[[Organophosphates]]
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| *[[Oxamyl]]
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| *[[Oxydeprofos]]
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| *[[Oxydisulfoton]]
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| *[[Oxymetazoline]]
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| *[[Parathion]]
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| *[[Parathion Methyl]]
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| *[[Peanut allergies]]
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| *[[Penicillin]]
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| *[[Pentamidine]]
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| *[[Pfiesteria piscicida ]]
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| *[[Phenkapton]]
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| *[[Phenylephrine]]
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| *[[Phorate]]
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| *[[Phosalone]]
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| *[[Phosdrin]]
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| *[[Phosmet]]
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| *[[Phosphamidon]]
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| *[[Phoxim]]
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| *[[Pilocarpine]]
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| *[[Pirimicarb]]
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| *[[Pirimiphos-methyl]]
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| *[[Platinosis|Platinum salts]]
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| *[[Pneumonia]]
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| *[[Pollen allergy]]
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| *[[Primiphos methyl]]
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| *[[Profenofos]]
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| *[[Promacyl]]
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| *[[Promecarb]]
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| *[[Propafenone]]
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| *[[Propoxur]]
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| *[[Propranolol]]
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| *[[Prothidathion]]
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| *[[Prothoate]]
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| *[[Pulmonary eosinophilia]]
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| *[[Pulmonary strongyloidiasis]]
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| *[[Pyrimitate]]
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| *[[Quinalphos]]
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| *[[Quintiofos]]
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| *[[Radiocontrast]]
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| *[[Rapacuronium]]
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| *[[Schistosomiasis]]
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| *[[Scombroid]]
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| *[[Shaver's disease]]
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| *[[Smoke inhalation]]
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| *[[Snake bite]]
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| *[[Sophamide]]
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| *[[Streptokinase]]
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| *[[Sulfotep]]
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| *[[Sulfur Trioxide]]
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| *[[Tazimcarb]]
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| *[[Terbufos]]
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| *[[Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate]]
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| *[[Tetrodotoxin]]
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| *[[Thiocarboxime]]
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| *[[Thiodicarb]]
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| *[[Thiofanox]]
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| *[[Thiometon]]
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| *[[Timolol]]
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| *[[Tolclofos methyl]]
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| *[[Toluene Diisocyanate]]
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| *[[Triazophos]]
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| *[[Triazotion]]
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| *[[Trifenfos]]
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| *[[Trimethacarb]]
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| *[[URTI]]
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| *[[Vamidothion]]
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| *[[Viral illness]]
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| *[[Visceral larva migrans]]
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| *[[XMC]]
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| *[[Xylylcarb]]
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| *[[Zanamivir]]
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| {{EndMultiCol}}
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| ===Beta 2 agonists===
| | [[Bronchospasm medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Bronchospasm surgery|Surgery]] | [[Bronchospasm primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Bronchospasm secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Bronchospasm cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Bronchospasm future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| Beta 2 [[adrenergic agonist]]s are recommended for bronchospasm.
| | ==Case Studies== |
| *Short acting (SABA)
| | [[Bronchospasm case study one|Case#1]] |
| **[[Salbutamol]]
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| **[[Levosalbutamol]]
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| *Long acting (LABA)
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| **[[Formoterol]]
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| **[[Salmeterol]]
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| *Others
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| **[[Dopamine]]
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| **[[Norepinephrine]]
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| **[[Epinephrine]]
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| ===Muscarinic Acetylcholine receptor antagonist===
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| Since the neurotransmitter, [[acetylcholine]], is known to decrease sympathetic response by slowing the heart rate and constricting the [[smooth muscle tissue]]; ongoing research and successful clinical trials have shown that agents such as [[diphenhydramine]], [[atropine]] and [[Ipratropium bromide]] is known to be effective for treating asthma and COPD-related symptoms.
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} |
| {{WS}} | | {{WS}} |
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| [[de:Bronchospasmus]]
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| [[nl:Bronchospasme]]
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| [[Category:Pulmonology]] | | [[Category:Pulmonology]] |
| [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] | | [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] |
| | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] |
| | [[Category:Intensive care medicine]] |