Intracranial hemorrhage natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | |||
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==Prognosis== | |||
Intracranial hemorrhage is a serious [[medical emergency]] because the buildup of [[blood]] within the skull can lead to increases in [[intracranial pressure]], which can crush delicate brain tissue or limit its blood supply. Intracranial bleeds with a lot of bleeding are more dangerous than those with not as much blood. | |||
The risk of death from an intraparenchymal bleed in traumatic brain injury is especially high when the injury occurs in the [[brain stem]].<ref>Sanders MJ and McKenna K. 2001. Mosby’s Paramedic Textbook, 2nd revised Ed. Chapter 22, "Head and Facial Trauma." Mosby.</ref> Intraparenchymal bleeds within the [[medulla]] are almost always fatal, because they cause damage to cranial nerve X, the [[vagus nerve]], which plays an important role in [[blood circulation]] and breathing.<ref name="McCaffrey">McCaffrey P. 2001. [http://www.csuchico.edu/~pmccaff/syllabi/SPPA336/336unit11.html "The Neuroscience on the Web Series: CMSD 336 Neuropathologies of Language and Cognition."] California State University, Chico. Retrieved on June 19, 2007.</ref><ref name="Orlando Regional Healthcare">Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education and Development. 2004. [http://www.orlandoregional.org/pdf%20folder/overview%20adult%20brain%20injury.pdf "Overview of Adult Traumatic Brain Injuries."] Retrieved on 2008-01-16.</ref> This kind of hemorrhage can also occur in the [[Cerebral cortex|cortex]] or subcortical areas, usually in the [[frontal lobe|frontal]] or [[temporal lobe]]s when due to head injury, and sometimes in the [[cerebellum]].<ref name="McCaffrey"/><ref name="Graham and Gennareli ">Graham DI and Gennareli TA. Chapter 5, "Pathology of Brain Damage After Head Injury" Cooper P and Golfinos G. 2000. ''Head Injury'', 4th Ed. Morgan Hill, New York.</ref> <ref>Vinas FC and Pilitsis J. 2004. [http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2888.htm "Penetrating Head Trauma."] Emedicine.com.</ref> | |||
For spontaneous ICH seen on CT scan, the death rate ([[mortality rate|mortality]]) is 34–50% by 30 days after the insult.<ref name="Yadav07">{{cite journal |author=Yadav YR, Mukerji G, Shenoy R, Basoor A, Jain G, Nelson A |title=Endoscopic management of hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus |journal=BMC Neurol |volume=7 |issue= |pages=1 |year=2007 |pmid=17204141 |pmc=1780056 |doi=10.1186/1471-2377-7-1 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/7/1}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Latest revision as of 14:25, 12 February 2013
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Intracranial hemorrhage Microchapters |
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Prognosis
Intracranial hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency because the buildup of blood within the skull can lead to increases in intracranial pressure, which can crush delicate brain tissue or limit its blood supply. Intracranial bleeds with a lot of bleeding are more dangerous than those with not as much blood.
The risk of death from an intraparenchymal bleed in traumatic brain injury is especially high when the injury occurs in the brain stem.[1] Intraparenchymal bleeds within the medulla are almost always fatal, because they cause damage to cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve, which plays an important role in blood circulation and breathing.[2][3] This kind of hemorrhage can also occur in the cortex or subcortical areas, usually in the frontal or temporal lobes when due to head injury, and sometimes in the cerebellum.[2][4] [5]
For spontaneous ICH seen on CT scan, the death rate (mortality) is 34–50% by 30 days after the insult.[6]
References
- ↑ Sanders MJ and McKenna K. 2001. Mosby’s Paramedic Textbook, 2nd revised Ed. Chapter 22, "Head and Facial Trauma." Mosby.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 McCaffrey P. 2001. "The Neuroscience on the Web Series: CMSD 336 Neuropathologies of Language and Cognition." California State University, Chico. Retrieved on June 19, 2007.
- ↑ Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education and Development. 2004. "Overview of Adult Traumatic Brain Injuries." Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
- ↑ Graham DI and Gennareli TA. Chapter 5, "Pathology of Brain Damage After Head Injury" Cooper P and Golfinos G. 2000. Head Injury, 4th Ed. Morgan Hill, New York.
- ↑ Vinas FC and Pilitsis J. 2004. "Penetrating Head Trauma." Emedicine.com.
- ↑ Yadav YR, Mukerji G, Shenoy R, Basoor A, Jain G, Nelson A (2007). "Endoscopic management of hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus". BMC Neurol. 7: 1. doi:10.1186/1471-2377-7-1. PMC 1780056. PMID 17204141.