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'''Flatulence Microchapters
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{{flatuelnce}}
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{{CMG}}
[[Flatulence|Home]]
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Flatuelnce
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[[Flatulence (patient information)|Patient Information]]
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{{CMG}}
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[[Flatulence overview|Overview]]
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_NOTOC_
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[[Flatulence]]
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[[Flatulence pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]
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{{CMG}}
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[[Flatulence causes|Causes]]
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==Overview==
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Flatulence is the presence of a mixture of gases known as flatus in the [[gastrointestinal tract|digestive tract]] of [[mammals]] expelled from the [[rectum]]. It is more commonly known as '[[fart]]ing', 'passing gas', or 'passing wind' ([[UK]]).
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[[Flatulence differential diagnosis|Differentiating Flatulence from other Diseases]]
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=References=
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{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Flatulence epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]
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[[Category:primary care]]
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[[Category:Geriatrics]]
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[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Flatulence risk factors|Risk Factors]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
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Diagnosis
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{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
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{{WikiDoc Sources}}
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[[Flatulence history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]]
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[[Flatulence]]
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[[Flatulence physical examination|Physical Examination]]
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{{CMG}}
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[[Flatulence laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]]
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== Pathophysiology ==
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Flatus is expelled under pressure through the [[anus]], whereby, as a result of the voluntary or involuntary tensing of the [[anal sphincter]], the rapid evacuation of [[gases]] from the lower [[intestine]] occurs. Depending upon the relative state of the [[sphincter]] (relaxed/tense) and the positions of the [[buttock]]s, this often results in an audible crackling or trumpeting sound, but gas can also be passed quietly. The olfactory components of flatulence include [[skatole]], [[indole]], and [[sulfur]]ous compounds.<ref>{{cite web
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|url=http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40000086/
[[Flatulence CT|CT]]
|title=Flatulence, wind and bloating
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|publisher=Patient UK
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|accessdate=2006-12-11
}}</ref> The non-odorous gases are mainly [[nitrogen]] (ingested), [[carbon dioxide]] (produced by [[aerobic organism|aerobic microbes]] or ingested), and [[hydrogen]](produced by some microbes and consumed by others), as well as lesser amounts of [[oxygen]] (ingested) and [[methane]] (produced by [[anaerobic organism|anaerobic microbe]]s).<ref>{{cite journal| author=Suarez F| coauthors=Furne J, Springfield J, Levitt M| title=Insights into human colonic physiology obtained from the study of flatus composition| journal=Am J Physiol| year=1997| volume=272 (5 Pt 1)| pages=G1028–33}}</ref> Odors result from trace amounts of other components (often containing [[sulfur]]compounds, see below).


==References==
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{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Category:primary care]]
[[Flatulence MRI|MRI]]
[[Category:Geriatrics]]
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[[Category:Psychiatry]]
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[[Category:Pediatrics]]


{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
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{{WikiDoc Sources}}
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[[Flatulence abdominal ultrasound|Abdominal Ultrasound]]
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==Causes==
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Toxic epidermal necrolysis is a rare and usually severe adverse reaction to certain drugs. History of medication use exists in over 95% of patients with TEN. The drugs most often implicated in TEN are antibiotics such as sulfonamides, [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]], [[allopurinol]], [[antiretroviral drugs]], [[corticosteroids]] and[[anticonvulsant]]s such as [[phenobarbital]], [[phenytoin]], [[carbamazepine]], and [[valproic acid]].  The condition might also result from immunizations,  infection with agents such as ''[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]'' or  [[herpes virus]] and [[Organ transplant|transplant]]s of [[bone marrow]] or organs.
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[[Flatulence other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]]
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==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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The [[incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] is between 0.4 and 1.2 cases per 100,000 each year.
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==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
[[Flatulence other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
The mortality for toxic epidermal necrolysis is 30-40%.<ref name=garra>Garra, GP (2007). "[http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic599.htm Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis]". Emedicine.com. Retrieved on December 13, 2007.</ref>  Loss of the skin leaves patients vulnerable to infections from fungi and bacteria, and can result in [[septicemia]], the leading cause of death in the disease.<ref name=garra/> Death is caused either by [[infection]] or by [[respiratory distress]] which is either due to [[pneumonia]] or damage to the linings of the airway. Microscopic analysis of tissue (especially the degree of dermal mononuclear inflammation and the degree of inflammation in general) can play a role in determining the prognosis of individual cases.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Quinn AM et al |title=Uncovering histological criteria with prognostic significance in toxic epidermal necrolysis |journal=Arch Dermatol |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=683-7 |year=2005 |pmid=15967913}}</ref>
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==Diagnosis==
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===Laboratory Findings===
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Sometimes, however, examination of affected tissue under the microscope may be needed to distinguish it between other entities such as [[staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome]]. Typical histological criteria of TEN include mild infiltrate of lymphocytes which may obscure the dermoepidermal junction and prominent cell death with basal vacuolar change and individual cell necrosis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pereira FA, Mudgil AV, Rosmarin DM |title=flatuelnce |journal=J Am Acad Dermatol|volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=181-200 |year=2007 |pmid=17224365}}</ref>
Treatment
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==References==
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{{reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Flatulence medical therapy|Medical Therapy]]
[[Category:Medical emergencies]]
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[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
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[[Category:Disease]]


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[[Flatulence primary prevention|Primary Prevention]]
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[[Flatulence impact|Impact]]
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Case Studies
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[[Flatulence case study one|Case #1]]
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{{PAGENAME}} On the Web
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[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&db=pubmed&term={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}} Most recent articles]
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[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}&qt_s=Search&sa=N&tab=ps Most cited articles]
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[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=pubmed&term={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D  Review articles]
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[http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}+more:health_continuing_education&cx=disease_for_health_professionals&sa=N&oi=coopctx&resnum=0&ct=col3&cd=2 CME Programs]
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[http://www.google.com/search?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}+ppt&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a Powerpoint slides]
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of {{PAGENAME}}
:[http://goldminer.arrs.org/search.php?query={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}} All Images]
:[http://goldminer.arrs.org/search.php?query={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}} X-ray}}}} X-rays]
:[http://goldminer.arrs.org/search.php?query={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}} Ultrasound}}}} Echo & Ultrasound]
:[http://goldminer.arrs.org/search.php?query={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}} CT}}}} CT Images]
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[http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/open/condition={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}} Ongoing Trials  at Clinical Trials.gov]
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[http://www.guideline.gov/search/searchresults.aspx?Type=3&txtSearch={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}&num=20 US National Guidelines Clearinghouse]
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[http://www.nice.org.uk/search/guidancesearchresults.jsp?keywords={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}&searchType=guidance NICE Guidance]
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[http://google2.fda.gov/search?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}&x=0&y=0&client=FDA&site=FDA&lr=&proxystylesheet=FDA&output=xml_no_dtd&getfields=* FDA on{{PAGENAME}}]
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[http://www.cdc.gov/search.do?queryText={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}&searchButton.x=33&searchButton.y=6&action=search CDC on {{PAGENAME}}]
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[http://news.google.com/news?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}&ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&sa=N&tab=wn{{PAGENAME}} in the news]
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[http://blogsearch.google.com/blogsearch?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}&ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&sa=N&tab=wb Blogs on {{PAGENAME}}]
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[http://maps.google.com/maps?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|map+top+hospital+Flatulence}}}}&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wl Directions to Hospitals Treating Flatulence]
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[http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-US%3Aofficial&hs=QWo&q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}+AND+risk+score+OR+risk+calculator&btnG=Search Risk calculators and risk factors for {{PAGENAME}}]
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Latest revision as of 13:44, 10 April 2013

Flatulence Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Flatulence from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

CT

MRI

Abdominal Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Primary Prevention

Impact

Case Studies

Case #1

Flatulence On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

[1]

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Flatulence

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA onFlatulence

CDC on Flatulence

in the news

Blogs on Flatulence

Directions to Hospitals Treating Flatulence

Risk calculators and risk factors for Flatulence

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