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{{Infobox_Disease |
{{Infobox_Disease |
   Name          = {{PAGENAME}} |
   Name          = {{PAGENAME}} |
   Image          = Acrocyanosis 0001.jpg|
   Image          = Acrocyanosis 0001.jpg|
   Caption        = Hand: Acrocyanosis: Gross, an excellent example <br> <small> [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology] </small>|
   Caption        = Hand: Acrocyanosis: Gross, an excellent example <br> <small> [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology] </small>|
  DiseasesDB    = |
  ICD10          = |
  ICD9          = |
  ICDO          = |
  OMIM          = |
  MedlinePlus    = |
  eMedicineSubj  = |
  eMedicineTopic = |
  MeshID        = |
}}
}}
{{Acrocyanosis}}


{{SI}}
'''For patient information, click [[Acrocyanosis (patient information)|here]]'''


{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}
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{{SK}} Cassirer syndrome; Crocq disease
{{SK}} Cassirer syndrome; Crocq disease


==Overview==
==[[Acrocyanosis overview|Overview]]==
'''Acrocyanosis''' refer to a persistent blue or cyanotic discoloration of the digits, most commonly occurring in the hands although also occurring in the face and feet as well.  For the purpose of discussion, it may be further broken into:
 
* [[Acrocyanosis (benign)]] - The more common condition that requires little, if any, medical intervention.
* [[Acrocyanosis (not benign)]] - A sign that may allude to a more serious medical problem.


==Causes==
==[[Acrocyanosis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


===Localized peripheral cyanosis===
==[[Acrocyanosis classification|Classifications]]==
* [[Raynaud’s syndrome]]
* [[Vegetative vasomotoric hyperexcitability]]
* [[Venous thrombosis]]
* [[Peripheral arterial occlusive disease]]
* [[Constitutional acrocyanosis]]
* [[Cold agglutinin disease]]
* [[Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria]]
* [[Perniosis]]
* [[Acrodynia]] ([[Feer’s disease]])
* [[Waldenström’s syndrome]]


===Congenital cardiac defect with right-to left shunt===
==[[Acrocyanosis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
* [[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
* [[Patent ductus arteriosus]]
* [[Acquired cardiac defects]]
* [[Cor pulmonale]]
* [[Left ventricular failure]]
* [[Mitral stenosis]]
* [[Congestive cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Mitral valve insufficiency]]


===Pulmonary===
==[[Acrocyanosis causes|Causes]]==
* [[Chronic bronchitis]]
* [[COPD]]
* [[Pulmonary emphysema]]
* [[Pulmonary fibrosis]]
* [[Bronchiectasis]]


== Causes of {{PAGENAME}} In Alphabetical Order==
==[[Acrocyanosis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Acrocyanosis from other Disorders]]==


* [[Acquired cardiac defects]]
==[[Acrocyanosis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
* [[Bronchiectasis]]
* [[Bronchitis|Chronic bronchitis]]
* [[Cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]] ([[COPD]])
* [[Cold Agglutinin Disease]]
* [[Congenital Heart Disease]]
* [[Congestive Heart Failure]]
* [[Constitutional acrocyanosis]]
* [[Cor Pulmonale]]
* [[Feer's disease]] ([[acrodynia]])
* [[Mitral Stenosis]]
* [[Mitral Valve Insufficiency]]
* [[Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria]]
* [[Patent Ductus Arteriosus]]
* [[Perniosis]]
* [[Peripheral Arterial Disease]]
* [[Pulmonary Emphysema]]
* [[Pulmonary Fibrosis]]
* [[Raynaud's Syndrome]]
* [[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
* [[Vegetative vasomotoric hyperexcitability]]
* [[Venous thrombosis]]
* [[Waldenstrom's Syndrome]]


==Diagnosis==
==[[Acrocyanosis risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
[http://www.peir.net Images courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology]
===Physical Examination===
====Extremities====


<div align="left">
==[[Acrocyanosis screening|Screening]]==
<gallery heights="175" widths="175">
Image:Acrocyanosis 0001.jpg|Hand: Acrocyanosis: Gross, an excellent example
Image:Acrocyanosis 0002.jpg|Acrocyanosis: Gross, excellent example of cyanotic nail beds
</gallery>
</div>


==[[Acrocyanosis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis]]==


==Diagnosis==
[[Acrocyanosis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Acrocyanosis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Acrocyanosis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Acrocyanosis electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Acrocyanosis chest x ray|X Rays]] | [[Acrocyanosis CT|CT]] | [[Acrocyanosis MRI|MRI]] | [[Acrocyanosis echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Acrocyanosis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Acrocyanosis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]


<div align="left">
==Treatment==
<gallery heights="175" widths="175">
[[Acrocyanosis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Acrocyanosis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]]  | [[Acrocyanosis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Acrocyanosis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Acrocyanosis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
Image:Acrocyanosis 0003.jpg|Acrocyanosis: Gross natural color outstandingly horrible example in infant with apparent gangrene of distal and middle phalanges. Pseudomonas sepsis
Image:Acrocyanosis 0004.jpg|Acrocyanosis: Gross natural color horrible example of gangrene of feet and skin of legs with Pseudomonas sepsis
Image:Acrocyanosis 0005.jpg|Acrocyanosis: Gross, a case of DIC, distal phalangeal cyanosis
</gallery>
</div>


==Case Studies==
[[Acrocyanosis case study one|Case #1]]


{{Circulatory system pathology}}
{{Circulatory system pathology}}
{{SIB}}
[[de:Akrozyanose]]
[[fr:Acrocyanose]]
[[nl:Acrocyanose]]
[[pt:Acrocianose]]
[[fi:Akrosyanoosi]]


[[Category:Medical signs]]
[[Category:Medical signs]]
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[[Category:Physical examination]]
[[Category:Physical examination]]


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[[fr:Acrocyanose]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
[[pt:Acrocianose]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 19:07, 22 June 2013

Acrocyanosis
Hand: Acrocyanosis: Gross, an excellent example
Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology

Acrocyanosis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Acrocyanosis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

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Risk calculators and risk factors for Acrocyanosis

For patient information, click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords: Cassirer syndrome; Crocq disease

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classifications

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Acrocyanosis from other Disorders

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | X Rays | CT | MRI | Echocardiography or Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

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