Hypocholesterolemia: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
'''Hypocholesterolemia''' is the presence of abnormally low (''hypo-'') levels of [[cholesterol]] in the [[blood]] (''-emia''). | '''Hypocholesterolemia''' is the presence of abnormally low (''hypo-'') levels of [[cholesterol]] in the [[blood]] (''-emia''). Low cholesterol levels can be defined as a total cholesterol and LDL-C levels inferior to the 5th percentile of the general population adjusted for age, gender and race.<ref name="pmid20626336">{{cite journal| author=Moutzouri E, Elisaf M, Liberopoulos EN| title=Hypocholesterolemia. | journal=Curr Vasc Pharmacol | year= 2011 | volume= 9 | issue= 2 | pages= 200-12 | pmid=20626336 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20626336 }} </ref> The cut-off point used to define hypocholetsterolemia lies between 120 mg/dl and 150m/dl. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
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*[[Manganese deficiency (medicine)|manganese deficiency]] | *[[Manganese deficiency (medicine)|manganese deficiency]] | ||
*[[Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome]] | *[[Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome]] | ||
* [[HIV]] infection<ref name="pmid7605397">{{cite journal| author=Shor-Posner G, Basit A, Lu Y, Cabrejos C, Chang J, Fletcher M et al.| title=Hypocholesterolemia is associated with immune dysfunction in early human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 94 | issue= 5 | pages= 515-9 | pmid=7605397 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7605397 }} </ref><ref name="pmid7265818">{{cite journal| author=Oster P, Muchowski H, Heuck CC, Schlierf G| title=The prognostic significance of hypocholesterolemia in hospitalized patients. | journal=Klin Wochenschr | year= 1981 | volume= 59 | issue= 15 | pages= 857-60 | pmid=7265818 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7265818 }} </ref> | |||
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ||
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===Critical illness=== | ===Critical illness=== | ||
Low cholesterol levels are predictive of clinical deterioration, and are correlated with altered [[cytokine]] levels<ref>Gordon BR, Parker TS, Levine DM, Saal SD, Wang JC, Sloan BJ, Barie PS, Rubin AL. Relationship of hypolipidemia to cytokine concentrations and outcomes in critically ill surgical patients. ''Crit Care Med'' 2001;29:1563-8. PMID 11505128.</ref>. | Low cholesterol levels are predictive of clinical deterioration, and are correlated with altered [[cytokine]] levels<ref>Gordon BR, Parker TS, Levine DM, Saal SD, Wang JC, Sloan BJ, Barie PS, Rubin AL. Relationship of hypolipidemia to cytokine concentrations and outcomes in critically ill surgical patients. ''Crit Care Med'' 2001;29:1563-8. PMID 11505128.</ref>. | ||
Low cholesterol might be a prognostic sign in hospitalized patients.<ref name="pmid7711423">{{cite journal| author=Windler E, Ewers-Grabow U, Thiery J, Walli A, Seidel D, Greten H| title=The prognostic value of hypocholesterolemia in hospitalized patients. | journal=Clin Investig | year= 1994 | volume= 72 | issue= 12 | pages= 939-43 | pmid=7711423 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7711423 }} </ref><ref name="pmid7265818">{{cite journal| author=Oster P, Muchowski H, Heuck CC, Schlierf G| title=The prognostic significance of hypocholesterolemia in hospitalized patients. | journal=Klin Wochenschr | year= 1981 | volume= 59 | issue= 15 | pages= 857-60 | pmid=7265818 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7265818 }} </ref> | |||
Low cholesterol might be a prognostic sign in viral [[liver cirrhosis]].<ref name="pmid9867102">{{cite journal| author=D'Arienzo A, Manguso F, Scaglione G, Vicinanza G, Bennato R, Mazzacca G| title=Prognostic value of progressive decrease in serum cholesterol in predicting survival in Child-Pugh C viral cirrhosis. | journal=Scand J Gastroenterol | year= 1998 | volume= 33 | issue= 11 | pages= 1213-8 | pmid=9867102 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9867102 }} </ref> | |||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Latest revision as of 14:11, 17 September 2013
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Hypocholesterolemia is the presence of abnormally low (hypo-) levels of cholesterol in the blood (-emia). Low cholesterol levels can be defined as a total cholesterol and LDL-C levels inferior to the 5th percentile of the general population adjusted for age, gender and race.[1] The cut-off point used to define hypocholetsterolemia lies between 120 mg/dl and 150m/dl.
Causes
Possible causes of low cholesterol are:
- hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid gland
- liver disease
- malabsorption (inadequate absorption of nutrients from the intestines)
- malnutrition
- celiac disease
- abetalipoproteinemia - a rare genetic disease that causes cholesterol readings below 50mg/dl. It is found mostly in Jewish populations.
- hypobetalipoproteinemia - a genetic disease that causes cholesterol readings below 50mg/dl
- manganese deficiency
- Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome
- HIV infection[2][3]
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
With the increased use of medication to suppress cholesterol, some have expressed concern that lowering cholesterol levels excessively will itself cause disease. While hypercholesterolemia, the presence of high cholesterol, has been linked strongly with cardiovascular disease, it is much less certain whether low cholesterol levels are intrinsically harmful.
Specific disease entities
Demographic studies suggest that cholesterol levels form an U-shape curve when plotted against mortality; this suggests that low cholesterol is associated with increased mortality, mainly due to depression, cancer, hemorrhagic stroke and respiratory diseases[4]. It is possible that whatever causes the low cholesterol level also causes mortality, and that the low cholesterol is simply a marker of poor health[5].
Links with depression have been supported by studies[6]. In contrast, no evidence was found for a link with hemorrhagic stroke (although higher cholesterol levels conferred a relative protection), and neither did statin drugs worsen the risk[7].
The Heart Protection Study found no increase in either respiratory disease or neuropsychiatric illness in a large trial population taking a statin drug[8].
Elderly
In the elderly, low cholesterol may confer a health risk that may not be offset by the beneficial effects of cholesterol lowering[9]. Similarly, for elderly patients admitted to hospital, low cholesterol may predict short-term mortality[10]
Critical illness
Low cholesterol levels are predictive of clinical deterioration, and are correlated with altered cytokine levels[11].
Low cholesterol might be a prognostic sign in hospitalized patients.[12][3]
Low cholesterol might be a prognostic sign in viral liver cirrhosis.[13]
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
According to most authorities, only total cholesterol levels below 160 mg/dL or 4.1 mmol/l are to be classified as "hypocholesterolemia"[5].
References
- ↑ Moutzouri E, Elisaf M, Liberopoulos EN (2011). "Hypocholesterolemia". Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 9 (2): 200–12. PMID 20626336.
- ↑ Shor-Posner G, Basit A, Lu Y, Cabrejos C, Chang J, Fletcher M; et al. (1993). "Hypocholesterolemia is associated with immune dysfunction in early human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection". Am J Med. 94 (5): 515–9. PMID 7605397.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Oster P, Muchowski H, Heuck CC, Schlierf G (1981). "The prognostic significance of hypocholesterolemia in hospitalized patients". Klin Wochenschr. 59 (15): 857–60. PMID 7265818.
- ↑ Jacobs D, Blackburn H, Higgins M, Reed D, Iso H, McMillan G, Neaton J, Nelson J, Potter J, Rifkind B, et al. Report of the Conference on Low Blood Cholesterol: Mortality Associations. Circulation 1992;86:1046-60. PMID 1355411.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Criqui MH. Very Low Cholesterol and Cholesterol Lowering. Leaflet 71-0059. American Heart Association 1994. Online version.
- ↑ Suarez EC. Relations of trait depression and anxiety to low lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in healthy young adult women. Psychosom Med 1999;61:273-9. PMID 10367605.
- ↑ Woo D, Kissela BM, Khoury JC, Sauerbeck LR, Haverbusch MA, Szaflarski JP, Gebel JM, Pancioli AM, Jauch EC, Schneider A, Kleindorfer D, Broderick JP. Hypercholesterolemia, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: a case-control study. Stroke 2004;35:1360-4. PMID 15087556.
- ↑ Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7-22. PMID 12114036.
- ↑ Schatz IJ, Masaki K, Yano K, Chen R, Rodriguez BL, Curb JD. Cholesterol and all-cause mortality in elderly people from the Honolulu Heart Program: a cohort study. Lancet 2001;358:351-5. PMID 11502313.
- ↑ Onder G, Landi F, Volpato S, Fellin R, Carbonin P, Gambassi G, Bernabei R. Serum cholesterol levels and in-hospital mortality in the elderly. Am J Med 2003;115:265-71. PMID 12967690.
- ↑ Gordon BR, Parker TS, Levine DM, Saal SD, Wang JC, Sloan BJ, Barie PS, Rubin AL. Relationship of hypolipidemia to cytokine concentrations and outcomes in critically ill surgical patients. Crit Care Med 2001;29:1563-8. PMID 11505128.
- ↑ Windler E, Ewers-Grabow U, Thiery J, Walli A, Seidel D, Greten H (1994). "The prognostic value of hypocholesterolemia in hospitalized patients". Clin Investig. 72 (12): 939–43. PMID 7711423.
- ↑ D'Arienzo A, Manguso F, Scaglione G, Vicinanza G, Bennato R, Mazzacca G (1998). "Prognostic value of progressive decrease in serum cholesterol in predicting survival in Child-Pugh C viral cirrhosis". Scand J Gastroenterol. 33 (11): 1213–8. PMID 9867102.