Low VLDL causes: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Inherited disorders of lipoprotein metabolism like [[Abetalipoproteinemia]] and lipid lowering medications and diet are usually associated with low [[VLDL]] levels.
Inherited disorders of lipoprotein metabolism such as [[abetalipoproteinemia]], lipid lowering medications and diet are some of the causes of low [[VLDL]] levels.


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
*[[Pyrethroid|Pyrethroid insecticides]]


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
*[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
*[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
*[[Hypobetalipoproteinemia]]<ref name="Scanu-1974">{{Cite journal | last1 = Scanu | first1 = AM. | last2 = Aggerbeck | first2 = LP. | last3 = Kruski | first3 = AW. | last4 = Lim | first4 = CT. | last5 = Kayden | first5 = HJ. | title = A study of the abnormal lipoproteins in abetalipoproteinemia. | journal = J Clin Invest | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 440-53 | month = Feb | year = 1974 | doi = 10.1172/JCI107578 | PMID = 11344558 }}</ref><ref name="Welty-1997">{{Cite journal | last1 = Welty | first1 = FK. | last2 = Mittleman | first2 = MA. | last3 = Wilson | first3 = PW. | last4 = Sutherland | first4 = PA. | last5 = Matheney | first5 = TH. | last6 = Lipinska | first6 = I. | last7 = Muller | first7 = JE. | last8 = Levy | first8 = D. | last9 = Tofler | first9 = GH. | title = Hypobetalipoproteinemia is associated with low levels of hemostatic risk factors in the Framingham offspring population. | journal = Circulation | volume = 95 | issue = 4 | pages = 825-30 | month = Feb | year = 1997 | doi = | PMID = 9054738 }}</ref>
*[[Chronic liver disease]]
 
*[[Hypobetalipoproteinemia]]
===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pyrethroid|Pyrethroid insecticides]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dyskeratosis congenita]], [[Lipoma|lipomatosis of Madelung]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cilostazol]], [[clofibrate]], [[colestyramine]], [[doxazosin]], [[nicotinic acid]], [[prazosin]], [[probucol]], [[statins]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cilostazol]], [[cistanche|cistanche tubulosa]], [[clofibrate]], [[colestyramine]], [[docosahexaenoic acid]], [[doxazosin]], [[nicotinic acid]], [[prazosin]], [[probucol]], [[statins]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ketogenic diet]], [[malnutrition]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Flavonoid|Hawthorn fruit]], [[ketogenic diet]], [[malnutrition]], [[resveratrol]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abetalipoproteinemia]], [[apolipoprotein B deficiency]], [[Abetalipoproteinemia|Bassen-Kornzweig disease]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[PCSK9#PCSK9 Deficiency|deficiency of proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type 9]], [[familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]], [[familial hypobetalipoproteinemia]], [[Hyperlipoproteinemia|hyperlipoproteinemia, familial type 5]], [[hypobetalipoproteinemia]], [[lipoprotein lipase deficiency]], [[Abetalipoproteinemia|mutations of the MTTP gene]], [[Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abetalipoproteinemia]], [[apolipoprotein B deficiency]], [[Abetalipoproteinemia|Bassen-Kornzweig disease]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[PCSK9#PCSK9 Deficiency|deficiency of proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type 9]], [[familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]], [[familial hypobetalipoproteinemia]], [[Hyperlipoproteinemia|hyperlipoproteinemia familial type 5]], [[hypobetalipoproteinemia]], [[lipoprotein lipase deficiency]], [[Abetalipoproteinemia|mutations of the MTTP gene]], [[Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Giardiasis]], [[Hepatitis C]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Giardiasis]], [[hepatitis C]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abetalipoproteinemia]], [[apolipoprotein B deficiency]], [[Abetalipoproteinemia|Bassen-Kornzweig disease]], [[familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]], [[familial hypobetalipoproteinemia]], [[Hyperlipoproteinemia|hyperlipoproteinemia, familial type 5]], [[hypobetalipoproteinemia]], [[lipoprotein lipase deficiency]], [[Abetalipoproteinemia|mutations of the MTTP gene]], [[omega-3 fatty acid|omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]], [[fish oil]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abetalipoproteinemia]], [[apolipoprotein B deficiency]], [[Abetalipoproteinemia|Bassen-Kornzweig disease]], [[familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]], [[familial hypobetalipoproteinemia]], [[fish oil]], [[Hyperlipoproteinemia|hyperlipoproteinemia familial type 5]], [[hypobetalipoproteinemia]], [[lipoprotein lipase deficiency]], [[Abetalipoproteinemia|mutations of the MTTP gene]], [[omega-3 fatty acid|omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Exercise]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
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*[[Cilostazol]]<ref name="pmid24139096">{{cite journal| author=Kim HJ, Moon JH, Kim HM, Yun MR, Jeon BH, Lee B et al.| title=The hypolipidemic effect of cilostazol can be mediated by regulation of hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) expression. | journal=Metabolism | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24139096 | doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2013.09.006 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24139096 }} </ref>
*[[Cilostazol]]<ref name="pmid24139096">{{cite journal| author=Kim HJ, Moon JH, Kim HM, Yun MR, Jeon BH, Lee B et al.| title=The hypolipidemic effect of cilostazol can be mediated by regulation of hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) expression. | journal=Metabolism | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24139096 | doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2013.09.006 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24139096 }} </ref>
*[[Cirrhosis]]
*[[Cirrhosis]]
*[[cistanche|Cistanche tubulosa]]<ref name="pmid24095831">{{cite journal| author=Xiong W, Gu L, Wang C, Sun H, Liu X| title=Anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Cistanche tubulosa in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. | journal=J Ethnopharmacol | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24095831 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.027 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24095831 }} </ref>
*[[Clofibrate]]
*[[Clofibrate]]
*[[Colestyramine]]
*[[Colestyramine]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
*[[PCSK9#PCSK9 Deficiency|Deficiency of proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type 9]]
*[[Docosahexaenoic acid]]<ref name="pmid24136824">{{cite journal| author=Maitin V, Andreo U, Guo L, Fisher EA| title=Docosahexaenoic Acid Impairs the Maturation of Very Low Density Lipoproteins in Rat Hepatic Cells. | journal=J Lipid Res | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24136824 | doi=10.1194/jlr.M043026 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24136824 }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[PCSK9#PCSK9 Deficiency|Deficiency of proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type 9]]
*[[Doxazosin]]
*[[Doxazosin]]
*[[Dyskeratosis congenita]]
*[[Exercise]]<ref name="pmid24075739">{{cite journal| author=Søndergaard E, Poulsen MK, Jensen MD, Nielsen S| title=Acute changes in lipoprotein subclasses during exercise. | journal=Metabolism | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24075739 | doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2013.08.011 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24075739 }} </ref>
*[[Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency]]
*[[Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency]]
*[[Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]]
*[[Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]]
*[[Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia]]
*[[Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia]]
*[[Fish oil]]
*[[Giardiasis]]
*[[Giardiasis]]
*[[Flavonoid|Hawthorn fruit]]<ref name="pmid24126122">{{cite journal| author=Zhang Y, Zhang L, Geng Y, Geng Y| title=Hawthorn Fruit Attenuates Atherosclerosis by Improving the Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Activities in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. | journal=J Atheroscler Thromb | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24126122 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24126122 }} </ref>
*[[Hepatitis C]]<ref name="pmid24188401">{{cite journal| author=Rojas A, Del Campo JA, Maraver M, Aparcero R, García-Valdecasas M, Diago M et al.| title=Hepatitis C virus infection alters lipid metabolism depending on IL28B polymorphism and viral genotype and modulates gene expression in vivo and in vitro. | journal=J Viral Hepat | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24188401 | doi=10.1111/jvh.12209 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24188401 }} </ref>
*[[Hepatitis C]]<ref name="pmid24188401">{{cite journal| author=Rojas A, Del Campo JA, Maraver M, Aparcero R, García-Valdecasas M, Diago M et al.| title=Hepatitis C virus infection alters lipid metabolism depending on IL28B polymorphism and viral genotype and modulates gene expression in vivo and in vitro. | journal=J Viral Hepat | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24188401 | doi=10.1111/jvh.12209 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24188401 }} </ref>
*[[Hyperlipoproteinemia|Hyperlipoproteinemia, familial type 5]]
*[[Hyperlipoproteinemia|Hyperlipoproteinemia, familial type 5]]
*[[Hypobetalipoproteinemia]]
*[[Hypobetalipoproteinemia]]<ref name="Scanu-1974">{{Cite journal | last1 = Scanu | first1 = AM. | last2 = Aggerbeck | first2 = LP. | last3 = Kruski | first3 = AW. | last4 = Lim | first4 = CT. | last5 = Kayden | first5 = HJ. | title = A study of the abnormal lipoproteins in abetalipoproteinemia. | journal = J Clin Invest | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 440-53 | month = Feb | year = 1974 | doi = 10.1172/JCI107578 | PMID = 11344558 }}</ref><ref name="Welty-1997">{{Cite journal | last1 = Welty | first1 = FK. | last2 = Mittleman | first2 = MA. | last3 = Wilson | first3 = PW. | last4 = Sutherland | first4 = PA. | last5 = Matheney | first5 = TH. | last6 = Lipinska | first6 = I. | last7 = Muller | first7 = JE. | last8 = Levy | first8 = D. | last9 = Tofler | first9 = GH. | title = Hypobetalipoproteinemia is associated with low levels of hemostatic risk factors in the Framingham offspring population. | journal = Circulation | volume = 95 | issue = 4 | pages = 825-30 | month = Feb | year = 1997 | doi = | PMID = 9054738 }}</ref>
*[[Lymphangiectasia|Intestinal lymphangiectasia]]
*[[Lymphangiectasia|Intestinal lymphangiectasia]]
*[[Ketogenic diet]]
*[[Ketogenic diet]]
*[[Lipoma|Lipomatosis of Madelung]]
*[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
*[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
*[[Liver failure]]
*[[Liver failure]]
*[[Malignancy]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Malignancy]]
*[[Malnutrition]]
*[[Malnutrition]]
*[[Ménétrier's disease]]
*[[Ménétrier's disease]]
*[[Abetalipoproteinemia|Mutations of the MTTP gene]]
*[[Abetalipoproteinemia|Mutations of the MTTP gene]]
*[[Nicotinic acid]]
*[[Nicotinic acid]]
*[[omega-3 fatty acid|Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]]
*[[Parkinson's disease]]<ref name="pmid24086623">{{cite journal| author=Wei Q, Wang H, Tian Y, Xu F, Chen X, Wang K| title=Reduced serum levels of triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in Parkinson's disease patients. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2013 | volume= 8 | issue= 9 | pages= e75743 | pmid=24086623 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075743 | pmc=PMC3784418 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24086623 }} </ref>
*[[Parkinson's disease]]<ref name="pmid24086623">{{cite journal| author=Wei Q, Wang H, Tian Y, Xu F, Chen X, Wang K| title=Reduced serum levels of triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in Parkinson's disease patients. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2013 | volume= 8 | issue= 9 | pages= e75743 | pmid=24086623 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075743 | pmc=PMC3784418 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24086623 }} </ref>
*[[Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt|Portosystemic shunts]]
*[[Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt|Portosystemic shunts]]
Line 173: Line 178:
*[[Probucol]]
*[[Probucol]]
*[[Protein losing enteropathy]]
*[[Protein losing enteropathy]]
*[[Pyrethroid|Pyrethroid insecticides]]<ref name="pmid24121187">{{cite journal| author=Liang YJ, Wang HP, Long DX, Li W, Wu YJ| title=A metabonomic investigation of the effects of 60days exposure of rats to two types of pyrethroid insecticides. | journal=Chem Biol Interact | year= 2013 | volume= 206 | issue= 2 | pages= 302-308 | pmid=24121187 | doi=10.1016/j.cbi.2013.10.002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24121187 }} </ref>
*[[Resveratrol]]<ref name="pmid24072699">{{cite journal| author=Dash S, Xiao C, Morgantini C, Szeto L, Lewis GF| title=High-Dose Resveratrol Treatment for 2 Weeks Inhibits Intestinal and Hepatic Lipoprotein Production in Overweight/Obese Men. | journal=Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24072699 | doi=10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302342 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24072699 }} </ref>
*[[Short bowel syndrome]]
*[[Short bowel syndrome]]
*[[Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]]
*[[Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]]

Latest revision as of 14:13, 25 November 2013

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Inherited disorders of lipoprotein metabolism such as abetalipoproteinemia, lipid lowering medications and diet are some of the causes of low VLDL levels.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning Pyrethroid insecticides
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Cilostazol, cistanche tubulosa, clofibrate, colestyramine, docosahexaenoic acid, doxazosin, nicotinic acid, prazosin, probucol, statins
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental Hawthorn fruit, ketogenic diet, malnutrition, resveratrol
Gastroenterologic Celiac disease, chronic liver disease, chronic pancreatitis, cirrhosis, Crohn's disease, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, intestinal lymphangiectasia, liver failure, portosystemic shunts, protein losing enteropathy, short bowel syndrome
Genetic Abetalipoproteinemia, apolipoprotein B deficiency, Bassen-Kornzweig disease, cystic fibrosis, deficiency of proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type 9, familial alphalipoprotein deficiency, familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, hyperlipoproteinemia familial type 5, hypobetalipoproteinemia, lipoprotein lipase deficiency, mutations of the MTTP gene, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Portosystemic shunts, short bowel syndrome
Infectious Disease Giardiasis, hepatitis C
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic Parkinson's disease
Nutritional/Metabolic Abetalipoproteinemia, apolipoprotein B deficiency, Bassen-Kornzweig disease, familial alphalipoprotein deficiency, familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, fish oil, hyperlipoproteinemia familial type 5, hypobetalipoproteinemia, lipoprotein lipase deficiency, mutations of the MTTP gene, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Malignancy
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Amyloidosis, autoimmune diseases, celiac disease, Sjögren's syndrome
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Exercise

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Kim HJ, Moon JH, Kim HM, Yun MR, Jeon BH, Lee B; et al. (2013). "The hypolipidemic effect of cilostazol can be mediated by regulation of hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) expression". Metabolism. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2013.09.006. PMID 24139096.
  2. ↑ Xiong W, Gu L, Wang C, Sun H, Liu X (2013). "Anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Cistanche tubulosa in type 2 diabetic db/db mice". J Ethnopharmacol. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.027. PMID 24095831.
  3. ↑ Maitin V, Andreo U, Guo L, Fisher EA (2013). "Docosahexaenoic Acid Impairs the Maturation of Very Low Density Lipoproteins in Rat Hepatic Cells". J Lipid Res. doi:10.1194/jlr.M043026. PMID 24136824.
  4. ↑ Søndergaard E, Poulsen MK, Jensen MD, Nielsen S (2013). "Acute changes in lipoprotein subclasses during exercise". Metabolism. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2013.08.011. PMID 24075739.
  5. ↑ Zhang Y, Zhang L, Geng Y, Geng Y (2013). "Hawthorn Fruit Attenuates Atherosclerosis by Improving the Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Activities in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice". J Atheroscler Thromb. PMID 24126122.
  6. ↑ Rojas A, Del Campo JA, Maraver M, Aparcero R, García-Valdecasas M, Diago M; et al. (2013). "Hepatitis C virus infection alters lipid metabolism depending on IL28B polymorphism and viral genotype and modulates gene expression in vivo and in vitro". J Viral Hepat. doi:10.1111/jvh.12209. PMID 24188401.
  7. ↑ Scanu, AM.; Aggerbeck, LP.; Kruski, AW.; Lim, CT.; Kayden, HJ. (1974). "A study of the abnormal lipoproteins in abetalipoproteinemia". J Clin Invest. 53 (2): 440–53. doi:10.1172/JCI107578. PMID 11344558. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Welty, FK.; Mittleman, MA.; Wilson, PW.; Sutherland, PA.; Matheney, TH.; Lipinska, I.; Muller, JE.; Levy, D.; Tofler, GH. (1997). "Hypobetalipoproteinemia is associated with low levels of hemostatic risk factors in the Framingham offspring population". Circulation. 95 (4): 825–30. PMID 9054738. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Wei Q, Wang H, Tian Y, Xu F, Chen X, Wang K (2013). "Reduced serum levels of triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in Parkinson's disease patients". PLoS One. 8 (9): e75743. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075743. PMC 3784418. PMID 24086623.
  10. ↑ Liang YJ, Wang HP, Long DX, Li W, Wu YJ (2013). "A metabonomic investigation of the effects of 60days exposure of rats to two types of pyrethroid insecticides". Chem Biol Interact. 206 (2): 302–308. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2013.10.002. PMID 24121187.
  11. ↑ Dash S, Xiao C, Morgantini C, Szeto L, Lewis GF (2013). "High-Dose Resveratrol Treatment for 2 Weeks Inhibits Intestinal and Hepatic Lipoprotein Production in Overweight/Obese Men". Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302342. PMID 24072699.


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