Sandbox/68: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable"
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Tissue'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Cell type'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Functions'''
|-
|-
! Generic Name !! Brand Names !! Common Uses !! Side Effects
| valign="top" | Adipose tissue
| valign="top" | Adipose-associated macrophages
| valign="top" | Control of insulin sensitivity and adaptive thermogenesis
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | [[Aminoglycoside]]s
| valign="top" | Blood
| valign="top" | Ly-6C<sup>lo</sup> monocytes
| valign="top" | Function analogously as intravascular housekeepers, clearing endothelial cell debris
|-
|-
| [[Amikacin]] || [[Amikin]] || rowspan="7" | Infections caused by [[Gram-negative bacteria]], such as ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' and ''[[Klebsiella]]'' particularly ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''. Effective against Aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes.|| rowspan="7" |
| Bone || Osteoclasts <BR> Bone marrow macrophages ||Multinucleated cells formed by fusion that resorb bone by disruption of the mineralized matrix <BR> Support erythropoeisis and maintain hematopoietic stem cells in stem cell niches"
*[[Ototoxicity|Hearing loss]]
*[[Vertigo (medical)|Vertigo]]
*[[Nephrotoxicity|Kidney damage]]
*[[Ototoxicity|Ear damage, hearing loss]]
|-
|-
|[[Gentamicin]] || [[Garamycin]]
| Central nervous system||"Microglia
|-
|-
|[[Kanamycin]] || [[Kantrex]]
|  
|-
|-
|[[Neomycin]] ||
| Perivascular macrophages
|-
|-
|[[Netilmicin]] || [[Netromycin]]
| Meningeal macrophages"||"Promote neuronal survival and are involved in frontline immune surveillance, removal of dead neurons and synaptic remodelling; derived from yolk sac and maintained in adult and during inflammation independently of the bone marrow
|-
|-
|[[Streptomycin]] ||
| Immune surveillance
|-
|-
|[[Tobramycin]] || [[Nebcin]]
| Immune surveillance"
|-
|-
|[[Paromomycin]] || [[Humatin]]
| Gastrointestinal tract||Intestinal macrophages||Maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and regulation of immune responses to commensals; monocyte-derived
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | [[Ansamycin]]s
| Liver||"Kupffer cells (sessile)
|-
|-
|[[Geldanamycin]] || || rowspan="2" | Experimental, as [[antineoplastic|antitumor antibiotics]] ||
|  
|-
|-
|[[Herbimycin]] || || ||
| Motile liver macrophages"||"Clearance of microorganisms and cell debris from the blood, and clearance of aged erythrocytes; prenatal origins; maintained in the adult independently of the bone marrow
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | [[Carbacephem]]
| Immune surveillance"
|-
|-
|[[Loracarbef]] || [[Lorabid]] || ||
| Lung||"Alveolar macrophages
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | [[Carbapenem]]s
|  
|-
|-
|[[Ertapenem]] || [[Invanz]] || rowspan="3" | Bactericidal for both Gram positive and Gram negative organisms via inhibition of cell wall synthesis and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Note MRSA resistance to this class.) || rowspan="3" |
| Interstitial macrophages"||"Immune surveillance of the lung for inhaled pathogens and clearance of surfactant; prenatal origins; maintained in adult and during inflammation independently of the bone marrow
*Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
*Nausea
*Seizures
*Headache
*Rash and Allergic reactions
|-
|-
|[[Imipenem]]/[[Cilastatin]] || [[Primaxin]]
| Regulates DC maturation and/or activation"
|-
|-
|[[Meropenem]] || [[Merrem]]
| Serosal tissues||"Peritoneal macrophages
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | [[Cephalosporin]]s ([[Cephalosporins#First Generation Cephalosporins|First generation]])
|  
|-
|-
|[[Cefadroxil]] || [[Duricef]] || rowspan="3" | || rowspan="3" |
|  
*Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
*Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
*Allergic reactions
|-
|-
|[[Cefazolin]] || [[Ancef]]
| Pleural macrophages"||"Immune surveillance and regulation of homeostatic environment; apoptotic cell clearance; prenatal origins; maintained in adult and during inflammation independently of the bone marrow
|-
|-
|[[Cefalotin]] or Cefalothin || [[Keflin]]
|  
|-
|-
|[[Cephalexin]] || [[Keflex]]
| Immune surveillance; maintained in adult and can expand during TH2 cell inflammation independently of the bone marrow"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | [[Cephalosporin]]s ([[Cephalosporins#Second Generation Cephems|Second generation]])
| Skin||"Dermal macrophages
|-
|-
|[[Cefaclor]] || [[Ceclor]] || rowspan="5" | || rowspan="5" |
|  
* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
* Allergic reactions
|-
|-
|[[Cefamandole]] || [[Mandole]]
| Langerhans cells"||"Immune surveillance
|-
|-
|[[Cefoxitin]] || [[Mefoxin]]
|  
|-
|-
|[[Cefprozil]] || [[Cefzil]]
| Interaction with T lymphocytes; derived from yolk sac and/or fetal liver and maintained independently of the bone marrow"
|-
|-
|[[Cefuroxime]] || [[Ceftin]]
| Spleen||"Marginal zone macrophages
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | [[Cephalosporin]]s ([[Cephalosporins#Third Generation Cephalosporins|Third generation]])
|  
|-
|-
|[[Cefixime]] || [[Suprax]] || rowspan="10" | || rowspan="10" |
| Metallophilic macrophages
* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
* Allergic reactions
|-
|-
|[[Cefdinir]] || [[Omnicef]]
|  
|-
|-
|[[Cefditoren]] || [[Spectracef]]
| Red pulp macrophages
|-
|-
|[[Cefoperazone]] || [[Cefobid]]
|  
|-
|-
|[[Cefotaxime]] || [[Claforan]]
| White pulp (tingible body) macrophages"||"Immune surveillance of the circulation
|-
|-
|[[Cefpodoxime]] ||  
|  
|-
|-
|[[Ceftazidime]] || [[Fortaz]]
| Immune surveillance
|-
|-
|[[Ceftibuten]] ||  
|  
|-
|-
|[[Ceftizoxime]] ||
| Erythrocyte clearance and iron metabolism; prenatal origins; maintained in adult independently of the bone marrow
|-
|-
|[[Ceftriaxone]] || [[Rocephin]]
|  
|-
|[[Cefdinir]] ||
|-
!colspan="4" | [[Cephalosporin]]s ([[Cephalosporins#Fourth Generation Cephalosporins|Fourth generation]])
 
|-
|[[Cefepime]] || [[Maxipime]] || ||
* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
* Allergic reactions
|-
!colspan="4" | [[Glycopeptide antibiotic|Glycopeptides]]
|-
|[[Teicoplanin]] || || rowspan="2" | || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Vancomycin]] || [[Vancocin]]
|-
!colspan="4" | [[Macrolide]]s
|-
|[[Azithromycin]] || [[Zithromax]], [[Sumamed]], [[Zitrocin]] || rowspan="6" | [[Streptococcal infection]]s, [[syphilis]], [[respiratory infection]]s, [[mycoplasma]]l infections,[[Lyme disease]] || rowspan="6" |
* Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (especially at higher doses)
* [[Jaundice]]
|-
|[[Clarithromycin]] || [[Biaxin]]
|-
|[[Dirithromycin]] ||
|-
|[[Erythromycin]] ||
|-
|[[Roxithromycin]] ||
|-
|[[Troleandomycin]] ||
|-
|[[Telithromycin]] || [[Ketek]] || [[Pneumonia]] || Visual Disturbance, LIVER TOXICITY. This medication's approval in the U.S. was controversial, and one doctor went to jail in followup attempts to ascertain its safety because she falsified the results of her part of the testing precisely because it seemed to cause liver problems, including liver failure, to a greater extent than would be expected of a common-use antibiotic. ||
|-
|[[Spectinomycin]] || || [[Antimetabolite]], Anticancer ||
|-
!colspan="4" | [[Monobactams]]
|-
|[[Aztreonam]] || || ||
|-
!colspan="4" | [[Penicillin]]s
|-
|[[Amoxicillin]] || [[Novamox]] || rowspan="12" | Wide range of infections; penicillin used for [[streptococcal infection]]s, [[syphilis]], and [[Lyme disease]] || rowspan="12" |
* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Allergy with serious [[anaphylactic]] reactions
* Brain and kidney damage (rare)
|-
|[[Ampicillin]] ||
|-
|[[Azlocillin]] ||
|-
|[[Carbenicillin]] ||
|-
|[[Cloxacillin]] ||
|-
|[[Dicloxacillin]] ||
|-
|[[Flucloxacillin]] ||
|-
|[[Mezlocillin]] ||
|-
|[[Nafcillin]] ||
|-
|[[Penicillin]] ||
|-
|[[Piperacillin]] ||
|-
|[[Ticarcillin]] ||
|-
!colspan="4" | Polypeptides
|-
|[[Bacitracin]] || || rowspan="3" | Eye, ear or bladder infections; usually applied directly to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; rarely given by injection || rowspan="3" | Kidney and nerve damage (when given by injection)
|-
|[[Colistin]] ||
|-
|[[Polymyxin B]] ||
|-
!colspan="4" | [[Quinolone]]s
|-
|[[Ciprofloxacin]] || [[Ciproxin]], [[Ciplox]] || rowspan="9" | Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, bacterial [[diarrhea]], [[gonorrhea]] || rowspan="9" | Nausea (rare), tendinosis (rare)
|-
|[[Enoxacin]] ||
|-
|[[Gatifloxacin]] || [[Tequin]]
|-
|[[Levofloxacin]] || [[Levaquin]]
|-
|[[Lomefloxacin]] ||
|-
|[[Moxifloxacin]] || [[Avelox]]
|-
|[[Norfloxacin]] ||
|-
|[[Ofloxacin]] || [[Ocuflox]]
|-
|[[Trovafloxacin]] || [[Trovan]]
|-
!colspan="4" | [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|Sulfonamides]]
|-
|[[Mafenide]] || || rowspan="9" | [[Urinary tract infection]]s (except sulfacetamide and mafenide); mafenide is used topically for burns || rowspan="9" |
* Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
* [[Allergy]] (including skin rashes)
* Crystals in urine
* [[Renal failure|Kidney failure]]
* Decrease in [[white blood cell]] count
* Sensitivity to sunlight
|-
|[[Prontosil]] (archaic) ||
|-
|[[Sulfacetamide]] ||
|-
|[[Sulfamethizole]] ||
|-
|[[Sulfanilimide]] (archaic) ||
|-
|[[Sulfasalazine]] ||
|-
|[[Sulfisoxazole]] ||
|-
|[[Trimethoprim]] ||
|-
|[[Trimethoprim]]-[[Sulfamethoxazole]] ([[Co-trimoxazole]]) ([[TMP-SMX]]) || [[Bactrim]]
|-
!colspan="4" | [[Tetracycline antibiotics|Tetracycline]]s
|-
|[[Demeclocycline]] || || rowspan="5" | [[Syphilis]], [[chlamydia]]l infections, [[Lyme disease]], [[mycoplasma]]l infections, acne [[rickettsia]]l infections || rowspan="5" |
* Gastrointestinal upset
* Sensitivity to sunlight
* Staining of teeth (especially in children)
* Potential toxicity to mother and fetus during pregnancy
|-
|[[Doxycycline]] || [[Vibramycin]]
|-
|[[Minocycline]] || [[Minocin]]
|-
|[[Oxytetracycline]] || [[Terracin]]
|-
|[[Tetracycline]] || [[Sumycin]]
 
|-
!colspan="4" | Others
|-
|[[Arsphenamine]] || [[Salvarsan]] ||[[Spirochaete|Spirochaetal]] infections (obsolete) ||
|-
|[[Chloramphenicol]] || [[Chloromycetin]] || ||
|-
|[[Clindamycin]] || [[Cleocin]] || [[acne]] infections, prophylaxis before surgery ||
|-
|Lincoamycin || || [[acne]] infections, prophylaxis before surgery ||
|-
|[[Ethambutol]] || || [[Antituberculosis]] ||
|-
|[[Fosfomycin]] || || ||
|-
|[[Fusidic acid]] || [[Fucidin]] || ||
|-
|[[Furazolidone]] || || ||
|-
|[[Isoniazid]] || || [[Antituberculosis]] ||
|-
|[[Linezolid]] || [[Zyvox]] || ||
|-
|[[Metronidazole]] || [[Flagyl]] ||[[Giardia]] ||
|-
|[[Mupirocin]] || [[Bactroban]] || ||
|-
|[[Nitrofurantoin]] || [[Macrodantin]], [[Macrobid]] || ||
|-
|[[Platensimycin]] || ||
|-
|[[Pyrazinamide]] || || [[Antituberculosis]] ||
|-
|[[Quinupristin/Dalfopristin]] || [[Syncercid]] || ||
|-
|[[Rifampin]] or [[Rifampicin]] || || Binds to the β subunit of "[[RNA polymerase]]" to inhibit transcription of mostly "[[Gram positive]]" and "[[mycobacteria]]" ||Reddish-orange sweat, tears, and urine
|-
|[[Tinidazole]] || || ||
|-
|-
| Clearance of apoptotic cells resulting during the germinal center reaction"
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 22:24, 29 November 2013

Tissue Cell type Functions
Adipose tissue Adipose-associated macrophages Control of insulin sensitivity and adaptive thermogenesis
Blood Ly-6Clo monocytes Function analogously as intravascular housekeepers, clearing endothelial cell debris
Bone Osteoclasts
Bone marrow macrophages		 Multinucleated cells formed by fusion that resorb bone by disruption of the mineralized matrix
Support erythropoeisis and maintain hematopoietic stem cells in stem cell niches"
Central nervous system "Microglia
Perivascular macrophages
Meningeal macrophages" "Promote neuronal survival and are involved in frontline immune surveillance, removal of dead neurons and synaptic remodelling; derived from yolk sac and maintained in adult and during inflammation independently of the bone marrow
Immune surveillance
Immune surveillance"
Gastrointestinal tract Intestinal macrophages Maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and regulation of immune responses to commensals; monocyte-derived
Liver "Kupffer cells (sessile)
Motile liver macrophages" "Clearance of microorganisms and cell debris from the blood, and clearance of aged erythrocytes; prenatal origins; maintained in the adult independently of the bone marrow
Immune surveillance"
Lung "Alveolar macrophages
Interstitial macrophages" "Immune surveillance of the lung for inhaled pathogens and clearance of surfactant; prenatal origins; maintained in adult and during inflammation independently of the bone marrow
Regulates DC maturation and/or activation"
Serosal tissues "Peritoneal macrophages
Pleural macrophages" "Immune surveillance and regulation of homeostatic environment; apoptotic cell clearance; prenatal origins; maintained in adult and during inflammation independently of the bone marrow
Immune surveillance; maintained in adult and can expand during TH2 cell inflammation independently of the bone marrow"
Skin "Dermal macrophages
Langerhans cells" "Immune surveillance
Interaction with T lymphocytes; derived from yolk sac and/or fetal liver and maintained independently of the bone marrow"
Spleen "Marginal zone macrophages
Metallophilic macrophages
Red pulp macrophages
White pulp (tingible body) macrophages" "Immune surveillance of the circulation
Immune surveillance
Erythrocyte clearance and iron metabolism; prenatal origins; maintained in adult independently of the bone marrow
Clearance of apoptotic cells resulting during the germinal center reaction"
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