Doxycycline hyclate microbiology: Difference between revisions
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== | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Doxycycline hyclate}} | |||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MM}} | |||
==Microbiology== | |||
Doxycycline inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Doxycycline has bacteriostatic activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Cross resistance with other tetracyclines is common. | |||
Doxycycline has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section of the package insert for VIBRAMYCIN. | |||
*Gram-Negative Bacteria | |||
Acinetobacter species | |||
[[Bartonella bacilliformis]] | |||
[[Brucella species]] | |||
[[Calymmatobacterium granulomatis]] | |||
[[Campylobacter fetus]] | |||
[[Enterobacter aerogenes]] | |||
[[Escherichia coli]] | |||
[[Francisella tularensis]] | |||
[[Haemophilus ducreyi]] | |||
[[Haemophilus influenzae]] | |||
[[Klebsiella species]] | |||
[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]] | |||
[[Shigella species]] | |||
[[Vibrio cholerae]] | |||
[[Yersinia pestis]] | |||
* | *Gram-Positive Bacteria | ||
[[Bacillus anthracis]] | |||
[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]] | |||
* | *Anaerobic Bacteria | ||
[[Clostridium species]] | |||
[[Fusobacterium fusiforme]] | |||
[[Propionibacterium acnes]] | |||
*Other Bacteria | |||
[[Nocardiae]] and other aerobic Actinomyces species | |||
[[Borrelia recurrentis]] | |||
[[Chlamydophila psittaci]] | |||
[[Chlamydia trachomatis]] | |||
[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]] | |||
[[Rickettsiae]] | |||
[[Treponema pallidum]] | |||
[[Treponema pertenue]] | |||
[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]] | |||
*Parasites | |||
[[Balantidium coli]] | |||
[[Entamoeba species]] | |||
[[Plasmodium falciparum1]] | |||
Doxycycline has been found to be active against the asexual erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium falciparum, but not against the gametocytes of P. falciparum. The precise mechanism of action of the drug is not known. | |||
'''Susceptibility Testing Methods''' | |||
When | When available, the clinical microbiology laboratory should provide the results of in vitro susceptibility test results for antimicrobial drugs used in resident hospitals to the physician as periodic reports that describe the susceptibility profile of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. These reports should aid the physician in selecting the most effective antimicrobial. | ||
'''Dilution techniques''' | |||
Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using a standardized test method1,2,4 (broth or agar). The MIC values should be interpreted according to criteria provided in Table 1. | |||
'''Diffusion techniques''' | |||
Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters can also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size provides an estimate of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size should be determined using a standardized test method1,3,4. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 30-μg doxycycline to test the susceptibility of microorganisms to doxycycline. The disk diffusion interpretive criteria are provided in Table 1. | |||
'''Anaerobic Techniques''' | |||
For anaerobic bacteria, the susceptibility to doxycycline can be determined by a standardized test method5. The MIC values obtained should be interpreted according to the criteria provided in Table 1. | |||
[[File:Doxycyclin table 1-1.jpg]] | |||
[[File:Doxycyclin table 1-2.jpg]] | |||
A report of Susceptible (S) indicates that the antimicrobial is likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial compound reaches the concentrations at the infection site necessary to inhibit growth of the pathogen. A report of Intermediate (I) indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the bacteria is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug product is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone that prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of Resistant (R) indicates that the antimicrobial is not likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial compound reaches the concentrations usually achievable at the infection site; other therapy should be selected. | |||
'''Quality Control''' | |||
Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory controls to monitor and ensure the accuracy and precision of the supplies and reagents used in the assay, and the techniques of the individuals performing the test1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Standard doxycycline and tetracycline powders should provide the following range of MIC values noted in Table 2. For the diffusion technique using the 30 mcg doxycycline disk the criteria noted in Table 2 should be achieved. | |||
[[File:Doxy-table 2.jpg]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 02:02, 9 January 2014
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamed Moubarak, M.D. [2]
Microbiology
Doxycycline inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Doxycycline has bacteriostatic activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Cross resistance with other tetracyclines is common. Doxycycline has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section of the package insert for VIBRAMYCIN.
- Gram-Negative Bacteria
Acinetobacter species Bartonella bacilliformis Brucella species Calymmatobacterium granulomatis Campylobacter fetus Enterobacter aerogenes Escherichia coli Francisella tularensis Haemophilus ducreyi Haemophilus influenzae Klebsiella species Neisseria gonorrhoeae Shigella species Vibrio cholerae Yersinia pestis
- Gram-Positive Bacteria
Bacillus anthracis Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Anaerobic Bacteria
Clostridium species Fusobacterium fusiforme Propionibacterium acnes
- Other Bacteria
Nocardiae and other aerobic Actinomyces species Borrelia recurrentis Chlamydophila psittaci Chlamydia trachomatis Mycoplasma pneumoniae Rickettsiae Treponema pallidum Treponema pertenue Ureaplasma urealyticum
- Parasites
Balantidium coli Entamoeba species Plasmodium falciparum1
Doxycycline has been found to be active against the asexual erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium falciparum, but not against the gametocytes of P. falciparum. The precise mechanism of action of the drug is not known.
Susceptibility Testing Methods
When available, the clinical microbiology laboratory should provide the results of in vitro susceptibility test results for antimicrobial drugs used in resident hospitals to the physician as periodic reports that describe the susceptibility profile of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. These reports should aid the physician in selecting the most effective antimicrobial.
Dilution techniques
Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using a standardized test method1,2,4 (broth or agar). The MIC values should be interpreted according to criteria provided in Table 1.
Diffusion techniques
Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters can also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size provides an estimate of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size should be determined using a standardized test method1,3,4. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 30-μg doxycycline to test the susceptibility of microorganisms to doxycycline. The disk diffusion interpretive criteria are provided in Table 1.
Anaerobic Techniques
For anaerobic bacteria, the susceptibility to doxycycline can be determined by a standardized test method5. The MIC values obtained should be interpreted according to the criteria provided in Table 1.
A report of Susceptible (S) indicates that the antimicrobial is likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial compound reaches the concentrations at the infection site necessary to inhibit growth of the pathogen. A report of Intermediate (I) indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the bacteria is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug product is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone that prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of Resistant (R) indicates that the antimicrobial is not likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial compound reaches the concentrations usually achievable at the infection site; other therapy should be selected.
Quality Control
Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory controls to monitor and ensure the accuracy and precision of the supplies and reagents used in the assay, and the techniques of the individuals performing the test1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Standard doxycycline and tetracycline powders should provide the following range of MIC values noted in Table 2. For the diffusion technique using the 30 mcg doxycycline disk the criteria noted in Table 2 should be achieved.
References
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.