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| | | #REDIRECT [[Labetalol#Pharmacology]] |
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| {{Labetalol}}
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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SS}}
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| ==Clinical Pharmacology==
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| Labetalol combines both selective, competitive, alpha1-adrenergic blocking and nonselective, competitive, beta-adrenergic blocking activity in a single substance. In man, the ratios of alpha- to beta-blockade have been estimated to be approximately 1:3 and 1:7 following oral and intravenous (IV) administration, respectively. Beta2-agonist activity has been demonstrated in animals with minimal beta1-agonist (ISA) activity detected. In animals, at doses greater than those required for alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockade, a membrane stabilizing effect has been demonstrated.
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| ===Pharmacodynamics===
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| The capacity of Labetalol to block alpha receptors in man has been demonstrated by attenuation of the pressor effect of [[phenylephrine]] and by a significant reduction of the pressor response caused by immersing the hand in ice-cold water ("cold-pressor test"). Labetalol 's beta1-receptor blockade in man was demonstrated by a small decrease in the resting heart rate, attenuation of [[tachycardia]] produced by [[isoproterenol]] or exercise, and by attenuation of the reflex [[tachycardia]] to the [[hypotension]] produced by amyl nitrite. Beta2-receptor blockade was demonstrated by inhibition of the[[isoproterenol]]-induced fall in diastolic blood pressure. Both the alpha- and beta-blocking actions of orally administered Labetalol contribute to a decrease in blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Labetalol consistently, in dose-related fashion, blunted increases in exercise-induced blood pressure and heart rate, and in their double product. The pulmonary circulation during exercise was not affected by Labetalol dosing.
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| Single oral doses of Labetalol administered to patients with coronary artery disease had no significant effect on sinus rate, intraventricular conduction, or QRS duration. The atrioventricular (A-V) conduction time was modestly prolonged in two of seven patients. In another study, IV Labetalol slightly prolonged A-V nodal conduction time and atrial effective refractory period with only small changes in heart rate. The effects on A-V nodal refractoriness were inconsistent.
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| Labetalol produces dose-related falls in blood pressure without reflex [[tachycardia]] and without significant reduction in heart rate, presumably through a mixture of its alpha- and beta-blocking effects. Hemodynamic effects are variable, with small, nonsignificant changes in cardiac output seen in some studies but not others, and small decreases in total peripheral resistance. Elevated plasma renins are reduced.
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| Doses of Labetalol that controlled [[hypertension]] did not affect renal function in mildly to severely hypertensive patients with normal renal function.
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| Due to the alpha1-receptor blocking activity of Labetalol , blood pressure is lowered more in the standing than in the supine position, and symptoms of postural [[hypotension]] (2%), including rare instances of syncope, can occur. Following oral administration, when postural [[hypotension]] has occurred, it has been transient and is uncommon when the recommended starting dose and titration increments are closely followed (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Symptomatic postural [[hypotension]] is most likely to occur 2 to 4 hours after a dose, especially following the use of large initial doses or upon large changes in dose.
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| The peak effects of single oral doses of Labetalol occur within 2 to 4 hours. The duration of effect depends upon dose, lasting at least 8 hours following single oral doses of 100 mg and more than 12 hours following single oral doses of 300 mg. The maximum, steady-state blood pressure response upon oral, twice-a-day dosing occurs within 24 to 72 hours.
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| The antihypertensive effect of labetalol has a linear correlation with the logarithm of labetalol plasma concentration, and there is also a linear correlation between the reduction in exercise-induced [[tachycardia]] occurring at 2 hours after oral administration of Labetalol and the logarithm of the plasma concentration.
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| About 70% of the maximum beta-blocking effect is present for 5 hours after the administration of a single oral dose of 400 mg with suggestion that about 40% remains at 8 hours.
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| The antianginal efficacy of Labetalol has not been studied. In 37 patients with [[hypertension]] and coronary artery disease, Labetalol did not increase the incidence or severity of angina attacks.
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| Exacerbation of angina and, in some cases, myocardial infarction and ventricular dysrhythmias have been reported after abrupt discontinuation of therapy with beta-adrenergic blocking agents in patients with coronary artery disease. Abrupt withdrawal of these agents in patients without coronary artery disease has resulted in transient symptoms, including tremulousness, sweating, palpitation, headache, and malaise. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these phenomena, among them increased sensitivity to catecholamines because of increased numbers of beta receptors.
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| Although beta-adrenergic receptor blockade is useful in the treatment of angina and [[hypertension]], there are also situations in which sympathetic stimulation is vital. For example, in patients with severely damaged hearts, adequate ventricular function may depend on sympathetic drive. Beta-adrenergic blockade may worsen A-V block by preventing the necessary facilitating effects of sympathetic activity on conduction. Beta2-adrenergic blockade results in passive bronchial constriction by interfering with endogenous adrenergic [[bronchodilator]] activity in patients subject to bronchospasm, and it may also interfere with exogenous [[bronchodilator]]s in such patients.
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| ===Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism===
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| Labetalol is completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with peak plasma levels occurring 1 to 2 hours after oral administration. The relative bioavailability of Labetalol tablets compared to an oral solution is 100%. The absolute bioavailability (fraction of drug reaching systemic circulation) of labetalol when compared to an IV infusion is 25%; this is due to extensive "first-pass" metabolism. Despite "first-pass" metabolism, there is a linear relationship between oral doses of 100 to 3,000 mg and peak plasma levels. The absolute bioavailability of labetalol is increased when administered with food.
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| The plasma half-life of labetalol following oral administration is about 6 to 8 hours. Steady-state plasma levels of labetalol during repetitive dosing are reached by about the third day of dosing. In patients with decreased hepatic or renal function, the elimination half-life of labetalol is not altered; however, the relative bioavailability in hepatically impaired patients is increased due to decreased "first-pass" metabolism.
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| The metabolism of labetalol is mainly through conjugation to glucuronide metabolites. These metabolites are present in plasma and are excreted in the urine and, via the bile, into the feces. Approximately 55% to 60% of a dose appears in the urine as conjugates or unchanged labetalol within the first 24 hours of dosing.
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| Labetalol has been shown to cross the placental barrier in humans. Only negligible amounts of the drug crossed the blood-brain barrier in animal studies. Labetalol is approximately 50% protein bound. Neither [[hemodialysis]] nor peritoneal dialysis removes a significant amount of Labetalol from the general circulation (<1%).
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| Elderly Patients: Some pharmacokinetic studies indicate that the elimination of labetalol is reduced in elderly patients. Therefore, although elderly patients may initiate therapy at the currently recommended dosage of 100 mg b.i.d., elderly patients will generally require lower maintenance dosages than nonelderly patients.<ref name="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE INJECTION, SOLUTION [HOSPIRA, INC.] | url = http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=abfc6b75-1ed5-41f1-0484-4597488237bc | publisher = | date = | accessdate = 5 February 2014 }}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:Beta blockers]]
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| [[Category:Cardiovascular Drugs]]
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| [[Category:Drugs]]
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