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| __NOTOC__
| | #REDIRECT [[Digoxin#Overdosage]] |
| {{Digoxin}}
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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AK}}
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| '''''For patient information, click <u>[[Digoxin (patient information)|here]]'''''</u>.
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| ==Use in Specific Populations==
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| === Pregnancy===
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| '''Pregnancy Category C'''
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| Digoxin should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed. It is also not known whether digoxin can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproductive capacity. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with digoxin.
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| === Labor and Delivery===
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| There are not enough data from clinical trials to determine the safety and efficacy of digoxin during labor and delivery.
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| === Nursing Mothers===
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| Studies have shown that digoxin distributes into breast milk and that the milk-to-serum concentration ratio is approximately 0.6 to 0.9. However, the estimated exposure of a nursing infant to digoxin via breastfeeding is far below the usual infant maintenance dose. Therefore, this amount should have no pharmacologic effect upon the infant.
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| ===Pediatric Use===
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| The safety and effectiveness of digoxin in the control of ventricular rate in children with[[ atrial fibrillation]] have not been established.
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| The safety and effectiveness of digoxin in the treatment of heart failure in children have not been established in adequate and well-controlled studies. However, in published literature of children with heart failure of various etiologies (e.g., ventricular septal defects, anthracycline toxicity, patent ductus arteriosus), treatment with digoxin has been associated with improvements in hemodynamic parameters and in clinical signs and symptoms.
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| Newborn infants display considerable variability in their tolerance to digoxin. Premature and immature infants are particularly sensitive to the effects of digoxin, and the dosage of the drug must not only be reduced but must be individualized according to their degree of maturity.
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| === Geriatric Use===
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| The majority of clinical experience gained with digoxin has been in the elderly population. This experience has not identified differences in response or adverse effects between the elderly and younger patients. However, this drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, which should be based on renal function, and it may be useful to monitor renal function [see [[DIGOXIN tablet dosage and administration|Dosage and Administration]] (2.1)].
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| === Renal Impairment===
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| The clearance of digoxin can be primarily correlated with the renal function as indicated by creatinine clearance. Tables 3 and 5 provide the usual daily maintenance dose requirements for digoxin based on creatinine clearance [see [[DIGOXIN tablet dosage and administration|Dosage and Administration]] (2.3)].
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| Digoxin is primarily excreted by the kidneys; therefore, patients with impaired renal function require smaller than usual maintenance doses of digoxin [see [[DIGOXIN tablet dosage and administration|Dosage and Administration]] (2.3)]. Because of the prolonged elimination half-life, a longer period of time is required to achieve an initial or new steady-state serum concentration in patients with renal impairment than in patients with normal renal function. If appropriate care is not taken to reduce the dose of digoxin, such patients are at high risk for toxicity, and toxic effects will last longer in such patients than in patients with normal renal function. | |
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| === Hepatic Impairment===
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| Plasma digoxin concentrations in patients with acute hepatitis generally fall within the range of profiles in a group of healthy subjects.
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| === Malabsorption===
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| The absorption of digoxin is reduced in some [[malabsorption ]]conditions such as chronic diarrhea.
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=41c16cff-b03e-405e-a617-d6f45d3ce2bd
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| [[Category:Cardiovascular Drugs]]
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| [[Category:Drugs]]
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