Hepatitis B risk factors: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care)
 
(32 intermediate revisions by 9 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Hepatitis B}}
{{Hepatitis B}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JS}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JS}}, {{SaraM}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Common risk factors in the development of HBV infection include sexual contact with infected individuals, sharing a household with a carrier, [[intravenous drug use]], travel to [[endemic]] regions, [[perinatal]] transmission from infected mothers to infants, and certain occupations.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Individuals who are at increased risk of hepatitis B infection include:
Individuals who are at increased risk of [[hepatitis B infection]] include:<ref name="WHO-Hepatitis-B_2003">World Health Organization. Department of Cummunicable Disease Surveillance and Response http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/67746/1/WHO_CDS_CSR_LYO_2002.2_HEPATITIS_B.pdf</ref><ref name="USPTF-Hepatitis-B">US. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Hepatitis B infection. (2014) https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/hepatitis-b-virus-infection-screening-2014?ds=1&s=hepatitis%20b Accessed on October 4th, 2016</ref>
* Infants born to infected mothers
* Infants born to [[infected]] mothers
* Young children in day-care or residential settings with other children in endemic areas
* Young children in day-care or residential settings with other children in [[endemic]] areas
* Sexual/household contacts of infected persons
* Sexual/household contacts of [[infected]] persons
*
*Patients and employees in [[hemodialysis]] centers
*Have sex with more than one partner
* Injection drug users sharing unsterilized needles
*Inject drugs
* People sharing unsterilized medical or dental equipment
*Are a man who has sex with men
* People providing or receiving acupuncture and/or tattooing with unsterilized medical devices
*Live in the same house with someone who has chronic (long-term) HBV infection  
* Persons living in regions or travelling to regions with [[endemic]] hepatitis B
*Have a job that involves contact with human blood
**Country of origin is the major risk factor for HBV infection (prevalence threshold of 2% or greater to define countries with high risk for HBV infection)
*Are a client in a home for the developmentally disabled
* Sexually active heterosexuals
*Have hemophilia
* Lack of [[vaccination]] in infancy
*Travel to areas where hepatitis B is common (country listing)
* Men who have sex with men
* [[Hemophilia]] patients
* Travel to areas where hepatitis B is common


One out of 20 people in the United States will get infected with HBV some time during their lives.  
Frequent and routine exposure to [[blood]] or [[serum]] is the common denominator of healthcare occupational exposure.<ref name="WHO">{{cite web | title = Hepatitis B | url = http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/HepatitisB_whocdscsrlyo2002_2.pdf }}</ref>
{|
|[[image:Hbvrisk.png|700px|thumb|center|Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]
|[[image:Hbvperinatal.png|700px|thumb|center|Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]


Their risk is higher if their parents were born in Southeast Asia, Africa, the Amazon basin in South America, the Pacific Islands, or the Middle East.
|}


<!--
===Hepatitis B Reactivation===
Hepatitis B virus presents in all patients with infection. Patients who are either HBsAg-positive or anti HBc-positive are at the risk of hepatitis B reactivation.


 
Patients are at risk for HBV reactivation in the following conditions:<ref name="pmid23111095">{{cite journal| author=Lee YH, Bae SC, Song GG| title=Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in rheumatic patients with hepatitis core antigen (HBV occult carriers) undergoing anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. | journal=Clin Exp Rheumatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 118-21 | pmid=23111095 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23111095  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22392695">{{cite journal| author=Kim PS, Ho GY, Prete PE, Furst DE| title=Safety and efficacy of abatacept in eight rheumatoid arthritis patients with chronic hepatitis B. | journal=Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) | year= 2012 | volume= 64 | issue= 8 | pages= 1265-8 | pmid=22392695 | doi=10.1002/acr.21654 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22392695  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6105519">{{cite journal| author=Sagnelli E, Manzillo G, Maio G, Pasquale G, Felaco FM, Filippini P et al.| title=Serum levels of hepatitis B surface and core antigens during immunosuppressive treatment of HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis. | journal=Lancet | year= 1980 | volume= 2 | issue= 8191 | pages= 395-7 | pmid=6105519 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6105519  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3884951">{{cite journal| author=Nair PV, Tong MJ, Stevenson D, Roskamp D, Boone C| title=Effects of short-term, high-dose prednisone treatment of patients with HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis. | journal=Liver | year= 1985 | volume= 5 | issue= 1 | pages= 8-12 | pmid=3884951 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3884951  }} </ref><ref>Europian Medicines Agency. reviews direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C. (2016) http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Direct-acting_antivirals_for_hepatitis_C_20/Procedure_started/WC500203479.pdf </ref><ref name="FDA">U.S Food and Drug Adminestration. Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns about the risk of hepatitis B reactivating in some patients treated with direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM523499.pdf</ref>
ƒ
*Receive immunosuppressive therapy
 
**[[Chemotherapy agents]]
 
**[[Tumor necrosis factor inhibitor|Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor]] ([[Infliximab]])
 
**[[Methotrexate]] (particularly following its withdrawal)
ƒ
**[[Abatacept]]
 
**[[Ustekinumab]]
 
**Anti-CD 20 agents ([[Rituximab]] and [[Ofatumumab]])
 
**High to moderate dose [[glucocorticoids]]
ƒ
*Patients treated with direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C
 
**Daklinza
patients and employees in haemodialysis centres
**Epclusa
 
**Exviera
4, 41
**Harvoni
 
**Olysio
ƒ
**Sovaldi
 
**Viekira Pak/ Viekira Pak XR
injection drug users sharing unsterile needles
**Technivie
 
**Zepatier
41
 
ƒ
 
people sharing unsterile medical or dental equipment
 
ƒ
 
people providing or receiving acupuncture and/or tattooing with unsterile medical devices
 
ƒ
 
persons living in regions or travelling to regions with endemic hepatitis B
 
50
 
ƒ
 
sexually active heterosexuals
 
ƒ
 
men who have sex with men
 
Frequent and routine exposure to blood or serum is
 
the common denominator of healthcare occupational
 
exposure. Surgeons, dentists, oral surgeons, pathologi
 
sts, operating room and emergency room staff, and
 
clinical laboratory workers who handle blood are at the highest risk.
 
31
 
HBV infection is the major residual posttransfusion
 
risk in developed countries
 
because of t
 
he long window
 
period, HBV mutants, the low viraemia (difficulties for PCR on pooled samples) and the very high
 
infectivity.
 
Over one-third of patients with acute hepatitis B do not have readily identifiable risk factors.
 
3
 
Efforts to vaccinate persons in the major risk groups have had limited success because of the difficulties in
 
identifying vaccination candidates belonging to high
 
risk groups. Moreover, regulations have to be
 
developed to ensure the implementation of vaccination programs.
 
3, 37
 
High risk persons should be post-tested within 1-2 months of receipt of the third dose of HBV vaccine, to
 
identify good responders to vaccinati
 
on. This policy is cost-saving since adequate responders do not need
 
to be retested or given HBIG whenever they later are exposed to HBV. They also do not need to be
 
offered booster doses of vaccine periodically.
 
-->


== References ==   
== References ==   
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{STD/STI}}
[[Category:Hepatitis|B]]
[[Category:Viruses]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
[[Category:Disease]]


{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:FinalQCRequired]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]

Latest revision as of 22:05, 29 July 2020

Hepatitis Main Page

Hepatitis B

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Hepatitis B from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Hepatitis B risk factors On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hepatitis B risk factors

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Hepatitis B risk factors

CDC on Hepatitis B risk factors

Hepatitis B risk factors in the news

Blogs on Hepatitis B risk factors

Directions to Hospitals Treating Hepatitis B

Risk calculators and risk factors for Hepatitis B risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2], Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [3]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of HBV infection include sexual contact with infected individuals, sharing a household with a carrier, intravenous drug use, travel to endemic regions, perinatal transmission from infected mothers to infants, and certain occupations.

Risk Factors

Individuals who are at increased risk of hepatitis B infection include:[1][2]

  • Infants born to infected mothers
  • Young children in day-care or residential settings with other children in endemic areas
  • Sexual/household contacts of infected persons
  • Patients and employees in hemodialysis centers
  • Injection drug users sharing unsterilized needles
  • People sharing unsterilized medical or dental equipment
  • People providing or receiving acupuncture and/or tattooing with unsterilized medical devices
  • Persons living in regions or travelling to regions with endemic hepatitis B
    • Country of origin is the major risk factor for HBV infection (prevalence threshold of 2% or greater to define countries with high risk for HBV infection)
  • Sexually active heterosexuals
  • Lack of vaccination in infancy
  • Men who have sex with men
  • Hemophilia patients
  • Travel to areas where hepatitis B is common

Frequent and routine exposure to blood or serum is the common denominator of healthcare occupational exposure.[3]

Source: https://www.cdc.gov/
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/

Hepatitis B Reactivation

Hepatitis B virus presents in all patients with infection. Patients who are either HBsAg-positive or anti HBc-positive are at the risk of hepatitis B reactivation.

Patients are at risk for HBV reactivation in the following conditions:[4][5][6][7][8][9]

References

  1. ↑ World Health Organization. Department of Cummunicable Disease Surveillance and Response http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/67746/1/WHO_CDS_CSR_LYO_2002.2_HEPATITIS_B.pdf
  2. ↑ US. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Hepatitis B infection. (2014) https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/hepatitis-b-virus-infection-screening-2014?ds=1&s=hepatitis%20b Accessed on October 4th, 2016
  3. ↑ "Hepatitis B" (PDF).
  4. ↑ Lee YH, Bae SC, Song GG (2013). "Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in rheumatic patients with hepatitis core antigen (HBV occult carriers) undergoing anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy". Clin Exp Rheumatol. 31 (1): 118–21. PMID 23111095.
  5. ↑ Kim PS, Ho GY, Prete PE, Furst DE (2012). "Safety and efficacy of abatacept in eight rheumatoid arthritis patients with chronic hepatitis B." Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 64 (8): 1265–8. doi:10.1002/acr.21654. PMID 22392695.
  6. ↑ Sagnelli E, Manzillo G, Maio G, Pasquale G, Felaco FM, Filippini P; et al. (1980). "Serum levels of hepatitis B surface and core antigens during immunosuppressive treatment of HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis". Lancet. 2 (8191): 395–7. PMID 6105519.
  7. ↑ Nair PV, Tong MJ, Stevenson D, Roskamp D, Boone C (1985). "Effects of short-term, high-dose prednisone treatment of patients with HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis". Liver. 5 (1): 8–12. PMID 3884951.
  8. ↑ Europian Medicines Agency. reviews direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C. (2016) http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Direct-acting_antivirals_for_hepatitis_C_20/Procedure_started/WC500203479.pdf
  9. ↑ U.S Food and Drug Adminestration. Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns about the risk of hepatitis B reactivating in some patients treated with direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM523499.pdf

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_risk_factors&oldid=1639141"