Imatinib: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 16:30, 20 August 2015

{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage |authorTag=Vignesh Ponnusamy, M.B.B.S. [1] |genericName=Imatinib |aOrAn=a |drugClass=tyrosine kinase inhibitor |indicationType=treatment |indication=newly diagnosed philadelphia positive chronic myeloid leukemia (ph+ CML), ph+ CML in blast crisis (bc), accelerated phase (ap) or chronic phase (cp) after interferon-alpha (ifn) therapy, adult patients with ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), pediatric patients with ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases (MDS/MPD), aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM), hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) and/or chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), kit+ gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), adjuvant treatment of GIST |adverseReactions=edema, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, musculoskeletal pain, diarrhea, rash, fatigue and abdominal pain

|blackBoxWarningTitle=Title |blackBoxWarningBody=ConditionName:

Content

|fdaLIADAdult=*Therapy should be initiated by a physician experienced in the treatment of patients with hematological malignancies or malignant sarcomas, as appropriate. The prescribed dose should be administered orally, with a meal and a large glass of water. Doses of 400 mg or 600 mg should be administered once daily, whereas a dose of 800 mg should be administered as 400 mg twice a day.

For patients unable to swallow the film-coated tablets, the tablets may be dispersed in a glass of water or apple juice. The required number of tablets should be placed in the appropriate volume of beverage (approximately 50 mL for a 100 mg tablet, and 200 mL for a 400 mg tablet) and stirred with a spoon. The suspension should be administered immediately after complete disintegration of the tablet(s).

For daily dosing of 800 mg and above, dosing should be accomplished using the 400 mg tablet to reduce exposure to iron.

Treatment may be continued as long as there is no evidence of progressive disease or unacceptable toxicity.

Newly Diagnosed Philadelphia Positive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (Ph+ CML)

Newly diagnosed adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase.

Ph+ CML in Blast Crisis (BC), Accelerated Phase (AP) or Chronic Phase (CP) After Interferon-alpha (IFN) Therapy

Patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis, accelerated phase, or in chronic phase after failure of interferon-alpha therapy.
The recommended dose of Imatinib is 400 mg/day for adult patients in chronic phase CML and 600 mg/day for adult patients in accelerated phase or blast crisis.
In CML, a dose increase from 400 mg to 600 mg in adult patients with chronic phase disease, or from 600 mg to 800 mg (given as 400 mg twice daily) in adult patients in accelerated phase or blast crisis may be considered in the absence of severe adverse drug reaction and severe non-leukemia related neutropenia or thrombocytopenia in the following circumstances: disease progression (at any time), failure to achieve a satisfactory hematologic response after at least 3 months of treatment, failure to achieve a cytogenetic response after 6-12 months of treatment, or loss of a previously achieved hematologic or cytogenetic response.

Adult patients with Ph+ Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

Adult patients with relapsed or refractory Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

The recommended dose of Imatinib is 600 mg/day for adult patients with relapsed/refractory Ph+ ALL.

Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases (MDS/MPD)

Adult patients with myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases associated with PDGFR (platelet-derived growth factor receptor) gene re-arrangements.

The recommended dose of Imatinib is 400 mg/day for adult patients with MDS/MPD.

Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis (ASM)

Adult patients with aggressive systemic mastocytosis without the D816V c-Kit mutation or with c-Kit mutational status unknown.

The recommended dose of Imatinib is 400 mg/day for adult patients with ASM without the D816V c-Kit mutation. If c-Kit mutational status is not known or unavailable, treatment with Imatinib 400 mg/day may be considered for patients with ASM not responding satisfactorily to other therapies. For patients with ASM associated with eosinophilia, a clonal hematological disease related to the fusion kinase FIP1L1-PDGFRα, a starting dose of 100 mg/day is recommended. Dose increase from 100 mg to 400 mg for these patients may be considered in the absence of adverse drug reactions if assessments demonstrate an insufficient response to therapy.

Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (HES) and/or Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia (CEL)

Adult patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome and/or chronic eosinophilic leukemia who have the FIP1L1-PDGFRα fusion kinase (mutational analysis or FISH demonstration of CHIC2 allele deletion) and for patients with HES and/or CEL who are FIP1L1-PDGFRα fusion kinase negative or unknown.

The recommended dose of Imatinib is 400 mg/day for adult patients with HES/CEL. For HES/CEL patients with demonstrated FIP1L1-PDGFRα fusion kinase, a starting dose of 100 mg/day is recommended. Dose increase from 100 mg to 400 mg for these patients may be considered in the absence of adverse drug reactions if assessments demonstrate an insufficient response to therapy.

Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP)

Adult patients with unresectable, recurrent and/or metastatic dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.

The recommended dose of Imatinib is 800 mg/day for adult patients with DFSP.

Kit+ Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST)

Patients with Kit (CD117) positive unresectable and/or metastatic malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

The recommended dose of Imatinib is 400 mg/day for adult patients with unresectable and/or metastatic, malignant GIST. A dose increase up to 800 mg daily (given as 400 mg twice daily) may be considered, as clinically indicated, in patients showing clear signs or symptoms of disease progression at a lower dose and in the absence of severe adverse drug reactions.

Adjuvant Treatment of GIST

Adjuvant treatment of adult patients following complete gross resection of Kit (CD117) positive GIST.

The recommended dose of Imatinib is 400 mg/day for the adjuvant treatment of adult patients following complete gross resection of GIST. In clinical trials one year of Imatinib and three years of Imatinib were studied. In the patient population defined in Study 2, three years of Imatinib is recommended. The optimal treatment duration with Imatinib is not known.

Dose Modification Guidelines

Concomitant Strong CYP3A4 inducers: The use of concomitant strong CYP3A4 inducers should be avoided (e.g., dexamethasone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, rifampin, rifabutin,rifampacin, phenobarbital). If patients must be co-administered a strong CYP3A4 inducer, based on pharmacokinetic studies, the dosage of Imatinib should be increased by at least 50%, and clinical response should be carefully monitored.

Hepatic Impairment: Patients with mild and moderate hepatic impairment do not require a dose adjustment and should be treated per the recommended dose. A 25% decrease in the recommended dose should be used for patients with severe hepatic impairment.

Renal Impairment: Patients with moderate renal impairment (CrCL=20-39 mL/min) should receive a 50% decrease in the recommended starting dose and future doses can be increased as tolerated. Doses greater than 600 mg are not recommended in patients with mild renal impairment (CrCL=40-59 mL/min). For patients with moderate renal impairment doses greater than 400 mg are not recommended.

Imatinib should be used with caution in patients with severe renal impairment. A dose of 100 mg/day was tolerated in two patients with severe renal impairment.

Dose Adjustment for Hepatotoxicity and Non-Hematologic Adverse Reactions

If elevations in bilirubin >3 x institutional upper limit of normal (IULN) or in liver transaminases >5 x IULN occur, Imatinib should be withheld until bilirubin levels have returned to a <1.5 x IULN and transaminase levels to <2.5 x IULN. In adults, treatment with Imatinib may then be continued at a reduced daily dose (i.e., 400 mg to 300 mg, 600 mg to 400 mg or 800 mg to 600 mg). In children, daily doses can be reduced under the same circumstances from 340 mg/m2/day to 260 mg/m2/day.

If a severe non-hematologic adverse reaction develops (such as severe hepatotoxicity or severe fluid retention), Imatinib should be withheld until the event has resolved. Thereafter, treatment can be resumed as appropriate depending on the initial severity of the event.

Dose Adjustment for Hematologic Adverse Reactions

Dose reduction or treatment interruptions for severe neutropenia and thrombocytopenia are recommended as indicated in Table 1.

This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

|offLabelAdultGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Imatinib in adult patients.

|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Imatinib in adult patients.

|fdaLIADPed=*In children, Imatinib treatment can be given as a once-daily dose in CML and Ph+ ALL. Alternatively, in children with CML the daily dose may be split into two - one portion dosed in the morning and one portion in the evening. There is no experience with Imatinib treatment in children under 1 year of age.

Philadelphia Chromosome Positive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Chronic Phase

The recommended dose of Imatinib for children with newly diagnosed Ph+ CML is 340 mg/m2/day (not to exceed 600 mg).

Philadelphia Chromosome Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

The recommended dose of Imatinib to be given in combination with chemotherapy to children with newly diagnosed Ph+ ALL is 340mg/m2/day (not to exceed 600mg).

|offLabelPedGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Imatinib in pediatric patients.

|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Imatinib in pediatric patients.

|contraindications=*None

|warnings=====Precautions====

Fluid Retention and Edema

Imatinib is often associated with edema and occasionally serious fluid retention. Patients should be weighed and monitored regularly for signs and symptoms of fluid retention. An unexpected rapid weight gain should be carefully investigated and appropriate treatment provided. The probability of edema was increased with higher Imatinib dose and age >65 years in the CML studies. Severe superficial edema was reported in 1.5% of newly diagnosed CML patients taking Imatinib, and in 2%-6% of other adult CML patients taking Imatinib. In addition, other severe fluid retention (e.g., pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, pulmonary edema, and ascites) reactions were reported in 1.3% of newly diagnosed CML patients taking Imatinib, and in 2%-6% of other adult CML patients taking Imatinib. Severe fluid retention was reported in 9% to 13.1% of patients taking Imatinib for GIST.

Hematologic Toxicity

Treatment with Imatinib is associated with anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. Complete blood counts should be performed weekly for the first month, biweekly for the second month, and periodically thereafter as clinically indicated (for example, every 2-3 months). In CML, the occurrence of these cytopenias is dependent on the stage of disease and is more frequent in patients with accelerated phase CML or blast crisis than in patients with chronic phase CML. In pediatric CML patients the most frequent toxicities observed were Grade 3 or 4 cytopenias including neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and anemia. These generally occur within the first several months of therapy.

Severe Congestive Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Severe congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction have been reported in patients taking Imatinib. Most of the patients with reported cardiac reactions have had other co-morbidities and risk factors, including advanced age and previous medical history of cardiac disease. In an international randomized phase 3 study in 1,106 patients with newly diagnosed Ph+ CML in chronic phase, severe cardiac failure and left ventricular dysfunction were observed in 0.7% of patients taking Imatinib compared to 0.9% of patients taking IFN + Ara-C. Patients with cardiac disease or risk factors for cardiac or history of renal failure should be monitored carefully and any patient with signs or symptoms consistent with cardiac or renal failure should be evaluated and treated.

Hepatotoxicity

Hepatotoxicity, occasionally severe, may occur with Imatinib. Cases of fatal liver failure and severe liver injury requiring liver transplants have been reported with both short-term and long-term use of Imatinib. Liver function (transaminases, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase) should be monitored before initiation of treatment and monthly, or as clinically indicated. Laboratory abnormalities should be managed with Imatinib interruption and/or dose reduction.
When Imatinib is combined with chemotherapy, liver toxicity in the form of transaminase elevation and hyperbilirubinemia has been observed. Additionally, there have been reports of acute liver failure. Monitoring of hepatic function is recommended.

Hemorrhage

In the newly diagnosed CML trial, 1.8% of patients had Grade 3/4 hemorrhage. In the Phase 3 unresectable or metastatic GIST studies 211 patients (12.9%) reported Grade 3/4 hemorrhage at any site. In the Phase 2 unresectable or metastatic GIST study 7 patients (5%) had a total of 8 CTC Grade 3/4 hemorrhages; gastrointestinal (GI) (3 patients), intra-tumoral (3 patients) or both (1 patient). Gastrointestinal tumor sites may have been the source of GI hemorrhages. Patients should therefore be monitored for gastrointestinal symptoms at the start of therapy.

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Imatinib is sometimes associated with GI irritation. Imatinib should be taken with food and a large glass of water to minimize this problem. There have been rare reports, including fatalities, of gastrointestinal perforation.

Hypereosinophilic Cardiac Toxicity

In patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome with occult infiltration of HES cells within the myocardium, cases of cardiogenic shock/left ventricular dysfunction have been associated with HES cell degranulation upon the initiation of Imatinib therapy. The condition was reported to be reversible with the administration of systemic steroids, circulatory support measures and temporarily withholding Imatinib. Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disease and systemic mastocytosis may be associated with high eosinophil levels. Performance of an echocardiogram and determination of serum troponin should therefore be considered in patients with HES/CEL, and in patients with MDS/MPD or ASM associated with high eosinophil levels. If either is abnormal, the prophylactic use of systemic steroids (1-2 mg/kg) for one to two weeks concomitantly with Imatinib should be considered at the initiation of therapy.

Dermatologic Toxicities

Bullous dermatologic reactions, including erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome, have been reported with use of Imatinib. In some cases of bullous dermatologic reactions, including erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome reported during postmarketing surveillance, a recurrent dermatologic reaction was observed upon re-challenge. Several foreign post-marketing reports have described cases in which patients tolerated the reintroduction of Imatinib therapy after resolution or improvement of the bullous reaction. In these instances, Imatinib was resumed at a dose lower than that at which the reaction occurred and some patients also received concomitant treatment with corticosteroids or antihistamines.

Hypothyroidism

Clinical cases of hypothyroidism have been reported in thyroidectomy patients undergoing levothyroxine replacement during treatment with Imatinib. TSH levels should be closely monitored in such patients.

Toxicities from Long-Term Use

It is important to consider potential toxicities suggested by animal studies, specifically, liver, kidney, and cardiac toxicity and immunosuppression. Severe liver toxicity was observed in dogs treated for 2 weeks, with elevated liver enzymes, hepatocellular necrosis, bile duct necrosis, and bile duct hyperplasia. Renal toxicity was observed in monkeys treated for 2 weeks, with focal mineralization and dilation of the renal tubules and tubular nephrosis. Increased BUN and creatinine were observed in several of these animals. An increased rate of opportunistic infections was observed with chronic imatinib treatment in laboratory animal studies. In a 39-week monkey study, treatment with imatinib resulted in worsening of normally suppressed malarial infections in these animals. Lymphopenia was observed in animals (as in humans). Additional long-term toxicities were identified in a 2-year rat study. Histopathological examination of the treated rats that died on study revealed cardiomyopathy (both sexes), chronic progressive nephropathy (females) and preputial gland papilloma as principal causes of death or reasons for sacrifice. Non-neoplastic lesions seen in this 2-year study which were not identified in earlier preclinical studies were the cardiovascular system, pancreas, endocrine organs and teeth. The most important changes included cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation, leading to signs of cardiac insufficiency in some animals.

Embryo-fetal Toxicity

Imatinib can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Imatinib mesylate was teratogenic in rats when administered during organogenesis at doses approximately equal to the maximum human dose of 800 mg/day based on body surface area. Significant post-implantation loss was seen in female rats administered imatinib mesylate at doses approximately one-half the maximum human dose of 800 mg/day based on body surface area. Sexually active female patients of reproductive potential taking Imatinib should use highly effective contraception. If this drug is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to a fetus.

Children and Adolescents

Growth retardation has been reported in children and pre-adolescents receiving Imatinib. The long term effects of prolonged treatment with Imatinib on growth in children are unknown. Therefore, close monitoring of growth in children under Imatinib treatment is recommended.

Tumor Lysis Syndrome

Cases of Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS), including fatal cases, have been reported in patients with CML, GIST, ALL and eosinophilic leukemia receiving Imatinib. The patients at risk of TLS are those with tumors having a high proliferative rate or high tumor burden prior to treatment. These patients should be monitored closely and appropriate precautions taken. Due to possible occurrence of TLS, correction of clinically significant dehydration and treatment of high uric acid levels are recommended prior to initiation of Imatinib.

Driving and Using Machinery

Reports of motor vehicle accidents have been received in patients receiving Imatinib. While most of these reports are not suspected to be caused by Imatinib, patients should be advised that they may experience undesirable effects such as dizziness,blurred vision or somnolence during treatment with Imatinib. Therefore, caution should be recommended when driving a car or operating machinery.

|clinicalTrials======Chronic Myeloid Leukemia=====

The majority of Imatinib-treated patients experienced adverse reactions at some time. Most reactions were of mild-to-moderate grade, but drug was discontinued for drug-related adverse reactions in 2.4% of newly diagnosed patients, 4% of patients in chronic phase after failure of interferon-alpha therapy, 4% in accelerated phase and 5% in blast crisis.
The most frequently reported drug-related adverse reactions were edema, nausea and vomiting, muscle cramps, musculoskeletal pain, diarrhea and rash (Table 2 for newly diagnosed CML, Table 3 for other CML patients). Edema was most frequently periorbital or in lower limbs and was managed with diuretics, other supportive measures, or by reducing the dose of Imatinib. The frequency of severe superficial edema was 1.5%-6%.
A variety of adverse reactions represent local or general fluid retention including pleural effusion, ascites, pulmonary edema and rapid weight gain with or without superficial edema. These reactions appear to be dose related, were more common in the blast crisis and accelerated phase studies (where the dose was 600 mg/day), and are more common in the elderly. These reactions were usually managed by interrupting Imatinib treatment and using diuretics or other appropriate supportive care measures. A few of these reactions may be serious or life threatening, and one patient with blast crisis died with pleural effusion, congestive heart failure, and renal failure.
Adverse reactions, regardless of relationship to study drug, that were reported in at least 10% of the Imatinib treated patients are shown in Tables 2 and 3.

Hematologic Toxicity

Cytopenias, and particularly neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, were a consistent finding in all studies, with a higher frequency at doses ≥750 mg (Phase 1 study). The occurrence of cytopenias in CML patients was also dependent on the stage of the disease.
In patients with newly diagnosed CML, cytopenias were less frequent than in the other CML patients (see Tables 4 and 5). The frequency of Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia was between 2- and 3-fold higher in blast crisis and accelerated phase compared to chronic phase (see Tables 4 and 5). The median duration of the neutropenic and thrombocytopenic episodes varied from 2 to 3 weeks, and from 2 to 4 weeks, respectively.
These reactions can usually be managed with either a reduction of the dose or an interruption of treatment with Imatinib, but in rare cases require permanent discontinuation of treatment.

Hepatotoxicity

Severe elevation of transaminases or bilirubin occurred in approximately 5% of CML patients (see Tables 4 and 5) and were usually managed with dose reduction or interruption (the median duration of these episodes was approximately 1 week). Treatment was discontinued permanently because of liver laboratory abnormalities in less than 1.0% of CML patients. One patient, who was taking acetaminophen regularly for fever, died of acute liver failure. In the Phase 2 GIST trial, Grade 3 or 4 SGPT (ALT) elevations were observed in 6.8% of patients and Grade 3 or 4 SGOT (AST) elevations were observed in 4.8% of patients. Bilirubin elevation was observed in 2.7% of patients.

Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Population

Single agent therapy

The overall safety profile of pediatric patients treated with Imatinib in 93 children studied was similar to that found in studies with adult patients, except that musculoskeletal pain was less frequent (20.5%) and peripheral edema was not reported. Nausea and vomiting were the most commonly reported individual adverse reactions with an incidence similar to that seen in adult patients. Although most patients experienced adverse reactions at some time during the study, the incidence of Grade 3/4 adverse reactions was low.

In combination with multi-agent chemotherapy

Pediatric and young adult patients with very high risk ALL, defined as those with an expected 5 year event-free survival (EFS) less than 45%, were enrolled after induction therapy on a multicenter, non-randomized cooperative group pilot protocol. The study population included patients with a median age of 10 years (1 to 21 years), 61% of whom were male, 75% were white, 7% were black and 6% were Asian/Pacific Islander. Patients with Ph+ ALL (n=92) were assigned to receive Imatinib and treated in 5 successive cohorts. Imatinib exposure was systematically increased in successive cohorts by earlier introduction and more prolonged duration.
The safety of Imatinib given in combination with intensive chemotherapy was evaluated by comparing the incidence of grade 3 and 4 adverse events, neutropenia (<750/µL) and thrombocytopenia (<75,000/ µL) in the 92 patients with Ph+ ALL compared to 65 patients with Ph- ALL enrolled on the trial who did not receive Imatinib. The safety was also evaluated comparing the incidence of adverse events in cycles of therapy administered with or without Imatinib. The protocol included up to 18 cycles of therapy. Patients were exposed to a cumulative total of 1425 cycles of therapy, 778 with Imatinib and 647 without Imatinib. The adverse events that were reported with a 5% or greater incidence in patients with Ph+ ALL compared to Ph- ALL or with a 1% or greater incidence in cycles of therapy that included Imatinib are presented in Table 6.

Adverse Reactions in Other Subpopulations

In older patients (≥65 years old), with the exception of edema, where it was more frequent, there was no evidence of an increase in the incidence or severity of adverse reactions. In women there was an increase in the frequency of neutropenia, as well as Grade 1/2 superficial edema, headache, nausea, rigors, vomiting, rash, and fatigue. No differences were seen that were related to race but the subsets were too small for proper evaluation.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia=

The adverse reactions were similar for Ph+ ALL as for Ph+ CML. The most frequently reported drug-related adverse reactions reported in the Ph+ ALL studies were mild nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, myalgia, muscle cramps and rash, which were easily manageable. Superficial edema was a common finding in all studies and were described primarily as periorbital or lower limb edemas. These edemas were rarely severe and may be managed with diuretics, other supportive measures, or in some patients by reducing the dose of Imatinib.

Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases

Adverse reactions, regardless of relationship to study drug, that were reported in at least 10% of the patients treated with Imatinib for MDS/MPD in the phase 2 study, are shown in Table 7.

Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis

All ASM patients experienced at least one adverse reaction at some time. The most frequently reported adverse reactions were diarrhea, nausea, ascites, muscle cramps, dyspnea, fatigue, peripheral edema, anemia, pruritus, rash and lower respiratory tract infection. None of the 5 patients in the phase 2 study with ASM discontinued Imatinib due to drug-related adverse reactions or abnormal laboratory values.

Hypereosinophilic Syndrome and Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia

The safety profile in the HES/CEL patient population does not appear to be different from the safety profile of Imatinib observed in other hematologic malignancy populations, such as Ph+ CML. All patients experienced at least one adverse reaction, the most common being gastrointestinal, cutaneous and musculoskeletal disorders. Hematological abnormalities were also frequent, with instances of CTC Grade 3 leukopenia, neutropenia, lymphopenia, and anemia.

Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans

Adverse reactions, regardless of relationship to study drug, that were reported in at least 10% of the 12 patients treated with Imatinib for DFSP in the phase 2 study are shown in Table 8.

Clinically relevant or severe laboratory abnormalities in the 12 patients treated with Imatinib for DFSP in the phase 2 study are presented in Table 9.

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Unresectable and/or Malignant Metastatic GIST

In the Phase 3 trials the majority of Imatinib-treated patients experienced adverse reactions at some time. The most frequently reported adverse reactions were edema, fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, rash, vomiting, myalgia, anemia, and anorexia. Drug was discontinued for adverse reactions in a total of 89 patients (5.4%). Superficial edema, most frequently periorbital or lower extremity edema was managed with diuretics, other supportive measures, or by reducing the dose of Imatinib. Severe (CTC Grade 3/4) edema was observed in 182 patients (11.1%).
Adverse reactions, regardless of relationship to study drug, that were reported in at least 10% of the patients treated with Imatinib are shown in Table 10.
Overall the incidence of all grades of adverse reactions and the incidence of severe adverse reactions (CTC Grade 3 and above) were similar between the two treatment arms except for edema, which was reported more frequently in the 800 mg group.

Clinically relevant or severe abnormalities of routine hematologic or biochemistry laboratory values were not reported or evaluated in the Phase 3 GIST trials. Severe abnormal laboratory values reported in the Phase 2 GIST trial are presented in Table 11.

Adjuvant Treatment of GIST

In Study 1, the majority of both Imatinib and placebo treated patients experienced at least one adverse reaction at some time. The most frequently reported adverse reactions were similar to those reported in other clinical studies in other patient populations and include diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, edema, decreased hemoglobin, rash, vomiting, and abdominal pain. No new adverse reactions were reported in the adjuvant GIST treatment setting that had not been previously reported in other patient populations including patients with unresectable and/or malignant metastatic GIST. Drug was discontinued for adverse reactions in 57 patients (17%) and 11 patients (3%) of the Imatinib and placebo treated patients respectively. Edema, gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention and diarrhea), fatigue, low hemoglobin, and rash were the most frequently reported adverse reactions at the time of discontinuation.
In Study 2, discontinuation of therapy due to adverse reactions occurred in 15 patients (8%) and 27 patients (14%) of the Imatinib 12-month and 36-month treatment arms, respectively. As in previous trials the most common adverse reactions were diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, edema, decreased hemoglobin, rash, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
Adverse reactions, regardless of relationship to study drug, that were reported in at least 5% of the patients treated with Imatinib are shown in Table 12 (Study 1) and Table 13 (Study 2). There were no deaths attributable to Imatinib treatment in either trial.

Additional Data from Multiple Clinical Trials

The following adverse reactions have been reported during clinical trials of Imatinib.

Cardiac Disorders

Estimated 0.1%-1%: congestive cardiac failure, tachycardia, palpitations, pulmonary edema
Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, pericardial effusion

Vascular Disorders

Estimated 1%-10%: flushing, hemorrhage
Estimated 0.1%-1%: hypertension, hypotension, peripheral coldness, Raynaud's phenomenon, hematoma, subdural hematoma

Clinical Laboratory Tests

Estimated 0.1%-1%: blood CPK increased, blood LDH increased
Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: blood amylase increased

Dermatologic

Estimated 1%-10%: dry skin, alopecia, face edema, erythema, photosensitivity reaction
Estimated 0.1%-1%: exfoliative dermatitis, bullous eruption, nail disorder, purpura, psoriasis, rash pustular, contusion, sweating increased, urticaria, ecchymosis, increased tendency to bruise, hypotrichosis, skin hypopigmentation, skin hyperpigmentation, onychoclasis, folliculitis, petechiae
Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: vesicular rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet’s syndrome), nail discoloration, angioneurotic edema, erythema multiforme, leucocytoclastic vasculitis

Digestive

Estimated 1%-10%: abdominal distention, gastroesophageal reflux, dry mouth, gastritis
Estimated 0.1%-1%: gastric ulcer, stomatitis, mouth ulceration, eructation, melena, esophagitis, ascites, hematemesis, chelitis, dysphagia, pancreatitis
Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: colitis, ileus, inflammatory bowel disease

General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions

Estimated 1%-10%: weakness, anasarca, chills
Estimated 0.1%-1%: malaise

Hematologic

Estimated 1%-10%: pancytopenia, febrile neutropenia
Estimated 0.1%-1%: thrombocythemia, lymphopenia, bone marrow depression, eosinophilia, lymphadenopathy
Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia

Hepatobiliary

Estimated 0.1%-1%: hepatitis, jaundice
Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: hepatic failure and hepatic necrosis1

Hypersensitivity

Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: angioedema

Infections

Estimated 0.1%-1%: sepsis, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, cellulitis, urinary tract infection, gastroenteritis
Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: fungal infection

Metabolic and Nutritional:

Estimated 1%-10%: weight decreased
Estimated 0.1%-1%: hypophosphatemia, dehydration, gout, increased appetite, decreased appetite, hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, hyponatremia
Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia

Musculoskeletal

Estimated 1%-10%: joint swelling
Estimated 0.1%-1%: joint and muscle stiffness
Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: muscular weakness, arthritis

Nervous System/Psychiatric

Estimated 1%-10%: paresthesia, hypesthesia
Estimated 0.1%-1%: syncope, peripheral neuropathy, somnolence, migraine, memory impairment, libido decreased, sciatica, restless leg syndrome, tremor
Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: increased intracranial pressure1, confusional state, convulsions, optic neuritis

Renal

Estimated 0.1%-1%: acute renal failure, urinary frequency increased, hematuria, renal pain

Reproductive

Estimated 0.1%-1%: breast enlargement, menorrhagia, sexual dysfunction, gynecomastia, erectile dysfunction, menstruation irregular, nipple pain, scrotal edema

Respiratory

Estimated 1%-10%: epistaxis
Estimated 0.1%-1%: pleural effusion
Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: interstitial pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, pleuritic pain, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary hemorrhage

Special Senses

Estimated 1%-10%: conjunctivitis, vision blurred, eyelid edema, conjunctival hemorrhage, dry eye
Estimated 0.1%-1%: vertigo, tinnitus, eye irritation, eye pain, orbital edema, scleral hemorrhage, retinal hemorrhage, blepharitis, macular edema, hearing loss
Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: papilledema1, glaucoma, cataract.

|postmarketing=*The following additional adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of Imatinib. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Reproduction disorders

Hemorrhagic corpus luteum/hemorrhagic ovarian cyst

|drugInteractions=====Agents Inducing CYP3A Metabolism=====

Pretreatment of healthy volunteers with multiple doses of rifampin followed by a single dose of Imatinib, increased Imatinib oral-dose clearance by 3.8-fold, which significantly (p<0.05) decreased mean Cmax and AUC.
Similar findings were observed in patients receiving 400-1200 mg/day Imatinib concomitantly with enzyme-inducing anti-epileptic drugs (EIAED) (e.g., carbamazepine, oxcarbamazepine, phenytoin, fosphenytoin, phenobarbital, and primidone). The mean dose normalized AUC for imatinib in the patients receiving EIAED’s decreased by 73% compared to patients not receiving EIAED.

Concomitant administration of Imatinib and St. John’s Wort led to a 30% reduction in the AUC of imatinib. Consider alternative therapeutic agents with less enzyme induction potential in patients when rifampin or other CYP3A4 inducers are indicated. Imatinib doses up to 1200 mg/day (600 mg BID) have been given to patients receiving concomitant strong CYP3A4 inducers.

Agents Inhibiting CYP3A Metabolism

There was a significant increase in exposure to imatinib (mean Cmax and AUC increased by 26% and 40%, respectively) in healthy subjects when Imatinib was co-administered with a single dose of ketoconazole (a CYP3A4 inhibitor). Caution is recommended when administering Imatinib with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, clarithromycin, atazanavir, indinavir, nefazodone, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telithromycin, and voriconazole). Grapefruit juice may also increase plasma concentrations of imatinib and should be avoided. Substances that inhibit the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme (CYP3A4) activity may decrease metabolism and increase imatinib concentrations.

Interactions with Drugs Metabolized by CYP3A4

Imatinib increases the mean Cmax and AUC of simvastatin (CYP3A4 substrate) 2- and 3.5-fold, respectively, suggesting an inhibition of the CYP3A4 by Imatinib. Particular caution is recommended when administering Imatinib with CYP3A4 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic window (e.g., alfentanil, cyclosporine, diergotamine, ergotamine, fentanyl, pimozide, quinidine, sirolimus or tacrolimus).
Imatinib will increase plasma concentration of other CYP3A4 metabolized drugs (e.g., triazolo-benzodiazepines, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, certain HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, etc.).

Because warfarin is metabolized by CYP2C9 and CYP3A4, patients who require anticoagulation should receive low-molecular weight or standard heparin instead of warfarin.

Interactions with Drugs Metabolized by CYP2D6

Imatinib increased the mean Cmax and AUC of metoprolol by approximately 23% suggesting that Imatinib has a weak inhibitory effect on CYP2D6-mediated metabolism. No dose adjustment is necessary, however, caution is recommended when administering Imatinib with CYP2D6 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic window.

Interaction with Acetaminophen

In vitro, Imatinib inhibits the acetaminophen O-glucuronidate pathway (Ki 58.5 µM). Co-administration of Imatinib (400 mg/day for eight days) with acetaminophen (1000 mg single dose on day eight) in patients with CML did not result in any changes in the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen. Imatinib pharmacokinetics were not altered in the presence of single-dose acetaminophen. There is no pharmacokinetic or safety data on the concomitant use of Imatinib at doses >400 mg/day or the chronic use of concomitant acetaminophen and Imatinib.

|useInPregnancyFDA=* Pregnancy Category D

Imatinib can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. There have been post-market reports of spontaneous abortions and infant congenital anomalies from women who have taken Imatinib. Imatinib was teratogenic in animals. Women should be advised not to become pregnant when taking Imatinib. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus.
Animal Data

Imatinib mesylate was teratogenic in rats when administered orally during organogenesis at doses ≥100 mg/kg (approximately equal to the maximum human dose of 800 mg/day based on body surface area). Teratogenic effects included exencephaly or encephalocele, absent/reduced frontal and absent parietal bones. Female rats administered doses ≥45 mg/kg (approximately one-half the maximum human dose of 800 mg/day based on body surface area) also experienced significant post-implantation loss as evidenced by early fetal resorption or stillbirths, nonviable pups and early pup mortality between postpartum Days 0 and 4. At doses higher than 100 mg/kg, total fetal loss was noted in all animals. Fetal loss was not seen at doses ≤30 mg/kg (one-third the maximum human dose of 800 mg).

|useInPregnancyAUS=* Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category

There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Imatinib in women who are pregnant. |useInLaborDelivery=There is no FDA guidance on use of Imatinib during labor and delivery. |useInNursing=*Imatinib and its active metabolite are excreted into human milk. Based on data from three breastfeeding women taking Imatinib, the milk:plasma ratio is about 0.5 for imatinib and about 0.9 for the active metabolite. Considering the combined concentration of imatinib and active metabolite, a breastfed infant could receive up to 10% of the maternal therapeutic dose based on body weight. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Imatinib, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother |useInPed=*Imatinib safety and efficacy have been demonstrated in children with newly diagnosed Ph+ chronic phase CML and Ph+ ALL. There are no data in children under 1 year of age.

As in adult patients, imatinib was rapidly absorbed after oral administration in pediatric patients, with a Cmax of 2-4 hours. Apparent oral clearance was similar to adult values (11.0 L/hr/m2 in children vs. 10.0 L/hr/m2 in adults), as was the half-life (14.8 hours in children vs. 17.1 hours in adults). Dosing in children at both 260 mg/m2 and 340 mg/m2 achieved an AUC similar to the 400 mg dose in adults. The comparison of AUC on Day 8 vs. Day 1 at 260 mg/m2 and 340 mg/m2 dose levels revealed a 1.5- and 2.2-fold drug accumulation, respectively, after repeated once-daily dosing. Mean imatinib AUC did not increase proportionally with increasing dose.
Based on pooled population pharmacokinetic analysis in pediatric patients with hematological disorders (CML, Ph+ ALL, or other hematological disorders treated with imatinib), clearance of imatinib increases with increasing body surface area (BSA). After correcting for the BSA effect, other demographics such as age, body weight and body mass index did not have clinically significant effects on the exposure of imatinib. The analysis confirmed that exposure of imatinib in pediatric patients receiving 260 mg/m2 once daily (not exceeding 400 mg once daily) or 340 mg/m2 once daily (not exceeding 600 mg once daily) were similar to those in adult patients who received imatinib 400 mg or 600 mg once daily.

|useInGeri=*In the CML clinical studies, approximately 20% of patients were older than 65 years. In the study of patients with newly diagnosed CML, 6% of patients were older than 65 years. No difference was observed in the safety profile in patients older than 65 years as compared to younger patients, with the exception of a higher frequency of edema. The efficacy of Imatinib was similar in older and younger patients.

In the unresectable or metastatic GIST study, 16% of patients were older than 65 years. No obvious differences in the safety or efficacy profile were noted in patients older than 65 years as compared to younger patients, but the small number of patients does not allow a formal analysis.
In the adjuvant GIST study, 221 patients (31%) were older than 65 years. No difference was observed in the safety profile in patients older than 65 years as compared to younger patients, with the exception of a higher frequency of edema. The efficacy of Imatinib was similar in patients older than 65 years and younger patients.

|useInGender=There is no FDA guidance on the use of Imatinib with respect to specific gender populations. |useInRace=There is no FDA guidance on the use of Imatinib with respect to specific racial populations. |useInRenalImpair=*The effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of imatinib was assessed in 59 cancer patients with varying degrees of renal impairment (Table 15) at single and steady state imatinib doses ranging from 100 to 800 mg/day. The mean exposure to imatinib (dose normalized AUC) in patients with mild and moderate renal impairment increased 1.5- to 2-fold compared to patients with normal renal function. The AUCs did not increase for doses greater than 600 mg in patients with mild renal impairment. The AUCs did not increase for doses greater than 400 mg in patients with moderate renal impairment. Two patients with severe renal impairment were dosed with 100 mg/day and their exposures were similar to those seen in patients with normal renal function receiving 400 mg/day. Dose reductions are necessary for patients with moderate and severe renal impairment.

|useInHepaticImpair=*The effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of both imatinib and its major metabolite, CGP74588, was assessed in 84 cancer patients with varying degrees of hepatic impairment (Table 14) at imatinib doses ranging from 100-800 mg. Exposure to both imatinib and CGP74588 was comparable between each of the mildly and moderately hepatically-impaired groups and the normal group. Patients with severe hepatic impairment tend to have higher exposure to both imatinib and its metabolite than patients with normal hepatic function. At steady state, the mean Cmax/dose and AUC/dose for imatinib increased by about 63% and 45%, respectively, in patients with severe hepatic impairment compared to patients with normal hepatic function. The mean Cmax/dose and AUC/dose for CGP74588 increased by about 56% and 55%, respectively, in patients with severe hepatic impairment compared to patients with normal hepatic function.

|useInReproPotential=There is no FDA guidance on the use of Imatinib in women of reproductive potentials and males. |useInImmunocomp=There is no FDA guidance one the use of Imatinib in patients who are immunocompromised.

|administration=* Oral |monitoring=*Close monitoring of growth in children under Imatinib treatment is recommended.

Monitoring of hepatic function is recommended.

|IVCompat=There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of Imatinib in the drug label.

|overdose====Acute Overdose===

Signs and Symptoms

Adult Overdose

1,200 to 1,600 mg (duration varying between 1 to 10 days): Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rash erythema, edema, swelling, fatigue, muscle spasms, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia, abdominal pain, headache, decreased appetite.
1,800 to 3,200 mg (as high as 3,200 mg daily for 6 days): Weakness, myalgia, increased CPK, increased bilirubin, gastrointestinal pain.
6,400 mg (single dose): One case in the literature reported one patient who experienced nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, pyrexia, facial swelling, neutrophil count decreased, increase transaminases.
8 to 10 g (single dose): Vomiting and gastrointestinal pain have been reported.

A patient with myeloid blast crisis experienced Grade 1 elevations of serum creatinine, Grade 2 ascites and elevated liver transaminase levels, and Grade 3 elevations of bilirubin after inadvertently taking 1,200 mg of Imatinib daily for 6 days. Therapy was temporarily interrupted and complete reversal of all abnormalities occurred within 1 week. Treatment was resumed at a dose of 400 mg daily without recurrence of adverse reactions. Another patient developed severe muscle cramps after taking 1,600 mg of Imatinib daily for 6 days. Complete resolution of muscle cramps occurred following interruption of therapy and treatment was subsequently resumed. Another patient that was prescribed 400 mg daily, took 800 mg of Imatinib on Day 1 and 1,200 mg on Day 2. Therapy was interrupted, no adverse reactions occurred and the patient resumed therapy.

Pediatric Overdose

One 3 year-old male exposed to a single dose of 400 mg experienced vomiting, diarrhea and anorexia and another 3 year-old male exposed to a single dose of 980 mg experienced decreased white blood cell count and diarrhea.

Management

In the event of overdosage, the patient should be observed and appropriate supportive treatment given.

Chronic Overdose

There is limited information regarding Chronic Overdose of Imatinib in the drug label.

|drugBox={{drugbox2 | verifiedrevid = 459451238 | IUPAC_name = 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-N-(4-methyl-3-{[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}phenyl)benzamide | image = Imatinib.png | width = 300 | image2 = Imatinib1.gif | width2 = 250 | tradename = Imatinib, Glivec | Drugs.com = Monograph | MedlinePlus = a606018 | licence_EU = Glivec | licence_US = IMATINIB | pregnancy_AU = D | pregnancy_US = D | legal_AU = S4 | legal_CA = Rx-only | legal_UK = POM | legal_US = Rx-only | routes_of_administration = Oral

| DrugBank = DB00619

| C=29 | H=31 | N=7 | O=1 | molecular_weight = 493.603 g/mol
589.7 g/mol (mesilate) | smiles = Cc1ccc(cc1Nc2nccc(n2)c3cccnc3)NC(=O)c4ccc(cc4)CN5CCN(CC5)C | InChI = 1/C29H31N7O/c1-21-5-10-25(18-27(21)34-29-31-13-11-26(33-29)24-4-3-12-30-19-24)32-28(37)23-8-6-22(7-9-23)20-36-16-14-35(2)15-17-36/h3-13,18-19H,14-17,20H2,1-2H3,(H,32,37)(H,31,33,34) | InChIKey = KTUFNOKKBVMGRW-UHFFFAOYAJ | StdInChI_Ref = ^Y | StdInChI = 1S/C29H31N7O/c1-21-5-10-25(18-27(21)34-29-31-13-11-26(33-29)24-4-3-12-30-19-24)32-28(37)23-8-6-22(7-9-23)20-36-16-14-35(2)15-17-36/h3-13,18-19H,14-17,20H2,1-2H3,(H,32,37)(H,31,33,34) | StdInChIKey_Ref = ^Y | StdInChIKey = KTUFNOKKBVMGRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N }}

|mechAction=* Imatinib mesylate is a protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits the bcr-abl tyrosine kinase, the constitutive abnormal tyrosine kinase created by the Philadelphia chromosome abnormality in CML. Imatinib inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in bcr-abl positive cell lines as well as fresh leukemic cells from Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia. Imatinib inhibits colony formation in assays using ex vivo peripheral blood and bone marrow samples from CML patients.

In vivo, imatinib inhibits tumor growth of bcr-abl transfected murine myeloid cells as well as bcr-abl positive leukemia lines derived from CML patients in blast crisis.

Imatinib is also an inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and stem cell factor (SCF), c-kit, and inhibits PDGF- and SCF-mediated cellular events. In vitro, imatinib inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in GIST cells, which express an activating c-kit mutation.

|structure=* Imatinib is a small molecule kinase inhibitor. Imatinib film-coated tablets contain imatinib mesylate equivalent to 100 mg or 400 mg of imatinib free base. Imatinib mesylate is designated chemically as 4-[(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl]-N-[4-methyl-3-[4-(3-pyridinyl)-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]-phenyl]benzamide methanesulfonate and its structural formula is

Imatinib mesylate is a white to off-white to brownish or yellowish tinged crystalline powder. Its molecular formula is C29H31N7O • CH4SO3 and its molecular weight is 589.7. Imatinib mesylate is soluble in aqueous buffers ≤pH 5.5 but is very slightly soluble to insoluble in neutral/alkaline aqueous buffers. In non-aqueous solvents, the drug substance is freely soluble to very slightly soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, and ethanol, but is insoluble in n-octanol, acetone, and acetonitrile.

Inactive Ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide (NF); crospovidone (NF); hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (USP); magnesium stearate (NF); and microcrystalline cellulose (NF). Tablet coating: ferric oxide, red (NF); ferric oxide, yellow (NF); hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (USP); polyethylene glycol (NF) and talc (USP).

|PD=There is limited information regarding Pharmacodynamics of Imatinib in the drug label.

|PK=*The pharmacokinetics of Imatinib have been evaluated in studies in healthy subjects and in population pharmacokinetic studies in over 900 patients. The pharmacokinetics of Imatinib are similar in CML and GIST patients. Imatinib is well absorbed after oral administration with Cmax achieved within 2-4 hours post-dose. Mean absolute bioavailability is 98%. Following oral administration in healthy volunteers, the elimination half-lives of imatinib and its major active metabolite, the N-demethyl derivative (CGP74588), are approximately 18 and 40 hours, respectively. Mean imatinib AUC increases proportionally with increasing doses ranging from 25 mg-1,000 mg. There is no significant change in the pharmacokinetics of imatinib on repeated dosing, and accumulation is 1.5- to 2.5-fold at steady state when Imatinib is dosed once daily. At clinically relevant concentrations of imatinib, binding to plasma proteins in in vitro experiments is approximately 95%, mostly to albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein.

CYP3A4 is the major enzyme responsible for metabolism of imatinib. Other cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, play a minor role in its metabolism. The main circulating active metabolite in humans is the N-demethylated piperazine derivative, formed predominantly by CYP3A4. It shows in vitro potency similar to the parent imatinib. The plasma AUC for this metabolite is about 15% of the AUC for imatinib. The plasma protein binding of N-demethylated metabolite CGP74588 is similar to that of the parent compound. Human liver microsome studies demonstrated that Imatinib is a potent competitive inhibitor of CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5 with Ki values of 27, 7.5, and 8 µM, respectively.

Imatinib elimination is predominately in the feces, mostly as metabolites. Based on the recovery of compound(s) after an oral 14C-labeled dose of imatinib, approximately 81% of the dose was eliminated within 7 days, in feces (68% of dose) and urine (13% of dose). Unchanged imatinib accounted for 25% of the dose (5% urine, 20% feces), the remainder being metabolites.

Typically, clearance of imatinib in a 50-year-old patient weighing 50 kg is expected to be 8 L/h, while for a 50-year-old patient weighing 100 kg the clearance will increase to 14 L/h. The inter-patient variability of 40% in clearance does not warrant initial dose adjustment based on body weight and/or age but indicates the need for close monitoring for treatment-related toxicity.

|nonClinToxic======Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility=====

In the 2-year rat carcinogenicity study administration of imatinib at 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the longevity of males at 60 mg/kg/day and females at ≥30 mg/kg/day. Target organs for neoplastic changes were the kidneys (renal tubule and renal pelvis), urinary bladder, urethra, preputial and clitoral gland, small intestine, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands and non-glandular stomach. Neoplastic lesions were not seen at: 30 mg/kg/day for the kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra, small intestine, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands and non-glandular stomach, and 15 mg/kg/day for the preputial and clitoral gland. The papilloma/carcinoma of the preputial/clitoral gland were noted at 30 and 60 mg/kg/day, representing approximately 0.5 to 4 or 0.3 to 2.4 times the human daily exposure (based on AUC) at 400 mg/day or 800 mg/day, respectively, and 0.4 to 3.0 times the daily exposure in children (based on AUC) at 340 mg/m2. The renal tubule adenoma/carcinoma, renal pelvis transitional cell neoplasms, the urinary bladder and urethra transitional cell papillomas, the small intestine adenocarcinomas, the parathyroid glands adenomas, the benign and malignant medullary tumors of the adrenal glands and the non-glandular stomach papillomas/carcinomas were noted at 60 mg/kg/day. The relevance of these findings in the rat carcinogenicity study for humans is not known.

Positive genotoxic effects were obtained for imatinib in an in vitro mammalian cell assay (Chinese hamster ovary) for clastogenicity (chromosome aberrations) in the presence of metabolic activation. Two intermediates of the manufacturing process, which are also present in the final product, are positive for mutagenesis in the Ames assay. One of these intermediates was also positive in the mouse lymphoma assay. Imatinib was not genotoxic when tested in an in vitro bacterial cell assay (Ames test), an in vitro mammalian cell assay (mouse lymphoma) and an in vivo rat micronucleus assay.

In a study of fertility, male rats were dosed for 70 days prior to mating and female rats were dosed 14 days prior to mating and through to gestational Day 6. Testicular and epididymal weights and percent motile sperm were decreased at 60 mg/kg, approximately three-fourths the maximum clinical dose of 800 mg/day based on body surface area. This was not seen at doses ≤20 mg/kg (one-fourth the maximum human dose of 800 mg). The fertility of male and female rats was not affected.

In a pre- and post-natal development study in female rats dosed with imatinib mesylate at 45 mg/kg (approximately one-half the maximum human dose of 800 mg/day, based on body surface area) from gestational Day 6 until the end of lactation, red vaginal discharge was noted on either gestational Day 14 or 15. In the first generation offspring at this same dose level, mean body weights were reduced from birth until terminal sacrifice. First generation offspring fertility was not affected but reproductive effects were noted at 45 mg/kg/day including an increased number of resorptions and a decreased number of viable fetuses.

Fertility was not affected in the preclinical fertility and early embryonic development study although lower testes and epididymal weights as well as a reduced number of motile sperm were observed in the high dose males rats. In the preclinical pre- and postnatal study in rats, fertility in the first generation offspring was also not affected by Imatinib.

Human studies on male patients receiving Imatinib and its affect on male fertility and spermatogenesis have not been performed. Male patients concerned about their fertility on Imatinib treatment should consult with their physician.

|clinicalStudies======Chronic Myeloid Leukemia=====

Chronic Phase, Newly Diagnosed: An open-label, multicenter, international randomized Phase 3 study has been conducted in patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in chronic phase. This study compared treatment with either single-agent Imatinib or a combination of interferon-alpha (IFN) plus cytarabine (Ara-C). Patients were allowed to cross over to the alternative treatment arm if they failed to show a complete hematologic response (CHR) at 6 months, a major cytogenetic response (MCyR) at 12 months, or if they lost a CHR or MCyR. Patients with increasing WBC or severe intolerance to treatment were also allowed to cross over to the alternative treatment arm with the permission of the study monitoring committee (SMC). In the Imatinib arm, patients were treated initially with 400 mg daily. Dose escalations were allowed from 400 mg daily to 600 mg daily, then from 600 mg daily to 800 mg daily. In the IFN arm, patients were treated with a target dose of IFN of 5 MIU/m2/day subcutaneously in combination with subcutaneous Ara-C 20 mg/m2/day for 10 days/month.

A total of 1,106 patients were randomized from 177 centers in 16 countries, 553 to each arm. Baseline characteristics were well balanced between the two arms. Median age was 51 years (range 18-70 years), with 21.9% of patients ≥60 years of age. There were 59% males and 41% females; 89.9% Caucasian and 4.7% Black patients. At the cut-off for this analysis (7 years after last patient had been recruited), the median duration of first-line treatment was 82 and 8 months in the Imatinib and IFN arm, respectively. The median duration of second-line treatment with Imatinib was 64 months. Sixty percent of patients randomized to Imatinib are still receiving first-line treatment. In these patients, the average dose of Imatinib was 403 mg ± 57 mg. Overall, in patients receiving first line Imatinib, the average daily dose delivered was 406 mg ± 76 mg. Due to discontinuations and cross-overs, only 2% of patients randomized to IFN were still on first-line treatment. In the IFN arm, withdrawal of consent (14%) was the most frequent reason for discontinuation of first-line therapy, and the most frequent reason for cross over to the Imatinib arm was severe intolerance to treatment (26%) and progression (14%).

The primary efficacy endpoint of the study was progression-free survival (PFS). Progression was defined as any of the following events: progression to accelerated phase or blast crisis (AP/BC), death, loss of CHR or MCyR, or in patients not achieving a CHR an increasing WBC despite appropriate therapeutic management. The protocol specified that the progression analysis would compare the intent to treat (ITT) population: patients randomized to receive Imatinib were compared with patients randomized to receive IFN. Patients that crossed over prior to progression were not censored at the time of cross-over, and events that occurred in these patients following cross-over were attributed to the original randomized treatment. The estimated rate of progression-free survival at 84 months in the ITT population was 81.2 % [95% CI: 78, 85] in the Imatinib arm and 60.6 % [56, 65] in the IFN arm (p<0.0001, log-rank test), (Figure 1). With 7 years follow up there were 93 (16.8%) progression events in the Imatinib arm: 37(6.7%) progression to AP/BC, 31(5.6%) loss of MCyR, 15 (2.7%) loss of CHR or increase in WBC and 10 (1.8%) CML unrelated deaths. In contrast, there were 165 (29.8%) events in the IFN+Ara-C arm of which 130 occurred during first-line treatment with IFN-Ara-C. The estimated rate of patients free of progression to accelerated phase (AP) or blast crisis (BC) at 84 months was 92.5%[90, 95] in the Imatinib arm compared to the 85.1%, [82, 89] (p≤0.001) in the IFN arm, (Figure 2). The annual rates of any progression events have decreased with time on therapy. The probability of remaining progression free at 60 months was 95% for patients who were in complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) with molecular response (≥3 log reduction in Bcr-Abl transcripts as measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) at 12 months, compared to 89% for patients in complete cytogenetic response but without a major molecular response and 70% in patients who were not in complete cytogenetic response at this time point (p<0.001).

A total of 71 (12.8%) and 85 (15.4%) patients died in the Imatinib and IFN+Ara-C group, respectively. At 84 months the estimated overall survival is 86.4% (83, 90) vs. 83.3% (80, 87) in the randomized Imatinib and the IFN+Ara-C group, respectively (p=0.073 log-rank test). The hazard ratio is 0.750 with 95% CI 0.547-1.028. This time-to-event endpoint may be affected by the high crossover rate from IFN+Ara-C to Imatinib. Major cytogenetic response, hematologic response, evaluation of minimal residual disease (molecular response), time to accelerated phase or blast crisis and survival were main secondary endpoints. Response data are shown in Table 16. Complete hematologic response, major cytogenetic response and complete cytogenetic response were also statistically significantly higher in the Imatinib arm compared to the IFN + Ara-C arm (no cross-over data considered for evaluation of responses). Median time to CCyR in the 454 responders was 6 months (range 2-64 months, 25th to 75th percentiles=3 to 11 months) with 10% of responses seen only after 22 months of therapy).

Molecular response was defined as follows:

In the peripheral blood, after 12 months of therapy, reduction of ≥3 logarithms in the amount of bcr-abl transcripts (measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assay) over a standardized baseline. Molecular response was only evaluated in a subset of patients who had a complete cytogenetic response by 12 months or later (N=333). The molecular response rate in patients who had a complete cytogenetic response in the Imatinib arm was 59% at 12 months and 72% at 24 months.
Physical, functional, and treatment-specific biologic response modifier scales from the FACT-BRM (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Biologic Response Modifier) instrument were used to assess patient-reported general effects of interferon toxicity in 1,067 patients with CML in chronic phase. After one month of therapy to six months of therapy, there was a 13%-21% decrease in median index from baseline in patients treated with IFN, consistent with increased symptoms of IFN toxicity. There was no apparent change from baseline in median index for patients treated with Imatinib.

Late Chronic Phase CML and Advanced Stage CML:

Three international, open-label, single-arm phase 2 studies were conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of Imatinib in patients with Ph+ CML: 1) in the chronic phase after failure of IFN therapy, 2) in accelerated phase disease, or 3) in myeloid blast crisis. About 45% of patients were women and 6% were Black. In clinical studies 38%-40% of patients were ≥60 years of age and 10%-12% of patients were ≥70 years of age.

Chronic Phase, Prior Interferon-Alpha Treatment:

532 patients were treated at a starting dose of 400 mg; dose escalation to 600 mg was allowed. The patients were distributed in three main categories according to their response to prior interferon: failure to achieve (within 6 months), or loss of a complete hematologic response (29%), failure to achieve (within 1 year) or loss of a major cytogenetic response (35%), or intolerance to interferon (36%). Patients had received a median of 14 months of prior IFN therapy at doses ≥25 x 106 IU/week and were all in late chronic phase, with a median time from diagnosis of 32 months. Effectiveness was evaluated on the basis of the rate of hematologic response and by bone marrow exams to assess the rate of major cytogenetic response (up to 35% Ph+ metaphases) or complete cytogenetic response (0% Ph+ metaphases). Median duration of treatment was 29 months with 81% of patients treated for ≥24 months (maximum = 31.5 months). Efficacy results are reported in Table 16. Confirmed major cytogenetic response rates were higher in patients with IFN intolerance (66%) and cytogenetic failure (64%), than in patients with hematologic failure (47%). Hematologic response was achieved in 98% of patients with cytogenetic failure, 94% of patients with hematologic failure, and 92% of IFN-intolerant patients.

Accelerated Phase:

235 patients with accelerated phase disease were enrolled. These patients met one or more of the following criteria: ≥15%-<30% blasts in PB or BM; ≥30% blasts + promyelocytes in PB or BM; ≥20% basophils in PB; and <100 x 109/L platelets. The first 77 patients were started at 400 mg, with the remaining 158 patients starting at 600 mg.
Effectiveness was evaluated primarily on the basis of the rate of hematologic response, reported as either complete hematologic response, no evidence of leukemia (i.e., clearance of blasts from the marrow and the blood, but without a full peripheral blood recovery as for complete responses), or return to chronic phase CML. Cytogenetic responses were also evaluated. Median duration of treatment was 18 months with 45% of patients treated for ≥24 months (maximum=35 months). Efficacy results are reported in Table 17. Response rates in accelerated phase CML were higher for the 600 mg dose group than for the 400 mg group: hematologic response (75% vs. 64%), confirmed and unconfirmed major cytogenetic response (31% vs. 19%).

Myeloid Blast Crisis:

260 patients with myeloid blast crisis were enrolled. These patients had ≥30% blasts in PB or BM and/or extramedullary involvement other than spleen or liver; 95 (37%) had received prior chemotherapy for treatment of either accelerated phase or blast crisis (“pretreated patients”) whereas 165 (63%) had not (“untreated patients”). The first 37 patients were started at 400 mg; the remaining 223 patients were started at 600 mg.
Effectiveness was evaluated primarily on the basis of rate of hematologic response, reported as either complete hematologic response, no evidence of leukemia, or return to chronic phase CML using the same criteria as for the study in accelerated phase. Cytogenetic responses were also assessed. Median duration of treatment was 4 months with 21% of patients treated for ≥12 months and 10% for ≥24 months (maximum=35 months). Efficacy results are reported in Table 17. The hematologic response rate was higher in untreated patients than in treated patients (36% vs. 22%, respectively) and in the group receiving an initial dose of 600 mg rather than 400 mg (33% vs. 16%). The confirmed and unconfirmed major cytogenetic response rate was also higher for the 600 mg dose group than for the 400 mg dose group (17% vs. 8%).

The median time to hematologic response was 1 month. In late chronic phase CML, with a median time from diagnosis of 32 months, an estimated 87.8% of patients who achieved MCyR maintained their response 2 years after achieving their initial response. After 2 years of treatment, an estimated 85.4% of patients were free of progression to AP or BC, and estimated overall survival was 90.8% [88.3, 93.2]. In accelerated phase, median duration of hematologic response was 28.8 months for patients with an initial dose of 600 mg (16.5 months for 400 mg). An estimated 63.8% of patients who achieved MCyR were still in response 2 years after achieving initial response. The median survival was 20.9 [13.1, 34.4] months for the 400 mg group and was not yet reached for the 600 mg group (p=0.0097). An estimated 46.2% [34.7, 57.7] vs. 65.8% [58.4, 73.3] of patients were still alive after 2 years of treatment in the 400 mg vs. 600 mg dose groups, respectively. In blast crisis, the estimated median duration of hematologic response is 10 months. An estimated 27.2% [16.8, 37.7] of hematologic responders maintained their response 2 years after achieving their initial response. Median survival was 6.9 [5.8, 8.6] months, and an estimated 18.3% [13.4, 23.3] of all patients with blast crisis were alive 2 years after start of study.

Efficacy results were similar in men and women and in patients younger and older than age 65. Responses were seen in Black patients, but there were too few Black patients to allow a quantitative comparison.

Pediatric CML

A total of 51 pediatric patients with newly diagnosed and untreated CML in chronic phase were enrolled in an open-label, multicenter, single arm phase 2 trial. Patients were treated with Imatinib 340 mg/m2/day, with no interruptions in the absence of dose limiting toxicity. Complete hematologic response (CHR) was observed in 78% of patients after 8 weeks of therapy. The complete cytogenetic response rate (CCyR) was 65%, comparable to the results observed in adults. Additionally, partial cytogenetic response (PCyR) was observed in 16%. The majority of patients who achieved a CCyR developed the CCyR between months 3 and 10 with a median time to response based on the Kaplan-Meier estimate of 6.74 months. Patients were allowed to be removed from protocol therapy to undergo alternative therapy including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Thirty one children received stem cell transplantation. Of the 31 children, 5 were transplanted after disease progression on study and 1 withdrew from study during first week treatment and received transplant approximately 4 months after withdrawal. Twenty five children withdrew from protocol therapy to undergo stem cell transplant after receiving a median of 9 twenty-eight day courses (range 4 to 24). Of the 25 patients 13 (52%) had CCyR and 5 (20%) had PCyR at the end of protocol therapy.

One open-label, single-arm study enrolled 14 pediatric patients with Ph+ chronic phase CML recurrent after stem cell transplant or resistant to interferon-alpha therapy. These patients had not previously received Imatinib and ranged in age from 3-20 years old; 3 were 3-11 years old, 9 were 12-18 years old, and 2 were >18 years old. Patients were treated at doses of 260 mg/m2/day (n=3), 340 mg/m2/day (n=4), 440 mg/m2/day (n=5) and 570 mg/m2/day (n=2). In the 13 patients for whom cytogenetic data are available, 4 achieved a major cytogenetic response, 7 achieved a complete cytogenetic response, and 2 had a minimal cytogenetic response.

In a second study, 2 of 3 patients with Ph+ chronic phase CML resistant to interferon-alpha therapy achieved a complete cytogenetic response at doses of 242 and 257 mg/m2/day.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

A total of 48 Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) patients with relapsed/refractory disease were studied, 43 of whom received the recommended Imatinib dose of 600 mg/day. In addition 2 patients with relapsed/refractory Ph+ ALL received Imatinib 600 mg/day in a phase 1 study.

Confirmed and unconfirmed hematologic and cytogenetic response rates for the 43 relapsed/refractory Ph+ALL phase 2 study patients and for the 2 phase 1 patients are shown in Table 18. The median duration of hematologic response was 3.4 months and the median duration of MCyR was 2.3 months.

Pediatric ALL

Pediatric and young adult patients with very high risk ALL, defined as those with an expected 5 year event-free survival (EFS) less than 45%, were enrolled after induction therapy on a multicenter, non-randomized cooperative group pilot protocol.

The safety and effectiveness of Imatinib (340 mg/m2/day) in combination with intensive chemotherapy was evaluated in a subgroup of patients with Ph+ ALL. The protocol included intensive chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplant after 2 courses of chemotherapy for patients with an appropriate HLA-matched family donor. There were 92 eligible patients with Ph+ ALL enrolled. The median age was 9.5 years (1 to 21 years), 64% were male, 75% were white, 9% were Asian/Pacific Islander, and 5% were black. In 5 successive cohorts of patients, Imatinib exposure was systematically increased by earlier introduction and prolonged duration. Cohort 1 received the lowest intensity and cohort 5 received the highest intensity of Imatinib exposure.

There were 50 patients with Ph+ ALL assigned to cohort 5 all of whom received Imatinib plus chemotherapy; 30 were treated exclusively with chemotherapy and Imatinib and 20 received chemotherapy plus Imatinib and then underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplant, followed by further Imatinib treatment. Patients in cohort 5 treated with chemotherapy received continuous daily exposure to Imatinib beginning in the first course of post induction chemotherapy continuing through maintenance cycles 1 through 4 chemotherapy. During maintenance cycles 5 through 12 Imatinib was administered 28 days out of the 56 day cycle. Patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplant received 42 days of Imatinib prior to HSCT, and 28 weeks (196 days) of Imatinib after the immediate post transplant period. The estimated 4-year EFS of patients in cohort 5 was 70% (95% CI: 54, 81). The median follow-up time for EFS at data cutoff in cohort 5 was 40.5 months.

Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases

An open label, multicenter, phase 2 clinical trial was conducted testing Imatinib in diverse populations of patients suffering from life-threatening diseases associated with Abl, Kit or PDGFR protein tyrosine kinases. This study included 7 patients with MDS/MPD. These patients were treated with Imatinib 400 mg daily. The ages of the enrolled patients ranged from 20 to 86 years. A further 24 patients with MDS/MPD aged 2 to 79 years were reported in 12 published case reports and a clinical study. These patients also received Imatinib at a dose of 400 mg daily with the exception of three patients who received lower doses. Of the total population of 31 patients treated for MDS/MPD, 14 (45%) achieved a complete hematological response and 12 (39%) a major cytogenetic response (including 10 with a complete cytogenetic response). Sixteen patients had a translocation, involving chromosome 5q33 or 4q12, resulting in a PDGFR gene re-arrangement. All of these patients responded hematologically (13 completely). Cytogenetic response was evaluated in 12 out of 14 patients, all of whom responded (10 patients completely). Only 1(7%) out of the 14 patients without a translocation associated with PDGFR gene re-arrangement achieved a complete hematological response and none achieved a major cytogenetic response. A further patient with a PDGFR gene re-arrangement in molecular relapse after bone marrow transplant responded molecularly. Median duration of therapy was 12.9 months (0.8-26.7) in the 7 patients treated within the phase 2 study and ranged between 1 week and more than 18 months in responding patients in the published literature. Results are provided in Table 19. Response durations of phase 2 study patients ranged from 141+ days to 457+ days.

Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis

One open-label, multicenter, phase 2 study was conducted testing Imatinib in diverse populations of patients with life-threatening diseases associated with Abl, Kit or PDGFR protein tyrosine kinases. This study included 5 patients with aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM) treated with 100 mg to 400 mg of Imatinib daily. These 5 patients ranged from 49 to 74 years of age. In addition to these 5 patients, 10 published case reports and case series describe the use of Imatinib in 23 additional patients with ASM aged 26 to 85 years who also received 100 mg to 400 mg of Imatinib daily.

Cytogenetic abnormalities were evaluated in 20 of the 28 ASM patients treated with Imatinib from the published reports and in the phase 2 study. Seven of these 20 patients had the FIP1L1-PDGFRα fusion kinase (or CHIC2 deletion). Patients with this cytogenetic abnormality were predominantly males and had eosinophilia associated with their systemic mast cell disease. Two patients had a Kit mutation in the juxtamembrane region (one Phe522Cys and one K509I) and four patients had a D816V c-Kit mutation (not considered sensitive to Imatinib), one with concomitant CML.

Of the 28 patients treated for ASM, 8 (29%) achieved a complete hematologic response and 9 (32%) a partial hematologic response (61% overall response rate). Median duration of Imatinib therapy for the 5 ASM patients in the phase 2 study was 13 months (range 1.4-22.3 months) and between 1 month and more than 30 months in the responding patients described in the published medical literature. A summary of the response rates to Imatinib in ASM is provided in Table 20. Response durations of literature patients ranged from 1+ to 30+ months.

Imatinib has not been shown to be effective in patients with less aggressive forms of systemic mastocytosis (SM). Imatinib is therefore not recommended for use in patients with cutaneous mastocytosis, indolent systemic mastocytosis (smoldering SM or isolated bone marrow mastocytosis), SM with an associated clonal hematological non-mast cell lineage disease, mast cell leukemia, mast cell sarcoma or extracutaneous mastocytoma. Patients that harbor the D816V mutation of c-Kit are not sensitive to Imatinib and should not receive Imatinib.

Hypereosinophilic Syndrome/Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia

One open-label, multicenter, phase 2 study was conducted testing Imatinib in diverse populations of patients with life-threatening diseases associated with Abl, Kit or PDGFR protein tyrosine kinases. This study included 14 patients with Hypereosinophilic Syndrome/Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia (HES/CEL). HES patients were treated with 100 mg to 1000 mg of Imatinib daily. The ages of these patients ranged from 16 to 64 years. A further 162 patients with HES/CEL aged 11 to 78 years were reported in 35 published case reports and case series. These patients received Imatinib at doses of 75 mg to 800 mg daily. Hematologic response rates are summarized in Table 21. Response durations for literature patients ranged from 6+ weeks to 44 months.

Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans

Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP) is a cutaneous soft tissue sarcoma. It is characterized by a translocation of chromosomes 17 and 22 that results in the fusion of the collagen type 1 alpha 1 gene and the PDGF B gene.

An open-label, multicenter, phase 2 study was conducted testing Imatinib in a diverse population of patients with life-threatening diseases associated with Abl, Kit or PDGFR protein tyrosine kinases. This study included 12 patients with DFSP who were treated with Imatinib 800 mg daily (age range 23 to 75 years). DFSP was metastatic, locally recurrent following initial surgical resection and not considered amenable to further surgery at the time of study entry. A further 6 DFSP patients treated with Imatinib are reported in 5 published case reports, their ages ranging from 18 months to 49 years. The total population treated for DFSP therefore comprises 18 patients, 8 of them with metastatic disease. The adult patients reported in the published literature were treated with either 400 mg (4 cases) or 800 mg (1 case) Imatinib daily. A single pediatric patient received 400 mg/m2/daily, subsequently increased to 520 mg/m2/daily. Ten patients had the PDGF B gene rearrangement, 5 had no available cytogenetics and 3 had complex cytogenetic abnormalities. Responses to treatment are described in Table 22.

Twelve of these 18 patients either achieved a complete response (7 patients) or were made disease free by surgery after a partial response (5 patients, including one child) for a total complete response rate of 67%. A further 3 patients achieved a partial response, for an overall response rate of 83%. Of the 8 patients with metastatic disease, five responded (62%), three of them completely (37%). For the 10 study patients with the PDGF B gene rearrangement there were 4 complete and 6 partial responses. The median duration of response in the phase 2 study was 6.2 months, with a maximum duration of 24.3 months, while in the published literature it ranged between 4 weeks and more than 20 months.

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Unresectable and/or Malignant Metastatic GIST

Two open-label, randomized, multinational Phase 3 studies were conducted in patients with unresectable or metastatic malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). The two study designs were similar allowing a predefined combined analysis of safety and efficacy. A total of 1640 patients were enrolled into the two studies and randomized 1:1 to receive either 400 mg or 800 mg orally daily continuously until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients in the 400 mg daily treatment group who experienced disease progression were permitted to crossover to receive treatment with 800 mg daily. The studies were designed to compare response rates, progression-free survival and overall survival between the dose groups. Median age at patient entry was 60 years. Males comprised 58% of the patients enrolled. All patients had a pathologic diagnosis of CD117 positive unresectable and/or metastatic malignant GIST.

The primary objective of the two studies was to evaluate either progression-free survival (PFS) with a secondary objective of overall survival (OS) in one study or overall survival with a secondary objective of PFS in the other study. A planned analysis of both OS and PFS from the combined datasets from these two studies was conducted. Results from this combined analysis are shown in Table 23.

Median follow up for the combined studies was 37.5 months. There were no observed differences in overall survival between the treatment groups (p=0.98). Patients who crossed over following disease progression from the 400 mg/day treatment group to the 800 mg/day treatment group (n=347) had a 3.4 month median and a 7.7 month mean exposure to Imatinib following crossover.

One open-label, multinational Phase 2 study was conducted in patients with Kit (CD117) positive unresectable or metastatic malignant GIST. In this study, 147 patients were enrolled and randomized to receive either 400 mg or 600 mg orally q.d. for up to 36 months. The primary outcome of the study was objective response rate. Tumors were required to be measurable at entry in at least one site of disease, and response characterization was based on Southwestern Oncology Group (SWOG) criteria. There were no differences in response rates between the 2 dose groups. The response rate was 68.5% for the 400 mg group and 67.6% for the 600 mg group. The median time to response was 12 weeks (range was 3-98 weeks) and the estimated median duration of response is 118 weeks (95% CI: 86, not reached).

Adjuvant Treatment of GIST

In the adjuvant setting, Imatinib was investigated in a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial involving 713 patients (Study 1). Patients were randomized one to one to Imatinib at 400 mg/day or matching placebo for 12 months. The ages of these patients ranged from 18 to 91 years. Patients were included who had a histologic diagnosis of primary GIST, expressing KIT protein by immunochemistry and a tumor size ≥3 cm in maximum dimension with complete gross resection of primary GIST within 14 to 70 days prior to registration.

Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was defined as the time from date of randomization to the date of recurrence or death from any cause. In a planned interim analysis, the median follow up was 15 months in patients without a RFS event; there were 30 RFS events in the 12-month Imatinib arm compared to 70 RFS events in the placebo arm with a hazard ratio of 0.398 (95% CI: 0.259, 0.610), p<0.0001. After the interim analysis of RFS, 79 of the 354 patients initially randomized to the placebo arm were eligible to cross over to the 12-month Imatinib arm. Seventy-two of these 79 patients subsequently crossed over to Imatinib therapy. In an updated analysis, the median follow-up for patients without a RFS event was 50 months. There were 74 (21%) RFS events in the 12-month Imatinib arm compared to 98 (28%) events in the placebo arm with a hazard ratio of 0.718 (95% CI: 0.531-0.971) (Figure 3). The median follow-up for OS in patients still living was 61 months. There were 26 (7%) and 33 (9%) deaths in the 12-month Imatinib and placebo arms, respectively with a hazard ratio of 0.816 (95% CI: 0.488-1.365).

A second randomized, multicenter, open label, phase 3 trial in the adjuvant setting (Study 2) compared 12 months of Imatinib treatment to 36 months of Imatinib treatment at 400 mg/day in adult patients with KIT (CD117) positive GIST after surgical resection with one of the following: tumor diameter >5 cm and mitotic count >5/50 high power fields (HPF), or tumor diameter >10 cm and any mitotic count, or tumor of any size with mitotic count >10/50 HPF, or tumors ruptured into the peritoneal cavity. There were a total of 397 patients randomized in the trial with 199 patients on the 12-month treatment arm and 198 patients on the 36-month treatment arm. The median age was 61 years (range 22 to 84 years).

RFS was defined as the time from date of randomization to the date of recurrence or death from any cause. The median follow-up for patients without a RFS event was 42 months. There were 84 (42%) RFS events in the 12-month treatment arm and 50 (25%) RFS events in the 36-month treatment arm. Thirty-six months of Imatinib treatment significantly prolonged RFS compared to 12 months of Imatinib treatment with a hazard ratio of 0.46 (95% CI: 0.32, 0.65), p<0.0001 (Figure 4).

The median follow-up for overall survival (OS) in patients still living was 48 months. There were 25 (13%) deaths in the 12-month treatment arm and 12 (6%) deaths in the 36-month treatment arm. Thirty-six months of Imatinib treatment significantly prolonged OS compared to 12 months of Imatinib treatment with a hazard ratio of 0.45 (95% CI: 0.22, 0.89), p=0.0187 (Figure 5).

|howSupplied=*Each film-coated tablet contains 100 mg or 400 mg of imatinib free base.

100 mg Tablets

Very dark yellow to brownish orange, film-coated tablets, round, biconvex with bevelled edges, debossed with “NVR” on one side, and “SA” with score on the other side.
Bottles of 90 tablets………………………………….NDC 0078-0401-34

400 mg Tablets

Very dark yellow to brownish orange, film-coated tablets, ovaloid, biconvex with bevelled edges, debossed with “400” on one side with score on the other side, and “SL” on each side of the score.
Bottles of 30 tablets…………………………………NDC 0078-0438-15

Storage and Handling

Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C-30°C (59°F-86°F). Protect from moisture.
Dispense in a tight container, USP.

Imatinib is an antineoplastic product. Follow special handling and disposal procedures1

Imatinib tablets should not be crushed. Direct contact of crushed tablets with the skin or mucous membranes should be avoided. If such contact occurs, wash thoroughly as outlined in the references. Personnel should avoid exposure to crushed tablets.

|fdaPatientInfo=*Dosing and Administration

Patients should be informed to take Imatinib exactly as prescribed, not to change their dose or to stop taking Imatinib unless they are told to do so by their doctor. If patients miss a dose they should be advised to take their dose as soon as possible unless it is almost time for their next dose in which case the missed dose should not be taken. A double dose should not be taken to make up for any missed dose. Patients should be advised to take Imatinib with a meal and a large glass of water.

Pregnancy and Breast-Feeding

Patients should be advised to inform their doctor if they are or think they may be pregnant. Women of reproductive potential should be advised to avoid becoming pregnant while taking Imatinib. Sexually active female patients taking Imatinib should use highly effective contraception. Patients should also be advised not to breast feed while taking Imatinib.

Adverse Reactions

Patients should be advised to tell their doctor if they experience side effects during Imatinib therapy including fever, shortness of breath, blood in their stools, jaundice, sudden weight gain, symptoms of cardiac failure, or if they have a history of cardiac disease or risk factors for cardiac failure.

Drug Interactions

Patients should be advised not to take any other medications, including over-the-counter medications such as herbal products without talking to their doctor or pharmacist first. Examples of other medications that should not be taken with Imatinib are warfarin, erythromycin, and phenytoin. Patients should also be advised to tell their doctor if they are taking or plan to take iron supplements. Patients should also avoid grapefruit juice and other foods known to inhibit CYP3A4 while taking Imatinib.

Pediatric

Patients should be advised that growth retardation has been reported in children and pre-adolescents receiving Imatinib. The long term effects of prolonged treatment with Imatinib on growth in children are unknown. Therefore, close monitoring of growth in children under Imatinib treatment is recommended.

Driving and Using Machines

Patients should be advised that they may experience undesirable effects such as dizziness, blurred vision or somnolence during treatment with Imatinib. Therefore, caution patients about driving a car or operating machinery.

|alcohol=* Alcohol-Imatinib interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

|brandNames=* Gleevec®^[1]

|drugShortage= }} {{#subobject:

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↑ "Gleevec (imatinib mesylate) tablet".

[1] "Gleevec (imatinib mesylate) tablet".

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
-|authorTag=
+|authorTag={{VP}}<!--Overview-->
+|genericName=Imatinib
+|aOrAn=a
+|drugClass=tyrosine kinase inhibitor
+|indicationType=treatment
+|indication=newly diagnosed philadelphia positive [[chronic myeloid leukemia]] (ph+ CML), ph+ CML in blast crisis (bc), accelerated phase (ap) or chronic phase (cp) after [[interferon-alpha]] (ifn) therapy, adult patients with ph+ [[acute lymphoblastic leukemia]] (ALL), pediatric patients with ph+ [[acute lymphoblastic leukemia]] (ALL), myelodysplastic/[[myeloproliferative diseases]] (MDS/MPD), aggressive [[systemic mastocytosis]] (ASM), [[hypereosinophilic syndrome]] (HES) and/or [[chronic eosinophilic leukemia]] (CEL), [[dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]] (DFSP), kit+ [[gastrointestinal stromal tumors]] (GIST), adjuvant treatment of GIST
+|adverseReactions=[[edema]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[muscle cramps]], [[musculoskeletal pain]], [[diarrhea]], [[rash]], [[fatigue]] and [[abdominal pain]]
-{{VP}}
+<!--Black Box Warning-->
+|blackBoxWarningTitle=Title
+|blackBoxWarningBody=<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">ConditionName: </span></i>
-<!--Overview-->
+* Content
-|genericName=
+<!--Adult Indications and Dosage-->
+<!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)-->
+|fdaLIADAdult=*Therapy should be initiated by a physician experienced in the treatment of patients with hematological malignancies or malignant sarcomas, as appropriate. The prescribed dose should be administered orally, with a meal and a large glass of water. Doses of 400 mg or 600 mg should be administered once daily, whereas a dose of 800 mg should be administered as 400 mg twice a day.
+*For patients unable to swallow the film-coated tablets, the tablets may be dispersed in a glass of water or apple juice. The required number of tablets should be placed in the appropriate volume of beverage (approximately 50 mL for a 100 mg tablet, and 200 mL for a 400 mg tablet) and stirred with a spoon. The suspension should be administered immediately after complete disintegration of the tablet(s).
-|aOrAn=
+*For daily dosing of 800 mg and above, dosing should be accomplished using the 400 mg tablet to reduce exposure to iron.
-a
-|drugClass=
+*Treatment may be continued as long as there is no evidence of progressive disease or unacceptable toxicity.
-|indication=
+=====Newly Diagnosed Philadelphia Positive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (Ph+ CML)=====
+*Newly diagnosed adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive [[chronic myeloid leukemia]] in chronic phase.
+=====Ph+ CML in Blast Crisis (BC), Accelerated Phase (AP) or Chronic Phase (CP) After Interferon-alpha (IFN) Therapy=====
-|hasBlackBoxWarning=
+*Patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive [[chronic myeloid leukemia]] in blast crisis, accelerated phase, or in chronic phase after failure of [[interferon-alpha]] therapy.
+*The recommended dose of Imatinib is 400 mg/day for adult patients in chronic phase CML and 600 mg/day for adult patients in accelerated phase or blast crisis.
+*In CML, a dose increase from 400 mg to 600 mg in adult patients with chronic phase disease, or from 600 mg to 800 mg (given as 400 mg twice daily) in adult patients in accelerated phase or [[blast crisis]] may be considered in the absence of severe adverse drug reaction and severe non-leukemia related [[neutropenia]] or [[thrombocytopenia]] in the following circumstances: disease progression (at any time), failure to achieve a satisfactory hematologic response after at least 3 months of treatment, failure to achieve a cytogenetic response after 6-12 months of treatment, or loss of a previously achieved hematologic or cytogenetic response.
-Yes
+=====Adult patients with Ph+ Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)=====
-|adverseReactions=
+*Adult patients with relapsed or refractory Philadelphia chromosome positive [[acute lymphoblastic leukemia]].
+*The recommended dose of Imatinib is 600 mg/day for adult patients with relapsed/refractory Ph+ ALL.
+=====Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases (MDS/MPD)=====
-<!--Black Box Warning-->
+*Adult patients with myelodysplastic/[[myeloproliferative disease]]s associated with PDGFR ([[platelet-derived growth factor]] receptor) gene re-arrangements.
-|blackBoxWarningTitle=
+*The recommended dose of Imatinib is 400 mg/day for adult patients with MDS/MPD.
-Title
-|blackBoxWarningBody=
+=====Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis (ASM)=====
-<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">ConditionName: </span></i>
-* Content
+*Adult patients with aggressive [[systemic mastocytosis]] without the D816V c-Kit mutation or with c-Kit mutational status unknown.
-<!--Adult Indications and Dosage-->
+*The recommended dose of Imatinib is 400 mg/day for adult patients with ASM without the D816V c-Kit mutation. If c-Kit mutational status is not known or unavailable, treatment with Imatinib 400 mg/day may be considered for patients with ASM not responding satisfactorily to other therapies. For patients with ASM associated with [[eosinophilia]], a clonal hematological disease related to the fusion kinase FIP1L1-PDGFRα, a starting dose of 100 mg/day is recommended. Dose increase from 100 mg to 400 mg for these patients may be considered in the absence of adverse drug reactions if assessments demonstrate an insufficient response to therapy.
-<!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)-->
+=====Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (HES) and/or Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia (CEL)=====
-|fdaLIADAdult=
+*Adult patients with [[hypereosinophilic syndrome]] and/or [[chronic eosinophilic leukemia]] who have the FIP1L1-PDGFRα fusion kinase (mutational analysis or FISH demonstration of CHIC2 allele deletion) and for patients with HES and/or CEL who are FIP1L1-PDGFRα fusion kinase negative or unknown.
-=====Condition1=====
+*The recommended dose of Imatinib is 400 mg/day for adult patients with HES/CEL. For HES/CEL patients with demonstrated FIP1L1-PDGFRα fusion kinase, a starting dose of 100 mg/day is recommended. Dose increase from 100 mg to 400 mg for these patients may be considered in the absence of adverse drug reactions if assessments demonstrate an insufficient response to therapy.
-* Dosing Information
+=====Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP)=====
-:* Dosage
+*Adult patients with unresectable, recurrent and/or metastatic [[dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]].
-=====Condition2=====
+*The recommended dose of Imatinib is 800 mg/day for adult patients with DFSP.
-* Dosing Information
+=====Kit+ Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST)=====
-:* Dosage
+*Patients with Kit (CD117) positive unresectable and/or metastatic malignant [[gastrointestinal stromal tumors]].
-=====Condition3=====
+*The recommended dose of Imatinib is 400 mg/day for adult patients with unresectable and/or metastatic, malignant GIST. A dose increase up to 800 mg daily (given as 400 mg twice daily) may be considered, as clinically indicated, in patients showing clear signs or symptoms of disease progression at a lower dose and in the absence of severe adverse drug reactions.
-* Dosing Information
+=====Adjuvant Treatment of GIST=====
-:* Dosage
+*Adjuvant treatment of adult patients following complete gross resection of Kit ([[CD117]]) positive [[GIST]].
-=====Condition4=====
+*The recommended dose of Imatinib is 400 mg/day for the adjuvant treatment of adult patients following complete gross resection of GIST. In clinical trials one year of Imatinib and three years of Imatinib were studied. In the patient population defined in Study 2, three years of Imatinib is recommended. The optimal treatment duration with Imatinib is not known.
-* Dosing Information
+=====Dose Modification Guidelines=====
-:* Dosage
+*Concomitant Strong CYP3A4 inducers: The use of concomitant strong CYP3A4 inducers should be avoided (e.g., [[dexamethasone]], [[phenytoin]], [[carbamazepine]], [[rifampin]], [[rifabutin]],[[rifampacin]], [[phenobarbital]]). If patients must be co-administered a strong CYP3A4 inducer, based on pharmacokinetic studies, the dosage of Imatinib should be increased by at least 50%, and clinical response should be carefully monitored.
-<!--Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)-->
+*[[Hepatic Impairment]]: Patients with mild and moderate [[hepatic impairment]] do not require a dose adjustment and should be treated per the recommended dose. A 25% decrease in the recommended dose should be used for patients with severe hepatic impairment.
-<!--Guideline-Supported Use (Adult)-->
+*[[Renal Impairment]]: Patients with moderate [[renal impairment]] (CrCL=20-39 mL/min) should receive a 50% decrease in the recommended starting dose and future doses can be increased as tolerated. Doses greater than 600 mg are not recommended in patients with mild renal impairment (CrCL=40-59 mL/min). For patients with moderate renal impairment doses greater than 400 mg are not recommended.
-|offLabelAdultGuideSupport=
+*Imatinib should be used with caution in patients with severe [[renal impairment]]. A dose of 100 mg/day was tolerated in two patients with severe [[renal impairment]].
-=====Condition1=====
+=====Dose Adjustment for Hepatotoxicity and Non-Hematologic Adverse Reactions=====
-* Developed by:
+*If elevations in [[bilirubin]] >3 x institutional upper limit of normal (IULN) or in liver [[transaminases]] >5 x IULN occur, Imatinib should be withheld until [[bilirubin]] levels have returned to a <1.5 x IULN and [[transaminase]] levels to <2.5 x IULN. In adults, treatment with Imatinib may then be continued at a reduced daily dose (i.e., 400 mg to 300 mg, 600 mg to 400 mg or 800 mg to 600 mg). In children, daily doses can be reduced under the same circumstances from 340 mg/m2/day to 260 mg/m2/day.
-* Class of Recommendation:
+*If a severe non-hematologic adverse reaction develops (such as severe [[hepatotoxicity]] or severe [[fluid retention]]), Imatinib should be withheld until the event has resolved. Thereafter, treatment can be resumed as appropriate depending on the initial severity of the event.
-* Strength of Evidence:
+=====Dose Adjustment for Hematologic Adverse Reactions=====
-* Dosing Information
+*Dose reduction or treatment interruptions for severe [[neutropenia]] and [[thrombocytopenia]] are recommended as indicated in Table 1.
-:* Dosage
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}01.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-=====Condition2=====
+<!--Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)-->
-There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients.
+<!--Guideline-Supported Use (Adult)-->
+|offLabelAdultGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients.
 <!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Adult)-->
+|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients.
-|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=
-=====Condition1=====
-* Dosing Information
-:* Dosage
-=====Condition2=====
-There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients.
 <!--Pediatric Indications and Dosage-->
 <!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)-->
+|fdaLIADPed=*In children, Imatinib treatment can be given as a once-daily dose in [[CML]] and Ph+ [[ALL]]. Alternatively, in children with CML the daily dose may be split into two - one portion dosed in the morning and one portion in the evening. There is no experience with Imatinib treatment in children under 1 year of age.
-|fdaLIADPed=
+=====Philadelphia Chromosome Positive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Chronic Phase=====
-=====Condition1=====
-* Dosing Information
+*The recommended dose of Imatinib for children with newly diagnosed Ph+ [[CML]] is 340 mg/m2/day (not to exceed 600 mg).
-:* Dosage
+=====Philadelphia Chromosome Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)=====
-=====Condition2=====
+*The recommended dose of Imatinib to be given in combination with chemotherapy to children with newly diagnosed Ph+ [[ALL]] is 340mg/m2/day (not to exceed 600mg).
-There is limited information regarding <i>FDA-Labeled Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
 <!--Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)-->
 <!--Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
+|offLabelPedGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
-|offLabelPedGuideSupport=
+<!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
+|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
-=====Condition1=====
+<!--Contraindications-->
+|contraindications=*None
-* Developed by:
+<!--Warnings-->
+|warnings=====Precautions====
-* Class of Recommendation:
-* Strength of Evidence:
-* Dosing Information
-:* Dosage
-=====Condition2=====
-There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
-<!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
-|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=
+=====Fluid Retention and Edema=====
+*Imatinib is often associated with [[edema]] and occasionally serious fluid retention. Patients should be weighed and monitored regularly for signs and symptoms of fluid retention. An unexpected rapid [[weight gain]] should be carefully investigated and appropriate treatment provided. The probability of edema was increased with higher Imatinib dose and age >65 years in the CML studies. Severe superficial edema was reported in 1.5% of newly diagnosed CML patients taking Imatinib, and in 2%-6% of other adult CML patients taking Imatinib. In addition, other severe fluid retention (e.g., [[pleural effusion]], [[pericardial effusion]], [[pulmonary edema]], and [[ascites]]) reactions were reported in 1.3% of newly diagnosed CML patients taking Imatinib, and in 2%-6% of other adult CML patients taking Imatinib. Severe fluid retention was reported in 9% to 13.1% of patients taking Imatinib for GIST.
-=====Condition1=====
+=====Hematologic Toxicity=====
+*Treatment with Imatinib is associated with [[anemia]], [[neutropenia]], and [[thrombocytopenia]]. Complete blood counts should be performed weekly for the first month, biweekly for the second month, and periodically thereafter as clinically indicated (for example, every 2-3 months). In CML, the occurrence of these cytopenias is dependent on the stage of disease and is more frequent in patients with accelerated phase CML or blast crisis than in patients with chronic phase CML. In pediatric CML patients the most frequent toxicities observed were Grade 3 or 4 cytopenias including [[neutropenia]], [[thrombocytopenia]] and [[anemia]]. These generally occur within the first several months of therapy.
-* Dosing Information
+=====Severe Congestive Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Dysfunction=====
+*Severe [[congestive heart failure]] and [[left ventricular dysfunction]] have been reported in patients taking Imatinib. Most of the patients with reported cardiac reactions have had other co-morbidities and risk factors, including advanced age and previous medical history of cardiac disease. In an international randomized phase 3 study in 1,106 patients with newly diagnosed Ph+ CML in chronic phase, severe [[cardiac failure]] and [[left ventricular dysfunction]] were observed in 0.7% of patients taking Imatinib compared to 0.9% of patients taking IFN + Ara-C. Patients with cardiac disease or risk factors for cardiac or history of [[renal failure]] should be monitored carefully and any patient with signs or symptoms consistent with cardiac or renal failure should be evaluated and treated.
-:* Dosage
+=====Hepatotoxicity=====
+*[[Hepatotoxicity]], occasionally severe, may occur with Imatinib. Cases of fatal liver failure and severe liver injury requiring liver transplants have been reported with both short-term and long-term use of Imatinib. Liver function ([[transaminases]], [[bilirubin]], and [[alkaline phosphatase]]) should be monitored before initiation of treatment and monthly, or as clinically indicated. Laboratory abnormalities should be managed with Imatinib interruption and/or dose reduction.
+*When Imatinib is combined with chemotherapy, liver toxicity in the form of transaminase elevation and [[hyperbilirubinemia]] has been observed. Additionally, there have been reports of [[acute liver failure]]. Monitoring of hepatic function is recommended.
-=====Condition2=====
+=====Hemorrhage=====
+*In the newly diagnosed CML trial, 1.8% of patients had Grade 3/4 [[hemorrhage]]. In the Phase 3 unresectable or metastatic GIST studies 211 patients (12.9%) reported Grade 3/4 hemorrhage at any site. In the Phase 2 unresectable or metastatic GIST study 7 patients (5%) had a total of 8 CTC Grade 3/4 hemorrhages; gastrointestinal (GI) (3 patients), intra-tumoral (3 patients) or both (1 patient). Gastrointestinal tumor sites may have been the source of GI hemorrhages. Patients should therefore be monitored for gastrointestinal symptoms at the start of therapy.
-There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
+=====Gastrointestinal Disorders=====
+*Imatinib is sometimes associated with GI irritation. Imatinib should be taken with food and a large glass of water to minimize this problem. There have been rare reports, including fatalities, of [[gastrointestinal perforation]].
-<!--Contraindications-->
+=====Hypereosinophilic Cardiac Toxicity=====
+*In patients with [[hypereosinophilic syndrome]] with occult infiltration of HES cells within the [[myocardium]], cases of [[cardiogenic shock]]/[[left ventricular dysfunction]] have been associated with HES [[cell degranulation]] upon the initiation of Imatinib therapy. The condition was reported to be reversible with the administration of systemic [[steroids]], circulatory support measures and temporarily withholding Imatinib. Myelodysplastic/[[myeloproliferative disease]] and [[systemic mastocytosis]] may be associated with high eosinophil levels. Performance of an [[echocardiogram]] and determination of serum [[troponin]] should therefore be considered in patients with HES/CEL, and in patients with MDS/MPD or ASM associated with high [[eosinophil]] levels. If either is abnormal, the prophylactic use of systemic [[steroids]] (1-2 mg/kg) for one to two weeks concomitantly with Imatinib should be considered at the initiation of therapy.
-|contraindications=
+=====Dermatologic Toxicities=====
+*[[Bullous dermatologic reactions]], including [[erythema multiforme]] and [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]], have been reported with use of Imatinib. In some cases of bullous dermatologic reactions, including [[erythema multiforme]] and [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]] reported during postmarketing surveillance, a recurrent dermatologic reaction was observed upon re-challenge. Several foreign post-marketing reports have described cases in which patients tolerated the reintroduction of Imatinib therapy after resolution or improvement of the bullous reaction. In these instances, Imatinib was resumed at a dose lower than that at which the reaction occurred and some patients also received concomitant treatment with [[corticosteroids]] or antihistamines.
-* Condition1
+=====Hypothyroidism=====
+*Clinical cases of [[hypothyroidism]] have been reported in [[thyroidectomy]] patients undergoing [[levothyroxine]] replacement during treatment with Imatinib. [[TSH]] levels should be closely monitored in such patients.
-<!--Warnings-->
+=====Toxicities from Long-Term Use=====
+*It is important to consider potential toxicities suggested by animal studies, specifically, liver, kidney, and [[cardiac toxicity]] and [[immunosuppression]]. Severe liver toxicity was observed in dogs treated for 2 weeks, with elevated liver enzymes, [[hepatocellular necrosis]], bile duct necrosis, and [[bile duct hyperplasia]]. Renal toxicity was observed in monkeys treated for 2 weeks, with focal mineralization and dilation of the renal tubules and tubular nephrosis. Increased BUN and creatinine were observed in several of these animals. An increased rate of opportunistic infections was observed with chronic imatinib treatment in laboratory animal studies. In a 39-week monkey study, treatment with imatinib resulted in worsening of normally suppressed [[malarial infections]] in these animals. [[Lymphopenia]] was observed in animals (as in humans). Additional long-term toxicities were identified in a 2-year rat study. Histopathological examination of the treated rats that died on study revealed [[cardiomyopathy]] (both sexes), chronic progressive nephropathy (females) and preputial gland papilloma as principal causes of death or reasons for sacrifice. Non-neoplastic lesions seen in this 2-year study which were not identified in earlier preclinical studies were the cardiovascular system, pancreas, endocrine organs and teeth. The most important changes included cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation, leading to signs of cardiac insufficiency in some animals.
-|warnings=
+=====Embryo-fetal Toxicity=====
+*Imatinib can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Imatinib mesylate was teratogenic in rats when administered during [[organogenesis]] at doses approximately equal to the maximum human dose of 800 mg/day based on body surface area. Significant post-implantation loss was seen in female rats administered imatinib mesylate at doses approximately one-half the maximum human dose of 800 mg/day based on body surface area. Sexually active female patients of reproductive potential taking Imatinib should use highly effective contraception. If this drug is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to a fetus.
-* Description
+=====Children and Adolescents=====
+*Growth retardation has been reported in children and pre-adolescents receiving Imatinib. The long term effects of prolonged treatment with Imatinib on growth in children are unknown. Therefore, close monitoring of growth in children under Imatinib treatment is recommended.
-====Precautions====
+=====Tumor Lysis Syndrome=====
+*Cases of [[Tumor Lysis Syndrome]] (TLS), including fatal cases, have been reported in patients with [[CML]], [[GIST]], [[ALL]] and [[eosinophilic leukemia]] receiving Imatinib. The patients at risk of TLS are those with tumors having a high proliferative rate or high tumor burden prior to treatment. These patients should be monitored closely and appropriate precautions taken. Due to possible occurrence of TLS, correction of clinically significant dehydration and treatment of high uric acid levels are recommended prior to initiation of Imatinib.
-* Description
+=====Driving and Using Machinery=====
+*Reports of motor vehicle accidents have been received in patients receiving Imatinib. While most of these reports are not suspected to be caused by Imatinib, patients should be advised that they may experience undesirable effects such as [[dizziness]],[[blurred vision]] or [[somnolence]] during treatment with Imatinib. Therefore, caution should be recommended when driving a car or operating machinery.
 <!--Adverse Reactions-->
 <!--Clinical Trials Experience-->
+|clinicalTrials======Chronic Myeloid Leukemia=====
+*The majority of Imatinib-treated patients experienced adverse reactions at some time. Most reactions were of mild-to-moderate grade, but drug was discontinued for drug-related adverse reactions in 2.4% of newly diagnosed patients, 4% of patients in chronic phase after failure of [[interferon-alpha]] therapy, 4% in accelerated phase and 5% in blast crisis.
+*The most frequently reported drug-related adverse reactions were edema, nausea and vomiting, [[muscle cramps]], [[musculoskeletal pain]], [[diarrhea]] and [[rash]] (Table 2 for newly diagnosed CML, Table 3 for other CML patients). [[Edema]] was most frequently periorbital or in lower limbs and was managed with [[diuretics]], other supportive measures, or by reducing the dose of Imatinib. The frequency of severe superficial edema was 1.5%-6%.
+*A variety of adverse reactions represent local or general fluid retention including [[pleural effusion]], [[ascites]], [[pulmonary edema]] and rapid [[weight gain]] with or without superficial edema. These reactions appear to be dose related, were more common in the blast crisis and accelerated phase studies (where the dose was 600 mg/day), and are more common in the elderly. These reactions were usually managed by interrupting Imatinib treatment and using diuretics or other appropriate supportive care measures. A few of these reactions may be serious or life threatening, and one patient with blast crisis died with [[pleural effusion]], [[congestive heart failure]], and [[renal failure]].
+*Adverse reactions, regardless of relationship to study drug, that were reported in at least 10% of the Imatinib treated patients are shown in Tables 2 and 3.
-|clinicalTrials=
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}02.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Trial Experience</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}03.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-=====Body as a Whole=====
+=====Hematologic Toxicity=====
+*Cytopenias, and particularly [[neutropenia]] and [[thrombocytopenia]], were a consistent finding in all studies, with a higher frequency at doses ≥750 mg (Phase 1 study). The occurrence of [[cytopenias]] in CML patients was also dependent on the stage of the disease.
+*In patients with newly diagnosed CML, cytopenias were less frequent than in the other CML patients (see Tables 4 and 5). The frequency of Grade 3 or 4 [[neutropenia]] and [[thrombocytopenia]] was between 2- and 3-fold higher in blast crisis and accelerated phase compared to chronic phase (see Tables 4 and 5). The median duration of the neutropenic and thrombocytopenic episodes varied from 2 to 3 weeks, and from 2 to 4 weeks, respectively.
+*These reactions can usually be managed with either a reduction of the dose or an interruption of treatment with Imatinib, but in rare cases require permanent discontinuation of treatment.
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}04.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}05.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
+=====Hepatotoxicity=====
+*Severe elevation of transaminases or [[bilirubin]] occurred in approximately 5% of CML patients (see Tables 4 and 5) and were usually managed with dose reduction or interruption (the median duration of these episodes was approximately 1 week). Treatment was discontinued permanently because of liver laboratory abnormalities in less than 1.0% of CML patients. One patient, who was taking [[acetaminophen]] regularly for fever, died of acute liver failure. In the Phase 2 GIST trial, Grade 3 or 4 [[SGPT]] (ALT) elevations were observed in 6.8% of patients and Grade 3 or 4 SGOT (AST) elevations were observed in 4.8% of patients. [[Bilirubin]] elevation was observed in 2.7% of patients.
-=====Cardiovascular=====
+=====Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Population=====
+*Single agent therapy
+:*The overall safety profile of pediatric patients treated with Imatinib in 93 children studied was similar to that found in studies with adult patients, except that [[musculoskeletal pain]] was less frequent (20.5%) and [[peripheral edema]] was not reported. [[Nausea]] and [[vomiting]] were the most commonly reported individual adverse reactions with an incidence similar to that seen in adult patients. Although most patients experienced adverse reactions at some time during the study, the incidence of Grade 3/4 adverse reactions was low.
+*In combination with multi-agent chemotherapy
+:*Pediatric and young adult patients with very high risk ALL, defined as those with an expected 5 year event-free survival (EFS) less than 45%, were enrolled after induction therapy on a multicenter, non-randomized cooperative group pilot protocol. The study population included patients with a median age of 10 years (1 to 21 years), 61% of whom were male, 75% were white, 7% were black and 6% were Asian/Pacific Islander. Patients with Ph+ ALL (n=92) were assigned to receive Imatinib and treated in 5 successive cohorts. Imatinib exposure was systematically increased in successive cohorts by earlier introduction and more prolonged duration.
+:*The safety of Imatinib given in combination with intensive chemotherapy was evaluated by comparing the incidence of grade 3 and 4 adverse events, [[neutropenia]] (<750/µL) and [[thrombocytopenia]] (<75,000/ µL) in the 92 patients with Ph+ ALL compared to 65 patients with Ph- ALL enrolled on the trial who did not receive Imatinib. The safety was also evaluated comparing the incidence of adverse events in cycles of therapy administered with or without Imatinib. The protocol included up to 18 cycles of therapy. Patients were exposed to a cumulative total of 1425 cycles of therapy, 778 with Imatinib and 647 without Imatinib. The adverse events that were reported with a 5% or greater incidence in patients with Ph+ ALL compared to Ph- ALL or with a 1% or greater incidence in cycles of therapy that included Imatinib are presented in Table 6.
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}06.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
+=====Adverse Reactions in Other Subpopulations=====
+*In older patients (≥65 years old), with the exception of edema, where it was more frequent, there was no evidence of an increase in the incidence or severity of adverse reactions. In women there was an increase in the frequency of [[neutropenia]], as well as Grade 1/2 superficial edema, [[headache]], [[nausea]], [[rigors]], [[vomiting]], [[rash]], and [[fatigue]]. No differences were seen that were related to race but the subsets were too small for proper evaluation.
-=====Digestive=====
+====Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia=====
+*The adverse reactions were similar for Ph+ ALL as for Ph+ CML. The most frequently reported drug-related adverse reactions reported in the Ph+ ALL studies were mild nausea and [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], [[myalgia]], [[muscle cramp]]s and [[rash]], which were easily manageable. Superficial edema was a common finding in all studies and were described primarily as periorbital or lower limb edemas. These edemas were rarely severe and may be managed with [[diuretics]], other supportive measures, or in some patients by reducing the dose of Imatinib.
+=====Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases=====
+*Adverse reactions, regardless of relationship to study drug, that were reported in at least 10% of the patients treated with Imatinib for MDS/MPD in the phase 2 study, are shown in Table 7.
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}07.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-=====Endocrine=====
+=====Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis=====
+*All ASM patients experienced at least one adverse reaction at some time. The most frequently reported adverse reactions were [[diarrhea]], [[nausea]], [[ascites]], [[muscle cramp]]s, [[dyspnea]], [[fatigue]], [[peripheral edema]], [[anemia]], [[pruritus]], [[rash]] and lower respiratory tract infection. None of the 5 patients in the phase 2 study with ASM discontinued Imatinib due to drug-related adverse reactions or abnormal laboratory values.
+=====Hypereosinophilic Syndrome and Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia=====
+*The safety profile in the HES/CEL patient population does not appear to be different from the safety profile of Imatinib observed in other hematologic [[malignancy]] populations, such as Ph+ CML. All patients experienced at least one adverse reaction, the most common being gastrointestinal, cutaneous and musculoskeletal disorders. Hematological abnormalities were also frequent, with instances of CTC Grade 3 [[leukopenia]], [[neutropenia]], [[lymphopenia]], and [[anemia]].
+=====Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans=====
+*Adverse reactions, regardless of relationship to study drug, that were reported in at least 10% of the 12 patients treated with Imatinib for DFSP in the phase 2 study are shown in Table 8.
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}08.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-=====Hematologic and Lymphatic=====
+*Clinically relevant or severe laboratory abnormalities in the 12 patients treated with Imatinib for DFSP in the phase 2 study are presented in Table 9.
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}09.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
+=====Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors=====
+=====Unresectable and/or Malignant Metastatic GIST=====
+*In the Phase 3 trials the majority of Imatinib-treated patients experienced adverse reactions at some time. The most frequently reported adverse reactions were [[edema]], [[fatigue]], [[nausea]], [[abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]], [[rash]], [[vomiting]], [[myalgia]], [[anemia]], and [[anorexia]]. Drug was discontinued for adverse reactions in a total of 89 patients (5.4%). Superficial edema, most frequently periorbital or lower extremity edema was managed with diuretics, other supportive measures, or by reducing the dose of Imatinib. Severe (CTC Grade 3/4) edema was observed in 182 patients (11.1%).
+*Adverse reactions, regardless of relationship to study drug, that were reported in at least 10% of the patients treated with Imatinib are shown in Table 10.
+*Overall the incidence of all grades of adverse reactions and the incidence of severe adverse reactions (CTC Grade 3 and above) were similar between the two treatment arms except for edema, which was reported more frequently in the 800 mg group.
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}10.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-=====Metabolic and Nutritional=====
+*Clinically relevant or severe abnormalities of routine hematologic or biochemistry laboratory values were not reported or evaluated in the Phase 3 GIST trials. Severe abnormal laboratory values reported in the Phase 2 GIST trial are presented in Table 11.
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}11.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
+=====Adjuvant Treatment of GIST=====
+*In Study 1, the majority of both Imatinib and placebo treated patients experienced at least one adverse reaction at some time. The most frequently reported adverse reactions were similar to those reported in other clinical studies in other patient populations and include [[diarrhea]], [[fatigue]], [[nausea]], [[edema]], [[anemia|decreased hemoglobin]], [[rash]], [[vomiting]], and [[abdominal pain]]. No new adverse reactions were reported in the adjuvant GIST treatment setting that had not been previously reported in other patient populations including patients with unresectable and/or malignant metastatic GIST. Drug was discontinued for adverse reactions in 57 patients (17%) and 11 patients (3%) of the Imatinib and placebo treated patients respectively. [[Edema]], gastrointestinal disturbances ([[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[abdominal distention]] and [[diarrhea]]), [[fatigue]], [[anemia|low hemoglobin]], and [[rash]] were the most frequently reported adverse reactions at the time of discontinuation.
+*In Study 2, discontinuation of therapy due to adverse reactions occurred in 15 patients (8%) and 27 patients (14%) of the Imatinib 12-month and 36-month treatment arms, respectively.  As in previous trials the most common adverse reactions were [[diarrhea]], [[fatigue]], [[nausea]], [[edema]], [[anemia|decreased hemoglobin]], [[rash]], [[vomiting]], and [[abdominal pain]].
+*Adverse reactions, regardless of relationship to study drug, that were reported in at least 5% of the patients treated with Imatinib are shown in Table 12 (Study 1) and Table 13 (Study 2).  There were no deaths attributable to Imatinib treatment in either trial.
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}12.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-=====Musculoskeletal=====
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}13.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
+=====Additional Data from Multiple Clinical Trials=====
+The following adverse reactions have been reported during clinical trials of Imatinib.
+=====Cardiac Disorders=====
+*Estimated 0.1%-1%: [[congestive cardiac failure]], [[tachycardia]], [[palpitations]], [[pulmonary edema]]
+*Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: [[arrhythmia]], [[atrial fibrillation]], [[cardiac arrest]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[angina pectoris]], [[pericardial effusion]]
+=====Vascular Disorders=====
+*Estimated 1%-10%: [[flushing]], [[hemorrhage]]
+*Estimated 0.1%-1%: [[hypertension]], [[hypotension]], peripheral coldness, [[Raynaud's phenomenon]], [[hematoma]], [[subdural hematoma]]
+=====Clinical Laboratory Tests=====
+*Estimated 0.1%-1%: blood [[CPK]] increased, blood [[LDH]] increased
+*Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: blood [[amylase]] increased
+=====Dermatologic=====
+*Estimated 1%-10%: [[dry skin]], [[alopecia]], face edema, [[erythema]], [[photosensitivity]] reaction
+*Estimated 0.1%-1%: [[exfoliative dermatitis]], bullous eruption, nail disorder, [[purpura]], [[psoriasis]], rash pustular, contusion, sweating increased, [[urticaria]], [[ecchymosis]], increased tendency to bruise, hypotrichosis, skin hypopigmentation, skin hyperpigmentation, onychoclasis, [[folliculitis]], petechiae
+*Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: vesicular rash, [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]], acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet’s syndrome), nail discoloration, [[angioneurotic edema]], [[erythema multiforme]], [[leucocytoclastic vasculitis]]
+=====Digestive=====
+*Estimated 1%-10%: [[abdominal distention]], [[gastroesophageal reflux]], [[dry mouth]], [[gastritis]]
+*Estimated 0.1%-1%: [[gastric ulcer]], [[stomatitis]], mouth ulceration, eructation, melena, [[esophagitis]], [[ascites]], [[hematemesis]], [[chelitis]], [[dysphagia]], [[pancreatitis]]
+*Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: [[colitis]], [[ileus]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]]
+=====General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions=====
+*Estimated 1%-10%: weakness, [[anasarca]], chills
+*Estimated 0.1%-1%: [[malaise]]
+=====Hematologic=====
+*Estimated 1%-10%: [[pancytopenia]], [[febrile neutropenia]]
+*Estimated 0.1%-1%: [[thrombocythemia]], [[lymphopenia]], [[bone marrow depression]], [[eosinophilia]], [[lymphadenopathy]]
+*Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: [[hemolytic anemia]], [[aplastic anemia]]
+=====Hepatobiliary=====
+*Estimated 0.1%-1%: [[hepatitis]], [[jaundice]]
+*Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: [[hepatic failure]] and hepatic necrosis1
+=====Hypersensitivity=====
+*Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: [[angioedema]]
+=====Infections=====
+*Estimated 0.1%-1%: [[sepsis]], [[herpes simplex]], [[herpes zoster]], [[cellulitis]], [[urinary tract infection]], [[gastroenteritis]]
+*Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: [[fungal infection]]
+Metabolic and Nutritional:
+*Estimated 1%-10%: weight decreased
+*Estimated 0.1%-1%: [[hypophosphatemia]], [[dehydration]], [[gout]], increased appetite, decreased appetite, [[hyperuricemia]], [[hypercalcemia]], [[hyperglycemia]], [[hyponatremia]]
+*Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: [[hyperkalemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]]
+=====Musculoskeletal=====
+*Estimated 1%-10%: [[joint swelling]]
+*Estimated 0.1%-1%: joint and muscle stiffness
+*Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: [[muscular weakness]], [[arthritis]]
+=====Nervous System/Psychiatric=====
+*Estimated 1%-10%: [[paresthesia]], [[hypesthesia]]
+*Estimated 0.1%-1%: [[syncope]], [[peripheral neuropathy]], [[somnolence]], [[migraine]], memory impairment, libido decreased, [[sciatica]], [[restless leg syndrome]], [[tremor]]
+*Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: [[intracranial hypertension|increased intracranial pressure]]1, confusional state, [[convulsions]], [[optic neuritis]]
+=====Renal=====
+*Estimated 0.1%-1%: [[acute renal failure]], [[urinary frequency]] increased, [[hematuria]], [[renal pain]]
+=====Reproductive=====
+*Estimated 0.1%-1%: breast enlargement, [[menorrhagia]], [[sexual dysfunction]], [[gynecomastia]], [[erectile dysfunction]], menstruation irregular, nipple pain, scrotal edema
+=====Respiratory=====
+*Estimated 1%-10%: [[epistaxis]]
+*Estimated 0.1%-1%: [[pleural effusion]]
+*Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: [[interstitial pneumonitis]], [[pulmonary fibrosis]], [[pleuritic pain]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[pulmonary hemorrhage]]
+=====Special Senses=====
+*Estimated 1%-10%: [[conjunctivitis]], vision blurred, eyelid edema, [[conjunctival hemorrhage]], dry eye
+*Estimated 0.1%-1%: [[vertigo]], [[tinnitus]], eye irritation, eye pain, orbital edema, scleral hemorrhage, retinal hemorrhage, [[blepharitis]], [[macular edema]], [[hearing loss]]
+*Estimated 0.01%-0.1%: [[papilledema]]1, [[glaucoma]], [[cataract]].
+<!--Postmarketing Experience-->
+|postmarketing=*The following additional adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of Imatinib. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
-=====Neurologic=====
+=====Nervous system disorders=====
+*[[Cerebral edema]]
+=====Eye disorders=====
+*[[Vitreous hemorrhage]]
+=====Cardiac disorders=====
+*[[Pericarditis]], [[cardiac tamponade]]
+=====Vascular disorders=====
+*[[Thrombosis]]/[[embolism]], [[anaphylactic shock]]
-=====Respiratory=====
+=====Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders=====
+*[[Acute respiratory failure]], [[interstitial lung disease]]
+=====Gastrointestinal disorders=====
+*[[Ileus]]/[[intestinal obstruction]], tumor hemorrhage/tumor necrosis, [[gastrointestinal perforation]], [[diverticulitis]]
+=====Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders=====
+*[[Lichenoid keratosis]], [[lichen planus]], [[toxic epidermal necrolysis]], [[palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia]] syndrome, drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)
+=====Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders=====
+*[[Avascular necrosis]]/hip [[osteonecrosis]], [[rhabdomyolysis]]/[[myopathy]], [[growth retardation]] in children
-=====Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions=====
+=====Reproduction disorders=====
+*Hemorrhagic corpus luteum/hemorrhagic ovarian cyst
+<!--Drug Interactions-->
+|drugInteractions=====Agents Inducing CYP3A Metabolism=====
+*Pretreatment of healthy volunteers with multiple doses of rifampin followed by a single dose of Imatinib, increased Imatinib oral-dose clearance by 3.8-fold, which significantly (p<0.05) decreased mean Cmax and AUC.
+*Similar findings were observed in patients receiving 400-1200 mg/day Imatinib concomitantly with enzyme-inducing anti-epileptic drugs (EIAED) (e.g., [[carbamazepine]], [[oxcarbamazepine]], [[phenytoin]], [[fosphenytoin]], [[phenobarbital]], and [[primidone]]). The mean dose normalized AUC for imatinib in the patients receiving EIAED’s decreased by 73% compared to patients not receiving EIAED.
+Concomitant administration of Imatinib and St. John’s Wort led to a 30% reduction in the AUC of imatinib.
+Consider alternative therapeutic agents with less enzyme induction potential in patients when rifampin or other CYP3A4 inducers are indicated. Imatinib doses up to 1200 mg/day (600 mg BID) have been given to patients receiving concomitant strong CYP3A4 inducers.
+=====Agents Inhibiting CYP3A Metabolism=====
+*There was a significant increase in exposure to imatinib (mean Cmax and AUC increased by 26% and 40%, respectively) in healthy subjects when Imatinib was co-administered with a single dose of ketoconazole (a CYP3A4 inhibitor). Caution is recommended when administering Imatinib with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., [[ketoconazole]], [[itraconazole]], [[clarithromycin]], [[atazanavir]], [[indinavir]], [[nefazodone]], [[nelfinavir]], ritonavir, saquinavir, telithromycin, and voriconazole). Grapefruit juice may also increase plasma concentrations of imatinib and should be avoided. Substances that inhibit the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme (CYP3A4) activity may decrease metabolism and increase imatinib concentrations.
+=====Interactions with Drugs Metabolized by CYP3A4=====
+*Imatinib increases the mean Cmax and AUC of simvastatin (CYP3A4 substrate) 2- and 3.5-fold, respectively, suggesting an inhibition of the CYP3A4 by Imatinib. Particular caution is recommended when administering Imatinib with CYP3A4 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic window (e.g., alfentanil, cyclosporine, diergotamine, ergotamine, fentanyl, pimozide, quinidine, sirolimus or tacrolimus).
+*Imatinib will increase plasma concentration of other CYP3A4 metabolized drugs (e.g., triazolo-benzodiazepines, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, certain HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, etc.).
+Because warfarin is metabolized by CYP2C9 and CYP3A4, patients who require anticoagulation should receive low-molecular weight or standard heparin instead of warfarin.
-=====Special Senses=====
+=====Interactions with Drugs Metabolized by CYP2D6=====
+*Imatinib increased the mean Cmax and AUC of metoprolol by approximately 23% suggesting that Imatinib has a weak inhibitory effect on CYP2D6-mediated metabolism. No dose adjustment is necessary, however, caution is recommended when administering Imatinib with CYP2D6 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic window.
+=====Interaction with Acetaminophen=====
+*In vitro, Imatinib inhibits the acetaminophen O-glucuronidate pathway (Ki 58.5 µM). Co-administration of Imatinib (400 mg/day for eight days) with acetaminophen (1000 mg single dose on day eight) in patients with CML did not result in any changes in the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen. Imatinib pharmacokinetics were not altered in the presence of single-dose acetaminophen. There is no pharmacokinetic or safety data on the concomitant use of Imatinib at doses >400 mg/day or the chronic use of concomitant acetaminophen and Imatinib.
+<!--Use in Specific Populations-->
+|useInPregnancyFDA=* '''Pregnancy Category D'''
+*Imatinib can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. There have been post-market reports of spontaneous abortions and infant congenital anomalies from women who have taken Imatinib. Imatinib was teratogenic in animals. Women should be advised not to become pregnant when taking Imatinib. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus.
+*Animal Data
+:*Imatinib mesylate was teratogenic in rats when administered orally during organogenesis at doses ≥100 mg/kg (approximately equal to the maximum human dose of 800 mg/day based on body surface area). Teratogenic effects included exencephaly or encephalocele, absent/reduced frontal and absent parietal bones. Female rats administered doses ≥45 mg/kg (approximately one-half the maximum human dose of 800 mg/day based on body surface area) also experienced significant post-implantation loss as evidenced by early fetal resorption or stillbirths, nonviable pups and early pup mortality between postpartum Days 0 and 4. At doses higher than 100 mg/kg, total fetal loss was noted in all animals. Fetal loss was not seen at doses ≤30 mg/kg (one-third the maximum human dose of 800 mg).
+|useInPregnancyAUS=* '''Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category'''
-=====Urogenital=====
+There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of {{PAGENAME}} in women who are pregnant.
+|useInLaborDelivery=There is no FDA guidance on use of {{PAGENAME}} during labor and delivery.
+|useInNursing=*Imatinib and its active metabolite are excreted into human milk. Based on data from three breastfeeding women taking Imatinib, the milk:plasma ratio is about 0.5 for imatinib and about 0.9 for the active metabolite. Considering the combined concentration of imatinib and active metabolite, a breastfed infant could receive up to 10% of the maternal therapeutic dose based on body weight. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Imatinib, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother
+|useInPed=*Imatinib safety and efficacy have been demonstrated in children with newly diagnosed Ph+ chronic phase CML and Ph+ ALL. There are no data in children under 1 year of age.
+*As in adult patients, imatinib was rapidly absorbed after oral administration in pediatric patients, with a Cmax of 2-4 hours. Apparent oral clearance was similar to adult values (11.0 L/hr/m2 in children vs. 10.0 L/hr/m2 in adults), as was the half-life (14.8 hours in children vs. 17.1 hours in adults). Dosing in children at both 260 mg/m2 and 340 mg/m2 achieved an AUC similar to the 400 mg dose in adults. The comparison of AUC on Day 8 vs. Day 1 at 260 mg/m2 and 340 mg/m2 dose levels revealed a 1.5- and 2.2-fold drug accumulation, respectively, after repeated once-daily dosing. Mean imatinib AUC did not increase proportionally with increasing dose.
+*Based on pooled population pharmacokinetic analysis in pediatric patients with hematological disorders (CML, Ph+ ALL, or other hematological disorders treated with imatinib), clearance of imatinib increases with increasing body surface area (BSA). After correcting for the BSA effect, other demographics such as age, body weight and body mass index did not have clinically significant effects on the exposure of imatinib. The analysis confirmed that exposure of imatinib in pediatric patients receiving 260 mg/m2 once daily (not exceeding 400 mg once daily) or 340 mg/m2 once daily (not exceeding 600 mg once daily) were similar to those in adult patients who received imatinib 400 mg or 600 mg once daily.
+|useInGeri=*In the CML clinical studies, approximately 20% of patients were older than 65 years. In the study of patients with newly diagnosed CML, 6% of patients were older than 65 years. No difference was observed in the safety profile in patients older than 65 years as compared to younger patients, with the exception of a higher frequency of edema. The efficacy of Imatinib was similar in older and younger patients.
+*In the unresectable or metastatic GIST study, 16% of patients were older than 65 years. No obvious differences in the safety or efficacy profile were noted in patients older than 65 years as compared to younger patients, but the small number of patients does not allow a formal analysis.
+*In the adjuvant GIST study, 221 patients (31%) were older than 65 years. No difference was observed in the safety profile in patients older than 65 years as compared to younger patients, with the exception of a higher frequency of edema. The efficacy of Imatinib was similar in patients older than 65 years and younger patients.
+|useInGender=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific gender populations.
+|useInRace=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific racial populations.
+|useInRenalImpair=*The effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of imatinib was assessed in 59 cancer patients with varying degrees of renal impairment (Table 15) at single and steady state imatinib doses ranging from 100 to 800 mg/day. The mean exposure to imatinib (dose normalized AUC) in patients with mild and moderate renal impairment increased 1.5- to 2-fold compared to patients with normal renal function. The AUCs did not increase for doses greater than 600 mg in patients with mild renal impairment. The AUCs did not increase for doses greater than 400 mg in patients with moderate renal impairment. Two patients with severe renal impairment were dosed with 100 mg/day and their exposures were similar to those seen in patients with normal renal function receiving 400 mg/day. Dose reductions are necessary for patients with moderate and severe renal impairment.
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}15.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
+|useInHepaticImpair=*The effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of both imatinib and its major metabolite, CGP74588, was assessed in 84 cancer patients with varying degrees of hepatic impairment (Table 14) at imatinib doses ranging from 100-800 mg. Exposure to both imatinib and CGP74588 was comparable between each of the mildly and moderately hepatically-impaired groups and the normal group. Patients with severe hepatic impairment tend to have higher exposure to both imatinib and its metabolite than patients with normal hepatic function. At steady state, the mean Cmax/dose and AUC/dose for imatinib increased by about 63% and 45%, respectively, in patients with severe hepatic impairment compared to patients with normal hepatic function. The mean Cmax/dose and AUC/dose for CGP74588 increased by about 56% and 55%, respectively, in patients with severe hepatic impairment compared to patients with normal hepatic function.
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}14.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
+|useInReproPotential=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in women of reproductive potentials and males.
+|useInImmunocomp=There is no FDA guidance one the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients who are immunocompromised.
+<!--Administration and Monitoring-->
+|administration=* Oral
+|monitoring=*Close monitoring of growth in children under Imatinib treatment is recommended.
-=====Miscellaneous=====
+*Monitoring of hepatic function is recommended.
+<!--IV Compatibility-->
+|IVCompat=There is limited information regarding <i>IV Compatibility</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
+<!--Overdosage-->
+|overdose====Acute Overdose===
-<!--Postmarketing Experience-->
+====Signs and Symptoms====
-|postmarketing=
+*Adult Overdose
+:*1,200 to 1,600 mg (duration varying between 1 to 10 days): [[Nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], rash erythema, [[edema]], swelling, [[fatigue]], muscle spasms, [[thrombocytopenia]], [[pancytopenia]], [[abdominal pain]], [[headache]], decreased appetite.
+:*1,800 to 3,200 mg (as high as 3,200 mg daily for 6 days): Weakness, [[myalgia]], increased CPK, increased [[bilirubin]], gastrointestinal pain.
+:*6,400 mg (single dose): One case in the literature reported one patient who experienced [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[abdominal pain]], [[pyrexia]], facial swelling, [[neutropenia|neutrophil count decreased]], increase transaminases.
+:*8 to 10 g (single dose): [[Vomiting]] and gastrointestinal pain have been reported.
-There is limited information regarding <i>Postmarketing Experience</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
+*A patient with myeloid blast crisis experienced Grade 1 elevations of serum creatinine, Grade 2 ascites and elevated liver transaminase levels, and Grade 3 elevations of [[bilirubin]] after inadvertently taking 1,200 mg of Imatinib daily for 6 days. Therapy was temporarily interrupted and complete reversal of all abnormalities occurred within 1 week. Treatment was resumed at a dose of 400 mg daily without recurrence of adverse reactions. Another patient developed severe [[muscle cramp]]s after taking 1,600 mg of Imatinib daily for 6 days. Complete resolution of muscle cramps occurred following interruption of therapy and treatment was subsequently resumed. Another patient that was prescribed 400 mg daily, took 800 mg of Imatinib on Day 1 and 1,200 mg on Day 2. Therapy was interrupted, no adverse reactions occurred and the patient resumed therapy.
-=====Body as a Whole=====
+*Pediatric Overdose
+:*One 3 year-old male exposed to a single dose of 400 mg experienced [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]] and [[anorexia]] and another 3 year-old male exposed to a single dose of 980 mg experienced [[leukopenia|decreased white blood cell count]] and [[diarrhea]].
+====Management====
+* In the event of overdosage, the patient should be observed and appropriate supportive treatment given.
-=====Cardiovascular=====
+===Chronic Overdose===
+There is limited information regarding <i>Chronic Overdose</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
+<!--Pharmacology-->
-=====Digestive=====
+<!--Drug box 2-->
+|drugBox={{drugbox2
+| verifiedrevid = 459451238
+| IUPAC_name = 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-''N''-(4-methyl-3-{[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}phenyl)benzamide
+| image = Imatinib.png
+| width = 300
+| image2 = Imatinib1.gif
+| width2 = 250
+<!--Clinical data-->
+| tradename = Imatinib, Glivec
+| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|Imatinib}}
+| MedlinePlus = a606018
+| licence_EU = Glivec
+| licence_US = IMATINIB
+| pregnancy_AU = D
+| pregnancy_US = D
+| legal_AU = S4
+| legal_CA = Rx-only
+| legal_UK = POM
+| legal_US = Rx-only
+| routes_of_administration = Oral
+<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
+| bioavailability = 98%
+| protein_bound = 95%
+| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] (mainly [[CYP3A4]]-mediated)
+| elimination_half-life = 18 hours (imatinib)<br>40 hours (active metabolite)
+| excretion = Faecal (68%) and [[Kidney|renal]] (13%)
+<!--Identifiers-->
+| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
+| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
+| CAS_number = 152459-95-5
+| CAS_supplemental = <br />{{CAS|220127-57-1}}(mesilate)
+| ATC_prefix = L01
+| ATC_suffix = XE01
+| PubChem = 5291
+| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
+ | DrugBank = DB00619
+| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
+| ChemSpiderID = 5101
+| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
+| UNII = BKJ8M8G5HI
+| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
+| KEGG = D08066
+| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
+| ChEBI = 45783
+| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
+| ChEMBL = 941
-=====Endocrine=====
+<!--Chemical data-->
+| C=29 | H=31 | N=7 | O=1
+| molecular_weight = 493.603 g/mol<br>589.7 g/mol (mesilate)
+| smiles = Cc1ccc(cc1Nc2nccc(n2)c3cccnc3)NC(=O)c4ccc(cc4)CN5CCN(CC5)C
+| InChI = 1/C29H31N7O/c1-21-5-10-25(18-27(21)34-29-31-13-11-26(33-29)24-4-3-12-30-19-24)32-28(37)23-8-6-22(7-9-23)20-36-16-14-35(2)15-17-36/h3-13,18-19H,14-17,20H2,1-2H3,(H,32,37)(H,31,33,34)
+| InChIKey = KTUFNOKKBVMGRW-UHFFFAOYAJ
+| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
+| StdInChI = 1S/C29H31N7O/c1-21-5-10-25(18-27(21)34-29-31-13-11-26(33-29)24-4-3-12-30-19-24)32-28(37)23-8-6-22(7-9-23)20-36-16-14-35(2)15-17-36/h3-13,18-19H,14-17,20H2,1-2H3,(H,32,37)(H,31,33,34)
+| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
+| StdInChIKey = KTUFNOKKBVMGRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
+}}
+<!--Mechanism of Action-->
+|mechAction=* Imatinib mesylate is a protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits the bcr-abl tyrosine kinase, the constitutive abnormal [[tyrosine kinase]] created by the Philadelphia chromosome abnormality in [[CML]]. Imatinib inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in bcr-abl positive cell lines as well as fresh leukemic cells from Philadelphia chromosome positive [[chronic myeloid leukemia]]. Imatinib inhibits colony formation in assays using ex vivo peripheral blood and bone marrow samples from CML patients.
+*In vivo, imatinib inhibits tumor growth of bcr-abl transfected murine myeloid cells as well as bcr-abl positive leukemia lines derived from [[CML]] patients in blast crisis.
-=====Hematologic and Lymphatic=====
+*Imatinib is also an inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases for [[platelet-derived growth factor]] (PDGF) and stem cell factor (SCF), c-kit, and inhibits PDGF- and SCF-mediated cellular events. In vitro, imatinib inhibits proliferation and induces [[apoptosis]] in GIST cells, which express an activating c-kit mutation.
+<!--Structure-->
+|structure=* Imatinib is a small molecule kinase inhibitor. Imatinib film-coated tablets contain imatinib mesylate equivalent to 100 mg or 400 mg of imatinib free base. Imatinib mesylate is designated chemically as 4-[(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl]-N-[4-methyl-3-[4-(3-pyridinyl)-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]-phenyl]benzamide methanesulfonate and its structural formula is
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}30.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-=====Metabolic and Nutritional=====
+*Imatinib mesylate is a white to off-white to brownish or yellowish tinged crystalline powder. Its molecular formula is C29H31N7O • CH4SO3 and its molecular weight is 589.7. Imatinib mesylate is soluble in aqueous buffers ≤pH 5.5 but is very slightly soluble to insoluble in neutral/alkaline aqueous buffers. In non-aqueous solvents, the drug substance is freely soluble to very slightly soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, and ethanol, but is insoluble in n-octanol, acetone, and acetonitrile.
+*Inactive Ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide (NF); crospovidone (NF); hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (USP); magnesium stearate (NF); and microcrystalline cellulose (NF). Tablet coating: ferric oxide, red (NF); ferric oxide, yellow (NF); hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (USP); polyethylene glycol (NF) and talc (USP).
+<!--Pharmacodynamics-->
+|PD=There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacodynamics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
-=====Musculoskeletal=====
+<!--Pharmacokinetics-->
+|PK=*The pharmacokinetics of Imatinib have been evaluated in studies in healthy subjects and in population pharmacokinetic studies in over 900 patients. The pharmacokinetics of Imatinib are similar in CML and GIST patients. Imatinib is well absorbed after oral administration with Cmax achieved within 2-4 hours post-dose. Mean absolute bioavailability is 98%. Following oral administration in healthy volunteers, the elimination half-lives of imatinib and its major active metabolite, the N-demethyl derivative (CGP74588), are approximately 18 and 40 hours, respectively. Mean imatinib AUC increases proportionally with increasing doses ranging from 25 mg-1,000 mg. There is no significant change in the pharmacokinetics of imatinib on repeated dosing, and accumulation is 1.5- to 2.5-fold at steady state when Imatinib is dosed once daily. At clinically relevant concentrations of imatinib, binding to plasma proteins in in vitro experiments is approximately 95%, mostly to albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein.
+*CYP3A4 is the major enzyme responsible for metabolism of imatinib. Other cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, play a minor role in its metabolism. The main circulating active metabolite in humans is the N-demethylated piperazine derivative, formed predominantly by CYP3A4. It shows in vitro potency similar to the parent imatinib. The plasma AUC for this metabolite is about 15% of the AUC for imatinib. The plasma protein binding of N-demethylated metabolite CGP74588 is similar to that of the parent compound. Human liver microsome studies demonstrated that Imatinib is a potent competitive inhibitor of CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5 with Ki values of 27, 7.5, and 8 µM, respectively.
+*Imatinib elimination is predominately in the feces, mostly as metabolites. Based on the recovery of compound(s) after an oral 14C-labeled dose of imatinib, approximately 81% of the dose was eliminated within 7 days, in feces (68% of dose) and urine (13% of dose). Unchanged imatinib accounted for 25% of the dose (5% urine, 20% feces), the remainder being metabolites.
-=====Neurologic=====
+*Typically, clearance of imatinib in a 50-year-old patient weighing 50 kg is expected to be 8 L/h, while for a 50-year-old patient weighing 100 kg the clearance will increase to 14 L/h. The inter-patient variability of 40% in clearance does not warrant initial dose adjustment based on body weight and/or age but indicates the need for close monitoring for treatment-related toxicity.
+<!--Nonclinical Toxicology-->
+|nonClinToxic======Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility=====
+*In the 2-year rat carcinogenicity study administration of imatinib at 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the longevity of males at 60 mg/kg/day and females at ≥30 mg/kg/day. Target organs for neoplastic changes were the kidneys (renal tubule and renal pelvis), urinary bladder, urethra, preputial and clitoral gland, small intestine, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands and non-glandular stomach. Neoplastic lesions were not seen at: 30 mg/kg/day for the kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra, small intestine, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands and non-glandular stomach, and 15 mg/kg/day for the preputial and clitoral gland. The papilloma/carcinoma of the preputial/clitoral gland were noted at 30 and 60 mg/kg/day, representing approximately 0.5 to 4 or 0.3 to 2.4 times the human daily exposure (based on AUC) at 400 mg/day or 800 mg/day, respectively, and 0.4 to 3.0 times the daily exposure in children (based on AUC) at 340 mg/m2. The renal tubule adenoma/carcinoma, renal pelvis transitional cell neoplasms, the urinary bladder and urethra transitional cell papillomas, the small intestine adenocarcinomas, the parathyroid glands adenomas, the benign and malignant medullary tumors of the adrenal glands and the non-glandular stomach papillomas/carcinomas were noted at 60 mg/kg/day. The relevance of these findings in the rat carcinogenicity study for humans is not known.
-=====Respiratory=====
+*Positive genotoxic effects were obtained for imatinib in an in vitro mammalian cell assay (Chinese hamster ovary) for clastogenicity (chromosome aberrations) in the presence of metabolic activation. Two intermediates of the manufacturing process, which are also present in the final product, are positive for mutagenesis in the Ames assay. One of these intermediates was also positive in the mouse lymphoma assay. Imatinib was not genotoxic when tested in an in vitro bacterial cell assay (Ames test), an in vitro mammalian cell assay (mouse lymphoma) and an in vivo rat micronucleus assay.
+*In a study of fertility, male rats were dosed for 70 days prior to mating and female rats were dosed 14 days prior to mating and through to gestational Day 6. Testicular and epididymal weights and percent motile sperm were decreased at 60 mg/kg, approximately three-fourths the maximum clinical dose of 800 mg/day based on body surface area. This was not seen at doses ≤20 mg/kg (one-fourth the maximum human dose of 800 mg). The fertility of male and female rats was not affected.
+*In a pre- and post-natal development study in female rats dosed with imatinib mesylate at 45 mg/kg (approximately one-half the maximum human dose of 800 mg/day, based on body surface area) from gestational Day 6 until the end of lactation, red vaginal discharge was noted on either gestational Day 14 or 15. In the first generation offspring at this same dose level, mean body weights were reduced from birth until terminal sacrifice. First generation offspring fertility was not affected but reproductive effects were noted at 45 mg/kg/day including an increased number of resorptions and a decreased number of viable fetuses.
-=====Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions=====
+*Fertility was not affected in the preclinical fertility and early embryonic development study although lower testes and epididymal weights as well as a reduced number of motile sperm were observed in the high dose males rats. In the preclinical pre- and postnatal study in rats, fertility in the first generation offspring was also not affected by Imatinib.
+*Human studies on male patients receiving Imatinib and its affect on male fertility and spermatogenesis have not been performed. Male patients concerned about their fertility on Imatinib treatment should consult with their physician.
+<!--Clinical Studies-->
+|clinicalStudies======Chronic Myeloid Leukemia=====
-=====Special Senses=====
+*Chronic Phase, Newly Diagnosed: An open-label, multicenter, international randomized Phase 3 study has been conducted in patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in chronic phase. This study compared treatment with either single-agent Imatinib or a combination of interferon-alpha (IFN) plus cytarabine (Ara-C). Patients were allowed to cross over to the alternative treatment arm if they failed to show a complete hematologic response (CHR) at 6 months, a major cytogenetic response (MCyR) at 12 months, or if they lost a CHR or MCyR. Patients with increasing WBC or severe intolerance to treatment were also allowed to cross over to the alternative treatment arm with the permission of the study monitoring committee (SMC). In the Imatinib arm, patients were treated initially with 400 mg daily. Dose escalations were allowed from 400 mg daily to 600 mg daily, then from 600 mg daily to 800 mg daily. In the IFN arm, patients were treated with a target dose of IFN of 5 MIU/m2/day subcutaneously in combination with subcutaneous Ara-C 20 mg/m2/day for 10 days/month.
+*A total of 1,106 patients were randomized from 177 centers in 16 countries, 553 to each arm. Baseline characteristics were well balanced between the two arms. Median age was 51 years (range 18-70 years), with 21.9% of patients ≥60 years of age. There were 59% males and 41% females; 89.9% Caucasian and 4.7% Black patients. At the cut-off for this analysis (7 years after last patient had been recruited), the median duration of first-line treatment was 82 and 8 months in the Imatinib and IFN arm, respectively. The median duration of second-line treatment with Imatinib was 64 months. Sixty percent of patients randomized to Imatinib are still receiving first-line treatment. In these patients, the average dose of Imatinib was 403 mg ± 57 mg. Overall, in patients receiving first line Imatinib, the average daily dose delivered was 406 mg ± 76 mg. Due to discontinuations and cross-overs, only 2% of patients randomized to IFN were still on first-line treatment. In the IFN arm, withdrawal of consent (14%) was the most frequent reason for discontinuation of first-line therapy, and the most frequent reason for cross over to the Imatinib arm was severe intolerance to treatment (26%) and progression (14%).
+*The primary efficacy endpoint of the study was progression-free survival (PFS). Progression was defined as any of the following events: progression to accelerated phase or blast crisis (AP/BC), death, loss of CHR or MCyR, or in patients not achieving a CHR an increasing WBC despite appropriate therapeutic management. The protocol specified that the progression analysis would compare the intent to treat (ITT) population: patients randomized to receive Imatinib were compared with patients randomized to receive IFN. Patients that crossed over prior to progression were not censored at the time of cross-over, and events that occurred in these patients following cross-over were attributed to the original randomized treatment. The estimated rate of progression-free survival at 84 months in the ITT population was 81.2 % [95% CI: 78, 85] in the Imatinib arm and 60.6 % [56, 65] in the IFN arm (p<0.0001, log-rank test), (Figure 1). With 7 years follow up there were 93 (16.8%) progression events in the Imatinib arm: 37(6.7%) progression to AP/BC, 31(5.6%) loss of MCyR, 15 (2.7%) loss of CHR or increase in WBC and 10 (1.8%) CML unrelated deaths. In contrast, there were 165 (29.8%) events in the IFN+Ara-C arm of which 130 occurred during first-line treatment with IFN-Ara-C. The estimated rate of patients free of progression to accelerated phase (AP) or blast crisis (BC) at 84 months was 92.5%[90, 95] in the Imatinib arm compared to the 85.1%, [82, 89] (p≤0.001) in the IFN arm, (Figure 2). The annual rates of any progression events have decreased with time on therapy. The probability of remaining progression free at 60 months was 95% for patients who were in complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) with molecular response (≥3 log reduction in Bcr-Abl transcripts as measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) at 12 months, compared to 89% for patients in complete cytogenetic response but without a major molecular response and 70% in patients who were not in complete cytogenetic response at this time point (p<0.001).
-=====Urogenital=====
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}31.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}32.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
+*A total of 71 (12.8%) and 85 (15.4%) patients died in the Imatinib and IFN+Ara-C group, respectively. At 84 months the estimated overall survival is 86.4% (83, 90) vs. 83.3% (80, 87) in the randomized Imatinib and the IFN+Ara-C group, respectively (p=0.073 log-rank test). The hazard ratio is 0.750 with 95% CI 0.547-1.028. This time-to-event endpoint may be affected by the high crossover rate from IFN+Ara-C to Imatinib. Major cytogenetic response, hematologic response, evaluation of minimal residual disease (molecular response), time to accelerated phase or blast crisis and survival were main secondary endpoints. Response data are shown in Table 16. Complete hematologic response, major cytogenetic response and complete cytogenetic response were also statistically significantly higher in the Imatinib arm compared to the IFN + Ara-C arm (no cross-over data considered for evaluation of responses). Median time to CCyR in the 454 responders was 6 months (range 2-64 months, 25th to 75th percentiles=3 to 11 months) with 10% of responses seen only after 22 months of therapy).
-=====Miscellaneous=====
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}16.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
+*Molecular response was defined as follows:
+:*In the peripheral blood, after 12 months of therapy, reduction of ≥3 logarithms in the amount of bcr-abl transcripts (measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assay) over a standardized baseline. Molecular response was only evaluated in a subset of patients who had a complete cytogenetic response by 12 months or later (N=333). The molecular response rate in patients who had a complete cytogenetic response in the Imatinib arm was 59% at 12 months and 72% at 24 months.
+:*Physical, functional, and treatment-specific biologic response modifier scales from the FACT-BRM (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Biologic Response Modifier) instrument were used to assess patient-reported general effects of interferon toxicity in 1,067 patients with CML in chronic phase. After one month of therapy to six months of therapy, there was a 13%-21% decrease in median index from baseline in patients treated with IFN, consistent with increased symptoms of IFN toxicity. There was no apparent change from baseline in median index for patients treated with Imatinib.
+*Late Chronic Phase CML and Advanced Stage CML:
+:*Three international, open-label, single-arm phase 2 studies were conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of Imatinib in patients with Ph+ CML: 1) in the chronic phase after failure of IFN therapy, 2) in accelerated phase disease, or 3) in myeloid blast crisis. About 45% of patients were women and 6% were Black. In clinical studies 38%-40% of patients were ≥60 years of age and 10%-12% of patients were ≥70 years of age.
-<!--Drug Interactions-->
+*Chronic Phase, Prior Interferon-Alpha Treatment:
+:*532 patients were treated at a starting dose of 400 mg; dose escalation to 600 mg was allowed. The patients were distributed in three main categories according to their response to prior interferon: failure to achieve (within 6 months), or loss of a complete hematologic response (29%), failure to achieve (within 1 year) or loss of a major cytogenetic response (35%), or intolerance to interferon (36%). Patients had received a median of 14 months of prior IFN therapy at doses ≥25 x 106 IU/week and were all in late chronic phase, with a median time from diagnosis of 32 months. Effectiveness was evaluated on the basis of the rate of hematologic response and by bone marrow exams to assess the rate of major cytogenetic response (up to 35% Ph+ metaphases) or complete cytogenetic response (0% Ph+ metaphases). Median duration of treatment was 29 months with 81% of patients treated for ≥24 months (maximum = 31.5 months). Efficacy results are reported in Table 16. Confirmed major cytogenetic response rates were higher in patients with IFN intolerance (66%) and cytogenetic failure (64%), than in patients with hematologic failure (47%). Hematologic response was achieved in 98% of patients with cytogenetic failure, 94% of patients with hematologic failure, and 92% of IFN-intolerant patients.
-|drugInteractions=
+*Accelerated Phase:
+:*235 patients with accelerated phase disease were enrolled. These patients met one or more of the following criteria: ≥15%-<30% blasts in PB or BM; ≥30% blasts + promyelocytes in PB or BM; ≥20% basophils in PB; and <100 x 109/L platelets. The first 77 patients were started at 400 mg, with the remaining 158 patients starting at 600 mg.
+:*Effectiveness was evaluated primarily on the basis of the rate of hematologic response, reported as either complete hematologic response, no evidence of leukemia (i.e., clearance of blasts from the marrow and the blood, but without a full peripheral blood recovery as for complete responses), or return to chronic phase CML. Cytogenetic responses were also evaluated. Median duration of treatment was 18 months with 45% of patients treated for ≥24 months (maximum=35 months). Efficacy results are reported in Table 17. Response rates in accelerated phase CML were higher for the 600 mg dose group than for the 400 mg group: hematologic response (75% vs. 64%), confirmed and unconfirmed major cytogenetic response (31% vs. 19%).
-* Drug
+*Myeloid Blast Crisis:
-:* Description
+:*260 patients with [[blast crisis|myeloid blast crisis]] were enrolled. These patients had ≥30% blasts in PB or BM and/or extramedullary involvement other than spleen or liver; 95 (37%) had received prior chemotherapy for treatment of either accelerated phase or blast crisis (“pretreated patients”) whereas 165 (63%) had not (“untreated patients”). The first 37 patients were started at 400 mg; the remaining 223 patients were started at 600 mg.
+:*Effectiveness was evaluated primarily on the basis of rate of hematologic response, reported as either complete hematologic response, no evidence of [[leukemia]], or return to chronic phase CML using the same criteria as for the study in accelerated phase. Cytogenetic responses were also assessed. Median duration of treatment was 4 months with 21% of patients treated for ≥12 months and 10% for ≥24 months (maximum=35 months). Efficacy results are reported in Table 17. The hematologic response rate was higher in untreated patients than in treated patients (36% vs. 22%, respectively) and in the group receiving an initial dose of 600 mg rather than 400 mg (33% vs. 16%). The confirmed and unconfirmed major cytogenetic response rate was also higher for the 600 mg dose group than for the 400 mg dose group (17% vs. 8%).
-<!--Use in Specific Populations-->
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}17.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-|useInPregnancyFDA=
+*The median time to hematologic response was 1 month. In late chronic phase [[CML]], with a median time from diagnosis of 32 months, an estimated 87.8% of patients who achieved MCyR maintained their response 2 years after achieving their initial response. After 2 years of treatment, an estimated 85.4% of patients were free of progression to AP or BC, and estimated overall survival was 90.8% [88.3, 93.2]. In accelerated phase, median duration of hematologic response was 28.8 months for patients with an initial dose of 600 mg (16.5 months for 400 mg). An estimated 63.8% of patients who achieved MCyR were still in response 2 years after achieving initial response. The median survival was 20.9 [13.1, 34.4] months for the 400 mg group and was not yet reached for the 600 mg group (p=0.0097). An estimated 46.2% [34.7, 57.7] vs. 65.8% [58.4, 73.3] of patients were still alive after 2 years of treatment in the 400 mg vs. 600 mg dose groups, respectively. In blast crisis, the estimated median duration of hematologic response is 10 months. An estimated 27.2% [16.8, 37.7] of hematologic responders maintained their response 2 years after achieving their initial response. Median survival was 6.9 [5.8, 8.6] months, and an estimated 18.3% [13.4, 23.3] of all patients with blast crisis were alive 2 years after start of study.
-* '''Pregnancy Category'''
-|useInPregnancyAUS=
+*Efficacy results were similar in men and women and in patients younger and older than age 65. Responses were seen in Black patients, but there were too few Black patients to allow a quantitative comparison.
-* '''Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category'''
-There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of {{PAGENAME}} in women who are pregnant.
+=====Pediatric CML=====
-|useInLaborDelivery=
+*A total of 51 pediatric patients with newly diagnosed and untreated [[CML]] in chronic phase were enrolled in an open-label, multicenter, single arm phase 2 trial. Patients were treated with Imatinib 340 mg/m2/day, with no interruptions in the absence of dose limiting toxicity. Complete hematologic response (CHR) was observed in 78% of patients after 8 weeks of therapy. The complete cytogenetic response rate (CCyR) was 65%, comparable to the results observed in adults. Additionally, partial cytogenetic response (PCyR) was observed in 16%. The majority of patients who achieved a CCyR developed the CCyR between months 3 and 10 with a median time to response based on the Kaplan-Meier estimate of 6.74 months. Patients were allowed to be removed from protocol therapy to undergo alternative therapy including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Thirty one children received stem cell transplantation. Of the 31 children, 5 were transplanted after disease progression on study and 1 withdrew from study during first week treatment and received transplant approximately 4 months after withdrawal. Twenty five children withdrew from protocol therapy to undergo stem cell transplant after receiving a median of 9 twenty-eight day courses (range 4 to 24). Of the 25 patients 13 (52%) had CCyR and 5 (20%) had PCyR at the end of protocol therapy.
-There is no FDA guidance on use of {{PAGENAME}} during labor and delivery.
-|useInNursing=
+*One open-label, single-arm study enrolled 14 pediatric patients with Ph+ chronic phase [[CML]] recurrent after stem cell transplant or resistant to interferon-alpha therapy. These patients had not previously received Imatinib and ranged in age from 3-20 years old; 3 were 3-11 years old, 9 were 12-18 years old, and 2 were >18 years old. Patients were treated at doses of 260 mg/m2/day (n=3), 340 mg/m2/day (n=4), 440 mg/m2/day (n=5) and 570 mg/m2/day (n=2). In the 13 patients for whom cytogenetic data are available, 4 achieved a major cytogenetic response, 7 achieved a complete cytogenetic response, and 2 had a minimal cytogenetic response.
-There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to nursing mothers.
-|useInPed=
+*In a second study, 2 of 3 patients with Ph+ chronic phase [[CML]] resistant to interferon-alpha therapy achieved a complete cytogenetic response at doses of 242 and 257 mg/m2/day.
-There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to pediatric patients.
-|useInGeri=
+=====Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia=====
-There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to geriatric patients.
-|useInGender=
+*A total of 48 Philadelphia chromosome positive [[acute lymphoblastic leukemia]] (Ph+ ALL) patients with relapsed/refractory disease were studied, 43 of whom received the recommended Imatinib dose of 600 mg/day. In addition 2 patients with relapsed/refractory Ph+ [[ALL]] received Imatinib 600 mg/day in a phase 1 study.
-There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific gender populations.
-|useInRace=
+*Confirmed and unconfirmed hematologic and cytogenetic response rates for the 43 relapsed/refractory Ph+ALL phase 2 study patients and for the 2 phase 1 patients are shown in Table 18. The median duration of hematologic response was 3.4 months and the median duration of MCyR was 2.3 months.
-There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific racial populations.
-|useInRenalImpair=
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}18.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with renal impairment.
-|useInHepaticImpair=
+=====Pediatric ALL=====
-There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with hepatic impairment.
-|useInReproPotential=
+*Pediatric and young adult patients with very high risk ALL, defined as those with an expected 5 year event-free survival (EFS) less than 45%, were enrolled after induction therapy on a multicenter, non-randomized cooperative group pilot protocol.
-There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in women of reproductive potentials and males.
-|useInImmunocomp=
+*The safety and effectiveness of Imatinib (340 mg/m2/day) in combination with intensive chemotherapy was evaluated in a subgroup of patients with Ph+ ALL. The protocol included intensive [[chemotherapy]] and [[hematopoietic stem cell transplant]] after 2 courses of chemotherapy for patients with an appropriate HLA-matched family donor. There were 92 eligible patients with Ph+ ALL enrolled. The median age was 9.5 years (1 to 21 years), 64% were male, 75% were white, 9% were Asian/Pacific Islander, and 5% were black. In 5 successive cohorts of patients, Imatinib exposure was systematically increased by earlier introduction and prolonged duration. Cohort 1 received the lowest intensity and cohort 5 received the highest intensity of Imatinib exposure.
-There is no FDA guidance one the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients who are immunocompromised.
-<!--Administration and Monitoring-->
+*There were 50 patients with Ph+ ALL assigned to cohort 5 all of whom received Imatinib plus chemotherapy; 30 were treated exclusively with chemotherapy and Imatinib and 20 received chemotherapy plus Imatinib and then underwent hematopoietic [[stem cell transplant]], followed by further Imatinib treatment. Patients in cohort 5 treated with chemotherapy received continuous daily exposure to Imatinib beginning in the first course of post induction [[chemotherapy]] continuing through maintenance cycles 1 through 4 [[chemotherapy]]. During maintenance cycles 5 through 12 Imatinib was administered 28 days out of the 56 day cycle. Patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplant received 42 days of Imatinib prior to HSCT, and 28 weeks (196 days) of Imatinib after the immediate post transplant period. The estimated 4-year EFS of patients in cohort 5 was 70% (95% CI: 54, 81). The median follow-up time for EFS at data cutoff in cohort 5 was 40.5 months.
-|administration=
+=====Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases=====
-* Oral
+*An open label, multicenter, phase 2 clinical trial was conducted testing Imatinib in diverse populations of patients suffering from life-threatening diseases associated with Abl, Kit or PDGFR protein [[tyrosine kinase]]s. This study included 7 patients with MDS/MPD. These patients were treated with Imatinib 400 mg daily. The ages of the enrolled patients ranged from 20 to 86 years. A further 24 patients with MDS/MPD aged 2 to 79 years were reported in 12 published case reports and a clinical study. These patients also received Imatinib at a dose of 400 mg daily with the exception of three patients who received lower doses. Of the total population of 31 patients treated for MDS/MPD, 14 (45%) achieved a complete hematological response and 12 (39%) a major cytogenetic response (including 10 with a complete cytogenetic response). Sixteen patients had a translocation, involving chromosome 5q33 or 4q12, resulting in a PDGFR gene re-arrangement. All of these patients responded hematologically (13 completely). Cytogenetic response was evaluated in 12 out of 14 patients, all of whom responded (10 patients completely). Only 1(7%) out of the 14 patients without a translocation associated with PDGFR gene re-arrangement achieved a complete hematological response and none achieved a major cytogenetic response. A further patient with a PDGFR gene re-arrangement in molecular relapse after bone marrow transplant responded molecularly. Median duration of therapy was 12.9 months (0.8-26.7) in the 7 patients treated within the phase 2 study and ranged between 1 week and more than 18 months in responding patients in the published literature. Results are provided in Table 19. Response durations of phase 2 study patients ranged from 141+ days to 457+ days.
-* Intravenous
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}19.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-|monitoring=
+=====Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis=====
-There is limited information regarding <i>Monitoring</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
+*One open-label, multicenter, phase 2 study was conducted testing Imatinib in diverse populations of patients with life-threatening diseases associated with Abl, Kit or PDGFR protein tyrosine kinases. This study included 5 patients with aggressive [[systemic mastocytosis]] (ASM) treated with 100 mg to 400 mg of Imatinib daily. These 5 patients ranged from 49 to 74 years of age. In addition to these 5 patients, 10 published case reports and case series describe the use of Imatinib in 23 additional patients with ASM aged 26 to 85 years who also received 100 mg to 400 mg of Imatinib daily.
-* Description
+*Cytogenetic abnormalities were evaluated in 20 of the 28 ASM patients treated with Imatinib from the published reports and in the phase 2 study. Seven of these 20 patients had the FIP1L1-PDGFRα fusion kinase (or CHIC2 deletion). Patients with this cytogenetic abnormality were predominantly males and had eosinophilia associated with their systemic mast cell disease. Two patients had a Kit mutation in the juxtamembrane region (one Phe522Cys and one K509I) and four patients had a D816V c-Kit mutation (not considered sensitive to Imatinib), one with concomitant CML.
-<!--IV Compatibility-->
+*Of the 28 patients treated for ASM, 8 (29%) achieved a complete hematologic response and 9 (32%) a partial hematologic response (61% overall response rate). Median duration of Imatinib therapy for the 5 ASM patients in the phase 2 study was 13 months (range 1.4-22.3 months) and between 1 month and more than 30 months in the responding patients described in the published medical literature. A summary of the response rates to Imatinib in ASM is provided in Table 20. Response durations of literature patients ranged from 1+ to 30+ months.
-|IVCompat=
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}20.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-There is limited information regarding <i>IV Compatibility</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
+*Imatinib has not been shown to be effective in patients with less aggressive forms of systemic mastocytosis (SM). Imatinib is therefore not recommended for use in patients with cutaneous mastocytosis, indolent systemic mastocytosis (smoldering SM or isolated bone marrow mastocytosis), SM with an associated clonal hematological non-mast cell lineage disease, mast cell leukemia, mast cell sarcoma or extracutaneous mastocytoma. Patients that harbor the D816V mutation of c-Kit are not sensitive to Imatinib and should not receive Imatinib.
-<!--Overdosage-->
+=====Hypereosinophilic Syndrome/Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia=====
-|overdose=
+*One open-label, multicenter, phase 2 study was conducted testing Imatinib in diverse populations of patients with life-threatening diseases associated with Abl, Kit or PDGFR protein tyrosine kinases. This study included 14 patients with Hypereosinophilic Syndrome/Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia (HES/CEL). HES patients were treated with 100 mg to 1000 mg of Imatinib daily. The ages of these patients ranged from 16 to 64 years. A further 162 patients with HES/CEL aged 11 to 78 years were reported in 35 published case reports and case series. These patients received Imatinib at doses of 75 mg to 800 mg daily. Hematologic response rates are summarized in Table 21. Response durations for literature patients ranged from 6+ weeks to 44 months.
-===Acute Overdose===
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}21.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-====Signs and Symptoms====
+=====Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans=====
-* Description
+*Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP) is a cutaneous soft tissue sarcoma. It is characterized by a translocation of chromosomes 17 and 22 that results in the fusion of the collagen type 1 alpha 1 gene and the PDGF B gene.
-====Management====
+*An open-label, multicenter, phase 2 study was conducted testing Imatinib in a diverse population of patients with life-threatening diseases associated with Abl, Kit or PDGFR protein tyrosine kinases. This study included 12 patients with DFSP who were treated with Imatinib 800 mg daily (age range 23 to 75 years). DFSP was metastatic, locally recurrent following initial surgical resection and not considered amenable to further surgery at the time of study entry. A further 6 DFSP patients treated with Imatinib are reported in 5 published case reports, their ages ranging from 18 months to 49 years. The total population treated for DFSP therefore comprises 18 patients, 8 of them with metastatic disease. The adult patients reported in the published literature were treated with either 400 mg (4 cases) or 800 mg (1 case) Imatinib daily. A single pediatric patient received 400 mg/m2/daily, subsequently increased to 520 mg/m2/daily. Ten patients had the PDGF B gene rearrangement, 5 had no available cytogenetics and 3 had complex cytogenetic abnormalities. Responses to treatment are described in Table 22.
-* Description
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}22.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-===Chronic Overdose===
+*Twelve of these 18 patients either achieved a complete response (7 patients) or were made disease free by surgery after a partial response (5 patients, including one child) for a total complete response rate of 67%. A further 3 patients achieved a partial response, for an overall response rate of 83%. Of the 8 patients with metastatic disease, five responded (62%), three of them completely (37%). For the 10 study patients with the PDGF B gene rearrangement there were 4 complete and 6 partial responses. The median duration of response in the phase 2 study was 6.2 months, with a maximum duration of 24.3 months, while in the published literature it ranged between 4 weeks and more than 20 months.
-There is limited information regarding <i>Chronic Overdose</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
+=====Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors=====
-<!--Pharmacology-->
+=====Unresectable and/or Malignant Metastatic GIST=====
-<!--Drug box 2-->
+*Two open-label, randomized, multinational Phase 3 studies were conducted in patients with unresectable or metastatic malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). The two study designs were similar allowing a predefined combined analysis of safety and efficacy. A total of 1640 patients were enrolled into the two studies and randomized 1:1 to receive either 400 mg or 800 mg orally daily continuously until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients in the 400 mg daily treatment group who experienced disease progression were permitted to crossover to receive treatment with 800 mg daily. The studies were designed to compare response rates, progression-free survival and overall survival between the dose groups. Median age at patient entry was 60 years. Males comprised 58% of the patients enrolled. All patients had a pathologic diagnosis of CD117 positive unresectable and/or metastatic malignant GIST.
-|drugBox=
+*The primary objective of the two studies was to evaluate either progression-free survival (PFS) with a secondary objective of overall survival (OS) in one study or overall survival with a secondary objective of PFS in the other study. A planned analysis of both OS and PFS from the combined datasets from these two studies was conducted. Results from this combined analysis are shown in Table 23.
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}23.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
+*Median follow up for the combined studies was 37.5 months. There were no observed differences in overall survival between the treatment groups (p=0.98). Patients who crossed over following disease progression from the 400 mg/day treatment group to the 800 mg/day treatment group (n=347) had a 3.4 month median and a 7.7 month mean exposure to Imatinib following crossover.
-<!--Mechanism of Action-->
+*One open-label, multinational Phase 2 study was conducted in patients with Kit (CD117) positive unresectable or metastatic malignant GIST. In this study, 147 patients were enrolled and randomized to receive either 400 mg or 600 mg orally q.d. for up to 36 months. The primary outcome of the study was objective response rate. Tumors were required to be measurable at entry in at least one site of disease, and response characterization was based on Southwestern Oncology Group (SWOG) criteria. There were no differences in response rates between the 2 dose groups. The response rate was 68.5% for the 400 mg group and 67.6% for the 600 mg group. The median time to response was 12 weeks (range was 3-98 weeks) and the estimated median duration of response is 118 weeks (95% CI: 86, not reached).
-|mechAction=
+=====Adjuvant Treatment of GIST=====
-*
+*In the adjuvant setting, Imatinib was investigated in a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial involving 713 patients (Study 1). Patients were randomized one to one to Imatinib at 400 mg/day or matching placebo for 12 months. The ages of these patients ranged from 18 to 91 years. Patients were included who had a histologic diagnosis of primary GIST, expressing KIT protein by immunochemistry and a tumor size ≥3 cm in maximum dimension with complete gross resection of primary GIST within 14 to 70 days prior to registration.
-<!--Structure-->
+*Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was defined as the time from date of randomization to the date of recurrence or death from any cause. In a planned interim analysis, the median follow up was 15 months in patients without a RFS event; there were 30 RFS events in the 12-month Imatinib arm compared to 70 RFS events in the placebo arm with a hazard ratio of 0.398 (95% CI: 0.259, 0.610), p<0.0001. After the interim analysis of RFS, 79 of the 354 patients initially randomized to the placebo arm were eligible to cross over to the 12-month Imatinib arm. Seventy-two of these 79 patients subsequently crossed over to Imatinib therapy. In an updated analysis, the median follow-up for patients without a RFS event was 50 months. There were 74 (21%) RFS events in the 12-month Imatinib arm compared to 98 (28%) events in the placebo arm with a hazard ratio of 0.718 (95% CI: 0.531-0.971) (Figure 3). The median follow-up for OS in patients still living was 61 months. There were 26 (7%) and 33 (9%) deaths in the 12-month Imatinib and placebo arms, respectively with a hazard ratio of 0.816 (95% CI: 0.488-1.365).
-|structure=
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}24.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-*
+*A second randomized, multicenter, open label, phase 3 trial in the adjuvant setting (Study 2) compared 12 months of Imatinib treatment to 36 months of Imatinib treatment at 400 mg/day in adult patients with KIT (CD117) positive GIST after surgical resection with one of the following: tumor diameter >5 cm and mitotic count >5/50 high power fields (HPF), or tumor diameter >10 cm and any mitotic count, or tumor of any size with mitotic count >10/50 HPF, or tumors ruptured into the peritoneal cavity. There were a total of 397 patients randomized in the trial with 199 patients on the 12-month treatment arm and 198 patients on the 36-month treatment arm. The median age was 61 years (range 22 to 84 years).
-: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}01.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
+*RFS was defined as the time from date of randomization to the date of recurrence or death from any cause. The median follow-up for patients without a RFS event was 42 months. There were 84 (42%) RFS events in the 12-month treatment arm and 50 (25%) RFS events in the 36-month treatment arm. Thirty-six months of Imatinib treatment significantly prolonged RFS compared to 12 months of Imatinib treatment with a hazard ratio of 0.46 (95% CI: 0.32, 0.65), p<0.0001 (Figure 4).
-<!--Pharmacodynamics-->
+*The median follow-up for overall survival (OS) in patients still living was 48 months. There were 25 (13%) deaths in the 12-month treatment arm and 12 (6%) deaths in the 36-month treatment arm. Thirty-six months of Imatinib treatment significantly prolonged OS compared to 12 months of Imatinib treatment with a hazard ratio of 0.45 (95% CI: 0.22, 0.89), p=0.0187 (Figure 5).
-|PD=
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}25.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacodynamics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
+: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}26.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
-<!--Pharmacokinetics-->
+<!--How Supplied-->
+|howSupplied=*Each film-coated tablet contains 100 mg or 400 mg of imatinib free base.
-|PK=
+*100 mg Tablets
+:*Very dark yellow to brownish orange, film-coated tablets, round, biconvex with bevelled edges, debossed with “NVR” on one side, and “SA” with score on the other side.
+:*Bottles of 90 tablets………………………………….NDC 0078-0401-34
-There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacokinetics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
+*400 mg Tablets
+:*Very dark yellow to brownish orange, film-coated tablets, ovaloid, biconvex with bevelled edges, debossed with “400” on one side with score on the other side, and “SL” on each side of the score.
+:*Bottles of 30 tablets…………………………………NDC 0078-0438-15
-<!--Nonclinical Toxicology-->
+*Storage and Handling
+:*Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C-30°C (59°F-86°F). Protect from moisture.
+:*Dispense in a tight container, USP.
-|nonClinToxic=
+*Imatinib is an antineoplastic product. Follow special handling and disposal procedures1
-There is limited information regarding <i>Nonclinical Toxicology</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
+*Imatinib tablets should not be crushed. Direct contact of crushed tablets with the skin or mucous membranes should be avoided. If such contact occurs, wash thoroughly as outlined in the references. Personnel should avoid exposure to crushed tablets.
-<!--Clinical Studies-->
+<!--Patient Counseling Information-->
+|fdaPatientInfo=*Dosing and Administration
-|clinicalStudies=
+:*Patients should be informed to take Imatinib exactly as prescribed, not to change their dose or to stop taking Imatinib unless they are told to do so by their doctor. If patients miss a dose they should be advised to take their dose as soon as possible unless it is almost time for their next dose in which case the missed dose should not be taken. A double dose should not be taken to make up for any missed dose. Patients should be advised to take Imatinib with a meal and a large glass of water.
-There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Studies</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
-<!--How Supplied-->
-|howSupplied=
+*Pregnancy and Breast-Feeding
+:*Patients should be advised to inform their doctor if they are or think they may be pregnant. Women of reproductive potential should be advised to avoid becoming pregnant while taking Imatinib. Sexually active female patients taking Imatinib should use highly effective contraception. Patients should also be advised not to breast feed while taking Imatinib.
-*
+*Adverse Reactions
+:*Patients should be advised to tell their doctor if they experience side effects during Imatinib therapy including [[fever]], [[shortness of breath]], [[melena|blood in their stools]], [[jaundice]], sudden [[weight gain]], symptoms of [[cardiac failure]], or if they have a history of cardiac disease or risk factors for [[cardiac failure]].
-<!--Patient Counseling Information-->
+*Drug Interactions
+:*Patients should be advised not to take any other medications, including over-the-counter medications such as herbal products without talking to their doctor or pharmacist first. Examples of other medications that should not be taken with Imatinib are warfarin, erythromycin, and phenytoin. Patients should also be advised to tell their doctor if they are taking or plan to take iron supplements. Patients should also avoid grapefruit juice and other foods known to inhibit CYP3A4 while taking Imatinib.
-|fdaPatientInfo=
+*Pediatric
+:*Patients should be advised that growth retardation has been reported in children and pre-adolescents receiving Imatinib. The long term effects of prolonged treatment with Imatinib on growth in children are unknown. Therefore, close monitoring of growth in children under Imatinib treatment is recommended.
-There is limited information regarding <i>Patient Counseling Information</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
+*Driving and Using Machines
+:*Patients should be advised that they may experience undesirable effects such as dizziness, blurred vision or somnolence during treatment with Imatinib. Therefore, caution patients about driving a car or operating machinery.
 <!--Precautions with Alcohol-->
+|alcohol=* Alcohol-{{PAGENAME}} interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
-|alcohol=
-* Alcohol-{{PAGENAME}} interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
 <!--Brand Names-->
+|brandNames=* Gleevec®<ref>{{Cite web | title = Gleevec (imatinib mesylate) tablet  | url = http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=211ef2da-2868-4a77-8055-1cb2cd78e24b }}</ref>
-|brandNames=
+<!--Drug Shortage Status-->
+|drugShortage=
+}}
+{{PillImage
+|fileName=No image.jpg
+}}
+{{LabelImage
+|fileName={{PAGENAME}}27.png
+}}
+{{LabelImage
+|fileName={{PAGENAME}}28.png
+}}
+{{LabelImage
+|fileName={{PAGENAME}}29.png
+}}
+<!--Pill Image-->
-* ®<ref>{{Cite web | title =  | url =  }}</ref>
-<!--Look-Alike Drug Names-->
-|lookAlike=
+<!--Label Display Image-->
-* A® — B®<ref name="www.ismp.org">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = http://www.ismp.org | url = http://www.ismp.org | publisher =  | date =  }}</ref>
-<!--Drug Shortage Status-->
-|drugShortage=
-}}
-<!--Pill Image-->
-{{PillImage
-|fileName=No image.jpg|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
-|drugName=
-|NDC=
-|drugAuthor=
-|ingredients=
-|pillImprint=
-|dosageValue=
-|dosageUnit=
-|pillColor=
-|pillShape=
-|pillSize=
-|pillScore=
-}}
-<!--Label Display Image-->
-{{LabelImage
-|fileName={{PAGENAME}}11.png|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
-}}
-{{LabelImage
-|fileName={{PAGENAME}}11.png|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
-}}
 <!--Category-->
 [[Category:Drug]]